(整理)医学英语的一些翻译.

1、抗生素医嘱[Antibiotic order]

·Prophylaxis [预防性用药] Duration of oder[用药时间] 24hr Procedure[操作，手术]

·Empiric theraphy [经验性治疗]

Suspected site and organism[怀疑感染的部位和致病菌] 72hr Cultures ordered[是否做培养]

·Documented infection[明确感染]

Site and organism[部位和致病菌] 5days

·Other[其他]

Explanation required [解释理由] 24hr

·Antibiotic allergies[何种抗生素过敏]

No known allergy [无已知的过敏]

·Drug+dose+Route+frequency[药名+剂量+途径+次数]

2、医嘱首页[Admission / transfer]

·Admit / transfer to [收入或转入]

·Resident [住院医师] Attending[主治医师]

·Condition [病情]

·Diagnosis[诊断]

·Diet [饮食]

·Acitivity [活动]

·Vital signs[测生命体征]

·I / O [记进出量]

·Allergies[过敏]

3、住院病历[case history]

·Identification [病人一般情况]

Name[性名]

Sex[性别]

Age [年龄]

Marriage[婚姻]

Person to notify and phone No.[联系人及电话] Race[民族]

I.D.No.[身份证]

Admission date[入院日期]

Source of history[病史提供者]

Reliability of history[可靠程度]

Medical record No[病历号]

Business phone No.[工作单位电话]

Home address and phone No.[家庭住地及电话] ·Chief complaint[主诉]

·History of present illness[现病史]

·Past History[过去史]

Surgical[外科]

Medical[内科]

Medications[用药]

Allergies[过敏史]

Social History[社会史]

Habits[个人习惯]

Smoking[吸烟]

Family History[家族史]

Ob/Gyn History[ 婚姻/生育史]

Alcohol use[喝酒]

·Review of Aystems[系统回顾]

General[概况]

Eyes,Ears,Nose and throat[五官] Pulmonary[呼吸]

Cardiovascular[心血管]

GI[消化]

GU[生殖、泌尿系统]

Musculoskeletal[肌肉骨骼]

Neurology[神经系统]

Endocrinology[内分泌系统]

Lymphatic/Hematologic[淋巴系统/血液系统] ·Physical Exam[体检]

Vital Signs[生命体征]

P[脉博]

Bp[血压]

R[呼吸]

T[温度]

Height[身高]

Weight[体重]

General[概况]

HEENT[五官]

Neck[颈部]

Back/Chest[背部/胸部]

Breast[乳房]

Heart[心脏]

Heart rate[心率]

Heart rhythm[心律]

Heart Border[心界]

Murmur[杂音]

Abdomen[腹部]

Liver[肝]

Spleen[脾]

Rectal[直肠]

Genitalia[生殖系统]

Extremities[四肢]

Neurology[神经系统]

cranial nerves[颅神经]

sensation[感觉]

Motor[运动]

*Special P.E. on diseased organ system[专科情况]

*Radiographic Findings[放射]

*Laboratory Findings[化验]

*Assessment[初步诊断与诊断依据]

*Summary[病史小结]

*Treatment Plan[治疗计划]

4、输血申请单[Blood bank requisition form]

(1)reason for infusion[输血原因]

▲红细胞[packed red cells, wshed RBCs]:

*Hb<8.5 [血色素<8.5]

*>20% blood volume lost [>20%血容量丢失]

*cardio-pulmonary bypass with anticipated Hb <8[心肺分流术伴预计血色素<8]

*chemotherapy or surgery with Hb <10[血色素<10的化疗或手术者]

▲全血[whole blood]:

massive on-going blood loss[大量出血]

▲血小板[platelets]:

*massive blood transfusion >10 units[输血10单位以上者]

*platelet count <50×103/μl with active bleeding or surgery[血小板<5万伴活动性出血或手术者]

*Cardio-pulmonary bypass uith pl<100×103/μl with octive bleeding[心肺分流术伴血小板<10万，活动性出血者]

*Platelet count <20×103/μl[血板<2万]

▲新鲜冰冻血浆[fresh frozen plasma]:

*documented abnormal PT or PTT with bleeding or Surgery[PT、PTT异常的

出血或手术病人]

*specific clotting factor deficiencies with bleeding/surgerg[特殊凝血因子缺乏

的出血/手术者]

*blood transfusion >15units[输血>15个单位]

*warfarin or antifibrinolytic therapy with bleeding[华法令或溶栓治疗后出血]

*DIC[血管内弥漫性凝血]

*Antithrombin III dficiency[凝血酶III 缺乏]

(2)输血要求[request for blood components]

*patient blood group[血型]

*Has the patient had transfusion or pregnancy in the past 3 months? [近3个月，病人是否输过血或怀孕过？]

*Type and crossmatch[血型和血交叉]

*Units or ml[单位或毫升]

5、出院小结[discharge summary]

Patient Name[病人姓名]

Medical Record No.[病历号]

Attending Physician[主治医生]

Date of Admission[入院日期]

Date of Discharge[出院日期]

Pirncipal Diagnosis[主要诊断]

Secondary Diagnosis[次要诊断]

Complications[并发症]

Operation[手术名称]

Reason for Admission[入院理由]

Physical Findings[阳性体征]

Lab/X-ray Findings[化验及放射报告]

Hospital Course[住院诊治经过]

Condition[出院状况]

Disposition[出院去向]

Medications[出院用药]

Prognosis[预后]

Special Instruction to the Patient(diet, physical activity)[出院指导（饮食，活动量）]

Follow-up Care[随随访]

6、住院/出院病历首页[Admission/discharge record]

·Patient name[病人姓名]

·race[种族]

·address[地址]

·religion[宗教]

·medical service[科别]

·admit (discharge) date[入院（出院）日期]

·Length of stay [住院天数]

·guarantor name [担保人姓名]

·next of kin or person to notify[需通知的亲属姓名]

·relation to patient[与病人关系]

·previous admit date[上次住院日期]

·admitting physician [入院医生]

·attending phgsician[主治医生]

·admitting diagnosis[入院诊断]

·final (principal) diagnosis[最终（主要）诊断]

·secondary diagnosis[次要诊断]

·adverse reactions (complications)[副作用（合并症）]

·incision type[切口类型]

·healing course[愈合等级]

·operative (non-operative) procedures[手术（非手术）操作]

·nosocomial infection[院内感染]

·consutants[会诊]

·Critical-No. of times[抢救次数]

·recovered-No. of times[成功次数]

·Diagnosis qualitative analysis[诊断质量]

OP.adm.and discharge Dx concur [门诊入院与出院诊断符合率]

Clinical and pathological Dx concur[临床与病理诊断符合率]

Pre- and post-operative Dx concur [术前术后诊断符合率]

·Dx determined with in 24 hours (3 days) after admission[入院后24小时（3

天）内确诊]

·Discharge status[出院状况]

recovered[治愈]

improved[好转]

not improved[未愈]

died [死亡]

·Dispositon[去向]

home[家]

against medical ad[自动出院]

autosy[尸检]

transferred to[转院到]

医学英语常用前后缀

医学英语常用前后缀·a-[无，缺] ▲anemia[贫血] atonia[无张力] asymptomatic[无症状的] amenorrhea[闭经] ·ab-[分离] abduct [外展] abscision[切除] ·acou (acu)-[听觉] acumeter [听力计] acouophone[助听器] ·acro-[肢端] acromegaly[肢端肥大症] acromastitis[乳头炎] ·ad (af, an)-[邻近，向上] adrenal [肾上腺] adaxial[近轴的] annexa[附件] ·-ad[……侧]

ventrad[向腹侧] cephalad[向头侧] ·adeno-[腺] adenocyte[腺细胞] adenoidism[腺体

病] ·adipo-[脂肪] adiposis[肥胖症] adiponecrosis[脂肪坏死] ·adreno-[肾上腺] adrenocorticoid[肾上腺皮质激素] adrenalin[肾上腺素] adrenal[肾上腺] ·-aemia(emia)[血症] bacteremia[菌血症] leukemia[白血病] ·-albi (albino)-[白色] albumin[白蛋白] albinism[白化病] ·-algesia[痛觉] ▲hypoalgesia[痛觉减退] ·-algia[痛] ▲arthralgia[关节痛] ▲cephalgia[头痛] ▲neuralgia[神经痛] ·alkali-[碱] ▲alkalosis[碱中毒] ·alveo-[牙槽，小沟] ▲alveolitis[牙槽炎] ▲alveobronchiolitis[支气管肺泡炎] ·ambi-[复，双] ambiopia[复视] ambivert[双重性格] ·ambly-[弱] ▲amblyopia[弱视] ▲amblyaphia[触觉迟钝] ·amylo-[淀粉] ▲amyloidosis[淀粉酶] ▲amylase[淀粉酶] ·angio-[血管] ▲angiography[血管造影术]

▲angioedema[血管性水肿] ▲angeitis[脉管炎] ▲angiofibroma[血管纤维瘤] ·ante-[前]

▲antenatal[出生前的] ▲anteflexion[前屈] ·antero-[前] ▲anterolateral[前侧壁]

▲anteroventral[前腹侧] ·anti-[抗，反] ▲antibiotics[抗生素] ▲antihypertensives[降压药] ▲anticoagulant[抗凝剂] ·rarchno-[蛛网膜] ▲arachnoiditis[蛛网膜炎] ·archo-[肛门，直肠] ▲archorrhagia[肛门出血] ▲archosyrinx[直肠灌注器] ·arterio-[动脉] ▲arteriospasm[动脉痉挛] ▲arteriosclerosis[动脉硬化] ·arthro-[关节] ▲arthrocentesis[关节穿刺]

▲arthrotomy[关节切开术] ▲arthritis[关节炎] ·-ase[酶] ▲oxidase[氧化酶]

▲proteinase[蛋白酶] ·-asthenia[无力] ▲myasthenia[肌无力] ▲neurasthenia[神经衰

弱] ·audio(audito)-[听力] ▲audiology[听觉学] ▲audiometer[听力计] ·auto-[自己]

▲autoimmune[自身免疫] ▲auto hemotherapy[自体血疗法] ·bacilli-[杆菌] ▲bacillosis[杆菌病] ▲bacilluria[杆菌尿] ·bacterio-[细菌] ▲bacteriology[细菌学] ▲bactericide[杀菌

剂] ·baro-[压力] ▲barometer [压力计] ▲baroreceptor[压力感受器] ·bary-[迟钝]

▲barylalia[言语不清] ▲baryacusia[听觉迟钝] ·bi-[双] ▲bicuspid[二尖瓣]] ▲bilateral[两

侧的] ·bili-[胆汁] ▲bilirubin[胆红素] ·bio-[生命] ▲biology[生物学] ▲biopsy[活

检] ·-blast[母细胞] ▲spermatoblast[精子细胞] ▲melanoblast[成黑色素细胞]

▲osteoblast[成骨细胞] ·brachy-[短] ▲brachypnea[气短] ▲brachydactylia[短指畸

形] ·brady-[迟缓] ▲bradycardia[心动过缓] ▲bradypsychia[精神不振] ·broncho-[支气管] ▲bronchoscopy[支气管镜检查] ▲bronchiostenosis[支气管痉挛] ▲bronchitis[支气管

炎] ·bronchiolo-[细支气管] ▲bronchiolectasis[细支气管扩张] ·calci-[钙] ▲calcification[钙化] ▲calcicosilicosis[钙沉着症] ·carbo-[碳] ▲carbohydrate[碳水化合物]

▲carbohaemia[碳酸血症] ·carcino-[癌] ▲carcinogen[致癌物] ·cardio-[心，贲门]

▲cardiotonics[强心剂] ▲cardioplasty[贲门成形术] ·-cele[疝，肿物] ▲omphalocele[脐疝] ▲hysterocele[子宫脱垂] ▲ophthalmocele[眼球突出] ·celio-[腹] ▲celialgia[腹痛]

▲celioscopy[腹腔镜检查] ·-centesis[穿刺] ▲arthrocentesis[关节穿刺术]

▲abdominocentesis[腹穿] 3 回复：医学英语常用前后缀·cephalo-[头] ▲cephaloxia[斜颈] ▲cephalopathy[头部疾病] ▲cephalotomy[穿颅术] ·cerebello-[小脑] ▲cerebellitis[小脑炎] ▲cerebellum[小脑] ·cerebro-[大脑] ▲cerebritis[大脑炎] ▲cerebrology[脑学] ·chemo-[化学] ▲chemotherapy[化疗] ·chloro-[绿，氯] ▲chloroform[氯仿] ▲chloromycetin[氯霉素] ▲chlorophyll[叶绿素] ·cholangio-[胆道] ▲cholangitis[胆管炎] ▲cholangiectasis[胆管扩张] ·cholo-[胆] ▲cholagogue[利胆剂] ▲cholelithiasis[胆石症] ▲cholecystitis[胆囊炎]

▲cholesterol[胆固醇] ·chondro-[软骨] ▲chondrosarcoma[软骨肉瘤] ▲chondrification[骨软化] ·chromo-[色素] ▲cytochrome[细胞色素] ▲chromosome[染色体] ·-cide[杀……剂]

▲germicide[杀菌剂] ▲aborticide[堕胎药] ·circum-[周围] ▲circumoral[口周的]

▲circumcision[包皮环切术] ·coagulo-[凝固] ▲coagulant[凝血剂] ·colo-[结肠]

▲colotomy[结肠切开术] ▲coloptosis[结肠下垂] ·colpo (coleo)-[阴道] ▲coleospastia[阴道

痉挛] ▲colposcope[阴道镜] ·contra-[反，逆] ▲contraindication[禁忌证]

▲contraceptive[避孕药] ·counter-[反，逆] ▲counteragent[拮抗剂] ▲conuterpoison[解毒剂] ·cranio-[颅] ▲craniomalacia[颅骨软化] ▲cranioclasis[碎颅术] ·-cyst-[囊]

▲cystomy[膀胱切开术] ▲dacryocyst[泪囊] ·-cyte-[细胞] ▲lymphocyte[淋巴细胞]

▲cytolysis[细胞溶解] ·de-[除去] ▲detoxication[解毒] ·dento[牙] ▲dentistry[牙科学]

▲dentalgia[牙痛] ·-derm-[皮肤] ▲epiderm[表皮] ▲dermatology[皮肤病学]

▲dermoplasty[皮肤成形术] ·dextro-[右] ▲dextrocardia[右位心] ▲dexiotropic[右旋

的] ·dis-[分离] ▲discission[分离术] ▲disinfection[消毒法] ·duodeno-[十二指肠]

▲duodenitis[十二指肠炎] ▲duodenostomy[十二指肠造口术] ·-dynia[痛] ▲acrodynia[肢体痛] ▲urethrodynia[尿道痛] ·dys-[异常] ▲dysfunction[功能不良] ▲dyshormonism[内分泌障碍] ▲dysuria[排尿困难] ·-ectasis[扩张] ▲gastroectasis[胃扩张] ▲aerenterectasia[肠胀气] ▲bronchiectasia[支气管扩张] ·-ectomy[切除术] ▲appendectomy[阑尾切除术]

▲lipectomy[脂肪切除术] ·-edema[水肿] ▲encephaledema[脑水肿] ▲myxedema[粘液性水肿] ·-emesia[呕] ▲hematemesia[呕血] ▲helminthemesia[吐虫] ·encephalo-[脑]

▲encephaloma[脑瘤] ▲encephaledema[脑水肿] ·endo-[内] ▲endocarditis[心内膜炎]

▲endoscope[内窥镜] ·entero-[肠] ▲enteritis[肠炎] ▲enterovirus[肠病毒] ·epi-[上，外] ▲epigastrium[上腹部] ·erythro-[红] ▲erythromycin[红霉素] ▲erythroderma[红皮

病] ·esophago-[食管] ▲esophagoscope[食管镜] ▲esophagitis[食管炎] ·extra-[……外]

▲extracellular[细胞外的] ▲extrasystole[额外收缩] ·facio-[面] ▲facioplegia[面瘫]

▲facioplasty[面部成形术] ·-fast[耐] ▲acid-fast[抗酸的] ▲uviofast[耐紫外线] ·febri-[热] ▲febricula[低热] ▲febrifacient[致热的] ·feti-[胎儿] ▲feticulture[妊娠期卫生]

▲fetometry[胎儿测量法] ·fibro-[纤维] ▲fibroblast[成纤维细胞] ▲fibrosis[纤维

化] ·fore-[前] ▲forebrain[前脑] ▲forehead[前额] ·-form[形状] ▲oviform[卵形的]

▲granuliform[颗粒状的] ·fungi-[真菌，霉菌] ▲fungicide[杀真菌剂] ▲fungistasis[制霉菌作用] ·gastro-[胃] ▲gastroptosis[胃下垂] ▲gastroenteritis[胃肠炎] ▲gastroscopy[胃镜检查] ▲gastratrophy[胃萎缩] ·-gen [原，剂] ▲glycogen[糖原] ▲pathogen[病原体]

▲androgen[雄激素] ▲Estrogen[雌激素] ·-genic[……性] ▲cardiogenic[心源性的]

▲allergenic[变应反应] ·giganto-[巨大] ▲gigantocyte[巨红细胞] ▲gigantism[巨大

症] ·gingivo-[牙龈] ▲gingivitis[牙龈炎] ▲gingivostomatitis[牙龈口腔炎] ·glosso-[舌]

▲glossoplegia[舌瘫痪] ·gluco-[糖] ▲glucoprotein[糖蛋白] ▲glucocorticoid[糖皮质激

素] ·glyco-[糖] ▲glycogen[糖原] ▲glycouria[糖尿] ·-grade[级，度] ▲centigrade[摄氏温度计] ▲retrograde[逆行性] ·-gram[克，图] ▲microgram[微克]

▲electroencephalogram[脑电图] ·-graph(y)[……仪（法）] ▲electrocardiogram[心电图] ▲bronchography[支气管造影术] ·gyneco-[妇女] ▲gynecology[妇科学] ▲gynecopathy[妇科病] ·hemo(hemato)-[血] ▲hemoglobin[血红蛋白] ▲ 4 回复：医学英语常用前后缀hematoma[血肿] ·hemi-[半] ▲hemiplegia[偏瘫] ▲hemicrania[偏头病] ·hepato-[肝]

▲hepatitis[肝炎] ▲hepatocirrhosis[肝硬化] ▲hepatosplenomegaly[肝脾肿大] ·hidro-[汗] ▲hyperhidrosis[多汗症] ▲anhidrosis[无汗症] ·histo-[组织] ▲histology[组织学]

▲histomorphology[组织形态学] ·holo-[全] ▲holonarcosis[全麻] ▲holoenzyme[全

酶] ·homo-[同] ▲homotype[同型] ▲homologue[同系物] ▲homoplasty[同种移植

术] ·hydro-[水] ▲hydropericardium[心包积水] ▲hydrolysis [水解] ·hypr-[高]

▲hypercalcemia[高钙血症] ▲hyperthyroidism[甲亢] ·hypno-[睡眼] ▲hypnotics[安眠药] ▲hypnotherapy[催眠疗法] ·hypo-[低] ▲hypotension[低血压] ▲hypoglycemia[低血

糖] ·hystero-[子宫] ▲hysterospasm[子宫痉挛] ▲hysteroptosis[子宫下垂] ·-ia[病]

▲melancholia[忧郁症] ▲pyrexia[发热] ·-iatrics[医学] ▲pediatrics[儿科学] ▲geriatrics[老年病学] ·-iatry[医学] ▲psychiatry[精神病学] ▲pediatry[儿科学] ·immuno-[免疫]

▲immunoglobulin[免疫球蛋白] ▲immunotherapy[免疫疗法] ·infra-[下] ▲infraorbital[眶

下的] ▲infrared[红外线] ·inter-[间] ▲intervertebral[椎间的] ▲intercellular[细胞间

的] ·intra-[内] ▲intravenous[静脉内的] ▲intracranial[颅内的] ▲intramuscular[肌肉内

的] ·-ist[家] ▲pathologist[病理学家] ▲anatomist[解剖学家] ·-itis[炎症] ▲cellulitis[蜂窝织炎] ▲myocarditis[心肌炎] ·leuco (leuko)-[白] ▲leucorrhea[白带] ▲leukocytosis[白细胞增多] ▲leukemia[白血病] ·lipo-(脂) ▲lipotrophy[脂肪增多] ▲lipase[脂酶] ·-lith[结石]

▲cholelith[胆结石] ▲cholelithiasis[胆石症] ·-logy[学] ▲terminology[术语学]

▲Cardiology[心脏病学] ·lumbo-[腰] ▲lumbosacral[腰骶部的] ▲lumbago[腰背痛]

▲lumbodynia[腰痛] ·lympho-[淋巴] ▲lymphedema[淋巴水肿] ▲lymphocytopenia[淋巴细胞减少] ·-lysis(lytic)[松解，分解了] ▲aythrolysis[关节松解术] ▲spasmolytic[解痉

的] ·macro-[大] ▲macrophage[巨噬细胞] ▲macromolecule[大分子] ·mal-[不良]

▲malnutrition[营养不良] ▲malfunction[功能不全] ·-megaly[巨大] ▲cardiomegaly[心扩大] ▲cephalomegaly[巨头畸形] ·meningo-[脑膜] ▲meningitis[脑膜炎]

▲meningocephalitis[脑膜脑炎] ·meno-[月经] ▲dysmenorrhea[痛经] ▲menopause[停

经] ·-meter[表，计] ▲spirometer[肺活量计] ▲pyrometer[高温表] ·-metry[测量法]

▲iodometry[碘定量法] ·micro-[小] ▲micropump[微泵] ▲microliter[微升] ·mono-[单-]

▲mononucleosis[单核细胞增多] ▲monomer[单体] ·multi-[多] ▲multinuclear[多核的]

▲multipara[经产妇] ·myelo-[髓] ▲myelocele[脊髓膨出] ▲myelocyte[髓细胞] ·myo-[肌] ▲myocarditis[心肌炎] ▲myofibroma[肌纤维瘤] ·naso-[鼻] ▲nasoscope[鼻镜]

▲nasitis[鼻炎] ·neo-[新] ▲neoplasm[瘤] ▲neomycin[新霉素] ·nephro-[肾]

▲nephropathy[肾病] ▲nephrosclerosis[肾硬变] ·neuro-[神经] ▲neuroma[神经瘤]

▲neurodermatitis[神经性皮炎] ·non-[非] ▲non-electrolyte[非电解质] ▲nonfetal[非致命的] ·nulli-[无] ▲nullipara[未产妇] ▲nulligravida[未孕妇] ·nutri-[营养] ▲nutrition[营养]

▲nutrology[营养学] ·oculo-[眼] ▲oculist[眼科医生] ▲oculus dexter[右眼] ▲oculus sinister[左眼] 5 回复：医学英语常用前后缀·oligo-[少] ▲oligophrenia[智力发育不全]

▲oliguria[少尿] ·-oma[肿瘤] ▲adenoma[腺瘤] ▲osteoma[骨瘤] ·onco-[肿瘤]

▲oncology[肿瘤学] ▲oncogene[癌基因] ·ophthalmo-[眼] ▲ophthalmocele[眼球突出]

▲ophthalmoplegia[眼肌麻痹] ·-osis[病] ▲cirrhosis[肝硬化] ▲mycosis[霉菌病] ·osteo-[骨] ▲osteomalacia[骨软化] ▲osteoarthritis[骨关节炎] ·oto-[耳] ▲otolith[耳石]

▲otoplasty[耳成形术] ▲otopyosis[耳化脓] ·pan-[全] ▲panimmunity[多种免疫]

▲pantalgia[全身痛] ▲pantatrophia[全身营养不良] ·-para[产妇] ▲primipara[初产妇]

▲nullipara[未产妇] ·-pathy[病] ▲dermatopathy[皮肤病] ▲Cardiomyopathy[心肌

病] ·pedia-[儿童] ▲pediatrician[儿科医师] ▲pediatrics[儿科学] ·-penia[减少]

▲leucopenia[白细胞减少] ▲thrombopenia[血小板减少] ·per-[经] ▲percutaneous[经皮肤的] ·peri-[周围] ▲pericarditis[心包炎] ▲perianal[肛周的] ·pharmaco-[药]

▲pharmacokinetics[药代动力学] ▲physicochemistry[药典] ·physio-[物理

▲physiotheraphy[理疗] ▲physicochemistry[物理化学] ·-plasty[成形术] ▲angioplasty[血管成形术] ▲homoplasty[同种移植] ▲gastroplasty[胃成形术] ·-plegia[瘫] ▲paraplegia[截瘫] ▲hemiplegia[偏瘫] ·pleuro-[胸膜] ▲pleuritis[胸膜炎] ▲pleurocentesis[胸腔穿刺

术] ·-pnea[呼吸] ▲orthopnea[端坐呼吸] ▲tachypnea[呼吸急促] ·pneumo-[气，肺]

▲pneumothorax[气胸] ▲pneumococcus[肺炎球菌] ·poly-[多] ▲polyuria[多尿]

▲polycholia[胆汗过多] ·post-[后] ▲postpartum[产后] ▲postoperation[术后] ·pre-[前]

▲premenopause[绝经前期] ▲premature[早搏] ▲preload[前负荷] ·pseudo-[假]

▲psudohypertrophy[假性肥大] ▲psudomembranous[假膜的] ·psycho-[精神，心理]

▲psychology[心理学] ▲psychiatry[精神病学] ·-ptosis[下垂] ▲nephroptosis[肾下垂]

▲hysteroptosis[子宫下垂] ·-ptysis[咯] ▲pyoptysis[咯脓] ▲hemoptysis[咯血] ·pyo-[脓]

▲pyorrhea[溢脓] ▲pyosis[化脓] ·radio-[放射] ▲radiotherapy[放疗] ▲radiology[放射

学] ·recto-[直肠] ▲rectitis[直肠炎] ▲rectectomy[直肠切除术] ·retino-[视网膜]

▲retinitis[视网膜炎] ▲retinodialysis[视网膜分离] ·rhino-[鼻] ▲rhinitis[鼻炎]

▲rhinorrhea[鼻漏] ·-rrhagia[出血] ▲gastorrhagia[胃出血] ▲hemorrhage[出血]

▲pneumorrhagia[肺出血] ·-rrhaphy[缝合术] ▲neurorrhaphy[神经缝合术]

▲Vasorrhaphy[输卵管缝合术] ·-rrhea[流出] ▲diarrhea[腹泻] ▲menorrhea[月

经] ·schisto-[裂] ▲schistosomiasis[血吸虫病] ▲schistoglossia[舌裂] ·scirrho-[硬]

▲scirrhosarca[硬皮病] ▲scirrhoma[硬癌] ·sclero-[硬] ▲scleroderma[硬皮病]

▲sclerometer[硬度计] ·-scope(y)[镜，检查] ▲stethoscope[听诊器] ▲otoscope[耳镜]

▲proctoscopy[直肠镜检查法] ·semi-[半] ▲semicoma[半昏迷] ▲semiliquid[半流

汁] ·spondylo-[脊椎] ▲spondylopathy[脊椎病] ▲spondylitis[脊椎炎] ·-stomy[造口术]

▲colostomy[结肠造口术] ▲ilecolostomy[回结肠吻合术] ·sub-[下，亚] ▲subacute[亚急性] ▲subabdominal[下腹部的] ·super-[在…上] ▲superficial[浅的] ▲superoxide[超氧化

物] ·supra-[上] ▲supraventricular[室上性的] ▲suprarenalism[肾上腺机能亢进] ·tachy-[快] ▲tachycardia[心动过速] ▲tachypnea[呼吸急促] ·-therapy[治疗] ▲massotherapy[按摩治疗] ▲pharmacotherapy[药物治疗] ·thermo-[热] ▲thermometer[温度计]

▲thermatology[热疗学] ·thrombo-[血栓，血小板] ▲thrombolysis[溶栓]

▲thrombocytopenia[血小板减少症] ▲thrombosis[血] ·-tomy[切开术] ▲tracheotomy[气

管切开术] ▲ovariotomy[卵巢切开术] ·tracheo-[气管] ▲tracheoscope[气管镜]

▲tracheorrhagia[气管出血] ·trans-[经，转移] ▲transurethral[经尿道] ▲transfusion[输血] ·-trophy[营养] ▲dystrophy[营养不良] ▲atrophy[萎缩] ·ultra-[超过] ▲ultraviolet[紫外线] ▲ultrasound[超声] ·utero-[子宫] ▲uteroscope[子宫镜] ▲uterotonic[宫缩

剂] ·vaso-[血管] ▲vasomotion[血管舒缩] ▲Vasodilator[血管扩张剂] 6 回复：医学英语常用前后缀·cephalo-[头] ▲cephaloxia[斜颈] ▲cephalopathy[头部疾病] ▲cephalotomy[穿颅术] ·cerebello-[小脑] ▲cerebellitis[小脑炎] ▲cerebellum[小脑] ·cerebro-[大脑]

▲cerebritis[大脑炎] ▲cerebrology[脑学] ·chemo-[化学] ▲chemotherapy[化

疗] ·chloro-[绿，氯] ▲chloroform[氯仿] ▲chloromycetin[氯霉素] ▲chlorophyll[叶绿

素] ·cholangio-[胆道] ▲cholangitis[胆管炎] ▲cholangiectasis[胆管扩张] ·cholo-[胆]

▲cholagogue[利胆剂] ▲cholelithiasis[胆石症] ▲cholecystitis[胆囊炎] ▲cholesterol[胆固醇] ·chondro-[软骨] ▲chondrosarcoma[软骨肉瘤] ▲chondrification[骨软化] ·chromo-[色素] ▲cytochrome[细胞色素] ▲chromosome[染色体] ·-cide[杀……剂] ▲germicide[杀菌剂] ▲aborticide[堕胎药] ·circum-[周围] ▲circumoral[口周的] ▲circumcision[包皮环切

术] ·coagulo-[凝固] ▲coagulant[凝血剂] ·colo-[结肠] ▲colotomy[结肠切开术]

▲coloptosis[结肠下垂] ·colpo (coleo)-[阴道] ▲coleospastia[阴道痉挛] ▲colposcope[阴道镜] ·contra-[反，逆] ▲contraindication[禁忌证] ▲contraceptive[避孕药] ·counter-[反，逆] ▲counteragent[拮抗剂] ▲conuterpoison[解毒剂] ·cranio-[颅] ▲craniomalacia[颅骨软化] ▲cranioclasis[碎颅术] ·-cyst-[囊] ▲cystomy[膀胱切开术] ▲dacryocyst[泪囊] ·-cyte-[细胞] ▲lymphocyte[淋巴细胞] ▲cytolysis[细胞溶解] ·de-[除去] ▲detoxication[解毒] ·dento[牙] ▲dentistry[牙科学] ▲dentalgia[牙痛] ·-derm-[皮肤] ▲epiderm[表皮] ▲dermatology[皮

肤病学] ▲dermoplasty[皮肤成形术] ·dextro-[右] ▲dextrocardia[右位心] ▲dexiotropic[右

旋的] ·dis-[分离] ▲discission[分离术] ▲disinfection[消毒法] ·duodeno-[十二指肠]

▲duodenitis[十二指肠炎] ▲duodenostomy[十二指肠造口术] ·-dynia[痛] ▲acrodynia[肢体痛] ▲urethrodynia[尿道痛] ·dys-[异常] ▲dysfunction[功能不良] ▲dyshormonism[内分泌障碍] ▲dysuria[排尿困难] ·-ectasis[扩张] ▲gastroectasis[胃扩张] ▲aerenterectasia[肠胀气] ▲bronchiectasia[支气管扩张] ·-ectomy[切除术] ▲appendectomy[阑尾切除术]

▲lipectomy[脂肪切除术] ·-edema[水肿] ▲encephaledema[脑水肿] ▲myxedema[粘液性水肿] ·-emesia[呕] ▲hematemesia[呕血] ▲helminthemesia[吐虫] ·encephalo-[脑]

▲encephaloma[脑瘤] ▲encephaledema[脑水肿] ·endo-[内] ▲endocarditis[心内膜炎]

▲endoscope[内窥镜] ·entero-[肠] ▲enteritis[肠炎] ▲enterovirus[肠病毒] ·epi-[上，外] ▲epigastrium[上腹部] ·erythro-[红] ▲erythromycin[红霉素] ▲erythroderma[红皮

病] ·esophago-[食管] ▲esophagoscope[食管镜] ▲esophagitis[食管炎] ·extra-[……外]

▲extracellular[细胞外的] ▲extrasystole[额外收缩] ·facio-[面] ▲facioplegia[面瘫]

▲facioplasty[面部成形术] ·-fast[耐] ▲acid-fast[抗酸的] ▲uviofast[耐紫外线] ·febri-[热] ▲febricula[低热] ▲febrifacient[致热的] ·feti-[胎儿] ▲feticulture[妊娠期卫生]

▲fetometry[胎儿测量法] ·fibro-[纤维] ▲fibroblast[成纤维细胞] 7 回复：医学英语常用前后缀▲fibrosis[纤维化] ·fore-[前] ▲forebrain[前脑] ▲forehead[前额] ·-form[形状]

▲oviform[卵形的] ▲granuliform[颗粒状的] ·fungi-[真菌，霉菌] ▲fungicide[杀真菌剂]

▲fungistasis[制霉菌作用] ·gastro-[胃] ▲gastroptosis[胃下垂] ▲gastroenteritis[胃肠炎] ▲gastroscopy[胃镜检查] ▲gastratrophy[胃萎缩] ·-gen [原，剂] ▲glycogen[糖原]

▲pathogen[病原体] ▲androgen[雄激素] ▲Estrogen[雌激素] ·-genic[……性]

▲cardiogenic[心源性的] ▲allergenic[变应反应] ·giganto-[巨大] ▲gigantocyte[巨红细胞] ▲gigantism[巨大症] ·gingivo-[牙龈] ▲gingivitis[牙龈炎] ▲gingivostomatitis[牙龈口腔炎] ·glosso-[舌] ▲glossoplegia[舌瘫痪] ·gluco-[糖] ▲glucoprotein[糖蛋白]

▲glucocorticoid[糖皮质激素] ·glyco-[糖] ▲glycogen[糖原] ▲glycouria[糖尿] ·-grade[级，度] ▲centigrade[摄氏温度计] ▲retrograde[逆行性] ·-gram[克，图] ▲microgram[微克] ▲electroencephalogram[脑电图] ·-graph(y)[……仪（法）] ▲electrocardiogram[心电图] ▲bronchography[支气管造影术] ·gyneco-[妇女] ▲gynecology[妇科学] ▲gynecopathy[妇科病] ·hemo(hemato)-[血] ▲hemoglobin[血红蛋白] ▲hematoma[血肿] ·hemi-[半]

▲hemiplegia[偏瘫] ▲hemicrania[偏头病] ·hepato-[肝] ▲hepatitis[肝炎]

▲hepatocirrhosis[肝硬化] ▲hepatosplenomegaly[肝脾肿大] ·hidro-[汗]

▲hyperhidrosis[多汗症] ▲anhidrosis[无汗症] ·histo-[组织] ▲histology[组织学]

▲histomorphology[组织形态学] ·holo-[全] ▲holonarcosis[全麻] ▲holoenzyme[全

酶] ·homo-[同] ▲homotype[同型] ▲homologue[同系物] ▲homoplasty[同种移植

术] ·hydro-[水] ▲hydropericardium[心包积水] ▲hydrolysis [水解] ·hypr-[高]

▲hypercalcemia[高钙血症] ▲hyperthyroidism[甲亢] ·hypno-[睡眼] ▲hypnotics[安眠药] ▲hypnotherapy[催眠疗法] ·hypo-[低] ▲hypotension[低血压] ▲hypoglycemia[低血

糖] ·hystero-[子宫] ▲hysterospasm[子宫痉挛] ▲hysteroptosis[子宫下垂] ·-ia[病]

▲melancholia[忧郁症] ▲pyrexia[发热] ·-iatrics[医学] ▲pediatrics[儿科学] ▲geriatrics[老年病学] ·-iatry[医学] ▲psychiatry[精神病学] ▲pediatry[儿科学] ·immuno-[免疫]

▲immunoglobulin[免疫球蛋白] ▲immunotherapy[免疫疗法] ·infra-[下] ▲infraorbital[眶下的] ▲infrared[红外线] ·inter-[间] ▲intervertebral[椎间的] ▲intercellular[细胞间

的] ·intra-[内] ▲intravenous[静脉内的] ▲intracranial[颅内的] ▲intramuscular[肌肉内的] ·-ist[家] ▲pathologist[病理学家] ▲anatomist[解剖学家] ·-itis[炎症] ▲cellulitis[蜂窝织炎] ▲myocarditis[心肌炎] ·leuco (leuko)-[白] ▲leucorrhea[白带] ▲leukocytosis[白细胞增

多] ▲leukemia[白血病] ·lipo-(脂) ▲lipotrophy[脂肪增多] ▲lipase[脂酶] ·-lith[结石]

▲cholelith[胆结石] ▲cholelithiasis[胆石症] ·-logy[学] ▲terminology[术语学]

▲Cardiology[心脏病学] ·lumbo-[腰] ▲lumbosacral[腰骶部的] ▲lumbago[腰背痛]

▲lumbodynia[腰痛] ·lympho-[淋巴] ▲lymphedema[淋巴水肿] ▲lymphocytopenia[淋巴细胞减少] ·-lysis(lytic)[松解，分解了] ▲aythrolysis[关节松解术] ▲spasmolytic[解痉

的] ·macro-[大] ▲macrophage[巨噬细胞] ▲macromolecule[大分子] ·mal-[不良]

▲malnutrition[营养不良] ▲malfunction[功能不全] ·-megaly[巨大] ▲cardiomegaly[心扩大] ▲cephalomegaly[巨头畸形] ·meningo-[脑膜] ▲meningitis[脑膜炎]

▲meningocephalitis[脑膜脑炎] ·meno-[月经] ▲dysmenorrhea[痛经] ▲menopause[停经] ·-meter[表，计] ▲spirometer[肺活量计] ▲pyrometer[高温表] ·-metry[测量法]

▲iodometry[碘定量法] ·micro-[小] ▲micropump[微泵] ▲microliter[微升] ·mono-[单-] ▲mononucleosis[单核细胞增多] ▲monomer[单体] ·multi-[多] ▲multinuclear[多核的]

▲multipara[经产妇] ·myelo-[髓] ▲myelocele[脊髓膨出] ▲myelocyte[髓细胞] ·myo-[肌] ▲myocarditis[心肌炎] ▲myofibroma[肌纤维瘤] ·naso-[鼻] ▲nasoscope[鼻镜]

▲nasitis[鼻炎] ·neo-[新] ▲neoplasm[瘤] ▲neomycin[新霉素] ·nephro-[肾]

▲nephropathy[肾病] ▲nephrosclerosis[肾硬变] ·neuro-[神经] ▲neuroma[神经瘤]

▲neurodermatitis[神经性皮炎] ·non-[非] ▲non-electrolyte[非电解质] ▲nonfetal[非致命的] ·nulli-[无] ▲nullipara[未产妇] ▲nulligravida[未孕妇] ·nutri-[营养] ▲nutrition[营养] ▲nutrology[营养学] ·oculo-[眼] ▲oculist[眼科医生] ▲oculus dexter[右眼] ▲oculus sinister[左眼]

医学英语缩写一览表

医学英语缩写一览表·aa.-of each[各] ·Ab.-antibody[抗体] ·abd.-abdomen[腹

部] ·ABG-arterial blood gas[动脉血气] ·abn.-abnormal[异常] ·ABp-arterial blood pressure[动脉压] ·Abs.-absent[无] ·abstr.-abstract[摘要] ·a.c.-before meals[饭

前] ·Ach.-actylcholine[乙酰胆碱] ·ACH.-adrenal cortical hormone[肾上腺皮质激

素] ·ACT.-active coagulative time[活化凝血时间] ·ACTH.-adrenocorticotripic[促肾上腺皮质激素] ·ad.(add.)-adde[加] ·ad effect.-ad effectum [直到有效] ·ADH.-antidiuretic hormone[抗利尿激素] ·ad lib-at liesure[随意] ·adm.(admin)-adminstration[给药] ·ad us est.-for external use[外用] ·af.-atrial fibrillation[房颤] ·aF.-atrial flutter[房扑] ·A/G ratio.-albumin-globulin ratio[白-球蛋白比] ·AIDS.-acquired immune deficiency syndrome[爱滋病] ·al.-left ear[左耳] ·alb.-albumin[白蛋白] ·AM.-before noon[上

午] ·amb.-ambulance[救护车] ·amp.(ampul)-ampoule[安瓿] ·ANA.-anesthesia[麻

醉] ·anal.-analgesic[镇痛药] ·ap.-before dinner[饭前] ·appr.(approx.)-approximately [大约] ·AR.-aortic regurgitation[主闭] ·AS.-aortic stenosis[主狭] ·ASA.-aspirin[阿斯匹

林] ·ASD.-atrial septal defect[房缺] ·AST.-aspartate transaminase[谷草转氨

酶] ·atm.(atmos.)-atomsphere[大气压] ·ATS.-antitetanic serum[抗破伤风血

清] ·av.-average[平均] ·Ba.-Barium[钡] ·BBT.-basal body temperature[基础体

温] ·BCG.-bacille Calmette- Guerin[卡介苗] ·biblio.-biliography[参考文献] ·bid.-twice a day[每日二次] ·b.m.-basal metabolism[基础代谢] ·Bp.-blood pressure[血压] ·bpm-baets per minute[次/分] ·BS.-blood sugar[血糖] ·BW.-body weight[体重] ·C.- centigrade[摄氏温

度计] ·CA.-carcinoma[癌] ·Cal.-cancer[癌] ·Cal. – calorie[卡] ·Cap. –

capsule[囊] ·C.B.C-complete blood count[血常规] ·CC.-chief complaint[主诉] ·CC.

list.-critical condition list[病危通知单] ·CCU.- Coronary care unit[冠心病监护

室] ·CD.-caesarean delivered[剖腹产] ·CDC.-calculated date of confinement[预产

期] ·CEA.-carcinoembryonic antigen[癌胚抗原] ·CG.-control group[对照组] ·CK.-creatine kinase[肌酸激酶] ·Cl.-centilitre[毫开] ·cm.-centimetre[毫米] ·CNS.-central nervous system[中枢神经系统] ·Co.-compound[复方] ·contra.-contraindicated[禁忌] ·CT.- computerized tomography[计算机断层扫描] ·C.V-curriculum vitae[简历] ·DBp-diastolic blood pressure[舒张压] ·DD.- differential diagnosis[鉴别诊

断] ·dept.-department[科] ·diag.-diagonsis[诊断] ·DIC-disseminate intravascular coagulation[弥漫性血管内凝血] ·dl.-deciliter[分升] ·DM.-diabetic mellitus[糖尿

病] ·DM.-diastolic murmur[舒张期杂音] ·D.O.A-dead on arrival[到达时已死亡] ·DOB.-date of birth[出生日期] ·Dr.-doctor[医生] ·DIW.-dextrose in water[葡萄糖液] ·D-5-W,-5% dextrose in water[5%葡萄糖液] ·DU-duodenal ulcer[十二指肠溃疡] ·ECG.(EKG.)- electrocardiograph[心电图] ·ECHO .-echogram[超声] ·EDD.(EDC)-expected date of delivery (confinement)[预产期] ·ENT. – ears, nose and throat[五官科] ·EMG. –electromyogram[肌电图] ·ER. – emergency room[急诊室] ·et al.-and elsewhere[等等] ·etc. – and so forth[等等] ·F.(Fahr.)-Fahrenheit [华氏] ·F- Female[女性] ·F.B.S.- fasting blood sugar[空腹血糖] ·FDP.-fibrinogen degradation products[纤维蛋白原降解产物] ·FFA. – free fatty acid[游离脂肪酸] ·FUO. – fever of unknown origin[不明原因发热] ·FX. – fracture [骨折] ·GH. – growth hormone[生长素] ·GI.- gastrointestinal[消化] ·GITS. – gastrointestinal therapy system[胃肠治疗系统] ·gtt. – drops[滴] ·GU.- gastric ulcer[胃溃疡] ·Hb. –hemoglobin[血红蛋白] ·HBp.-high blood pressure[高血压] ·HCG. – human choroionic gonadotropic hormone[人绒毛膜促性腺激素] ·HDL.- high density lipoprotein[高密度脂蛋白] ·HR.-heart rate[心率] ·ht.-height[身高] ·HTN.-hypertension[高血压] ·Hx.-history [病历] ·Hypo.-hypodermic injection[皮下注射] ·IABP.-intra – aortic balloon pacing[主动脉内囊反搏] ·I/O.-intake and output [进出量] ·ICU. – intensive care unit[重症监护病房] ·ie. –that is [即] ·Ig. – immunoglobulin[免疫球蛋白] ·Im. – iutramuscular[肌内的] ·INH.- inhalation[吸入] ·INH.- isoniazid[异烟肼] ·Inj.- injection[注射] ·Int.- intern[实习生] ·IP.- in-patient[住院病入] ·Iu.- international unit[国防单位] ·IV.-intravenously[静脉内] ·J.- joule[焦耳] ·K.U.B- Kidney,ureter and bladder[肾、输尿管和膀胱] ·LBp.-low blood pressure [低血压] ·LC. – laparoscopic cholecystectomy[腹腔镜胆囊切除术] ·LDL.-Low density lipoprotein[低密度脂蛋白] ·Liq. – liquid[液体] ·LMP.- last menstrual period[未次月经] ·LP. –lumbar puncture[腰穿] ·M. –male[男性] ·MCD.-mean corpuscular diameter[平均红细胞直径] ·MCH.-mean corpuscular hemoglobin[平均红细胞血红蛋白量] ·MCHC.-mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration[平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度] ·MCV.-mean corpuscular volume[平均红细胞体积] ·MI.-myocardial infarction[心梗] ·min.-minute[分] ·mixt。

–mixture[合剂] ·mmHg.- millimeters of mercury[毫米汞柱] ·MRI.- magnetic resonance image[核磁共振] ·MS.- mitral stenosis[二尖瓣狭窄] ·N/V.-nausea and vomiting[恶心呕吐] ·N.B – note bene [注意] ·NE.- norepinephrine [去甲肾上腺炎] ·neg.- negative[阴性的] ·NIDDM.- non-insulin-dependent diabetis mellitus[II型糖尿病] ·norm.- normal[正常的] ·NPN.-non-protein nitrogen[非蛋白氮] ·NPO.- non-peros[禁食] ·NS. –normal saline[生理盐水] ·OB.- obstetrics [产科学] ·OGTT.- oral glucose tolerance test[口服糖耐量试

验] ·OP.- out-patient[门诊病人] ·OPC.- out-patient clinic[门诊] ·OR.- operating room[手术

医学英语新教程 下册 重点单词及翻译打印版

unit 1 hemoglobin血红蛋白polycythemia红血球增多症hypertrophy 肥大，过度增大atrophy萎缩 mutate改变，使突变 anomaly 异常，不规则congenital defect先天性缺陷lesion损害，机能障碍infectious agent传染剂pathogenesis发病原diagnosis诊断 prognosis预后 autopsy尸体解剖 heredity遗传 hemophilia 血友病 syndrome综合征 alcoholism 酗酒 anemia 贫血 pregnancy怀孕 delivery 分娩，交付leukemia白血病 malnutrition 营养不良hyperactive thyroid活跃甲状腺hyperthyroidism甲状腺功能亢进mongolism先天愚型urinalysis尿分析 physician内科医生 surgeon外科医生 remission缓解 relapse复发 complication 并发症pneumonia 肺炎 sequela后遗症 paralysis 麻痹 polio 小儿麻痹 fallopian tubes输卵管alleviate减轻 masterpiece 杰作 defective有缺陷的 deficient不足的 concurrent并发的respectively分别地 utilize利用 perceive察觉 terminal末端，晚期的severity严重 fracture破裂 prostate 前列腺 transmit 传输，遗传trigger引发，触发 protrude 突出，伸出 counteract抵消，中和 prescribe开处方，规定 exacerbate使加剧 aggravate恶化，加重 resemble类似 subside平息，沉淀 onset开始，着手 confined to只限于 compensate补偿，赔偿 traumatize使。。损伤 accompany陪伴，伴随 observe 观察 manifest证明，显示 aftermath后果 rheumatic fever风湿热 sterility不育 health professional保健专业人士 comprehensive综合的 unit 2 a cluster of一群，一组 initial最初的 inject注入，注射 homosexual同性恋者 impair损害，减少 emerge摆脱暴露 monitor 监视，监控 compromise妥协，和解 alert 警惕的 official正式的 original原始的 outbreak发作，爆发 coin 硬币 isolate隔离 novel异常的 press按压 lymphoadenopathy 淋巴瘤 lymphotropic嗜淋巴细胞 declare宣布striking显著，惊人 contradict 反驳，否定 turn out发生，证明 in check 受控制 pinpoint精确地 supplement补充 complement补助 considerable值得考虑的 Implicate暗指影响涉及 activate 刺激激活 decline下降，衰退 routinely 常规地，通常地 prevailing流行的，一般的 devise遗赠equip装备 multipronged 多种要素的 destruction破坏，毁灭 advancement 前进，进步 replication复制，反响 administer管理，执行 administration管理，实施 nucleoside analog核苷类似物 nucleocapsid核蛋白体 diminish 使减少，使缩小 appear to似乎，好像 indicate 表明，指出 specific特殊的，明确的 drawback 缺点，不利条件 optimism乐观 trial 实验 confer授予，给以 causative成为原因 desease-causing成为致病原因 be intended to 打算 preliminary准备，预赛 mediate间接，居中 prolong延长 enhance 提高 rule out排除，取消 be capable of 能够 attach附加，附属 inert迟缓的，无效的 hemophiliac血友病的 myeloid 骨髓的 compatibility兼容性 homozygous 纯合子的 heterozygous杂合子的 bowel 肠内部同情 commentator评论员 reservoir 水池 investigational调查 anecdotal 轶事的 mortality死亡数 ongoing 前进 modulate调节，调整 latency 潜在因素 eradication消灭，扑灭 adherence坚持，忠诚 pandemic全国流行的，普遍的 angiography血管学，血管造影术 angioplasty血管成形术

初一英语作文带翻译

初一英语作文带翻译 各位读友大家好，此文档由网络收集而来，欢迎您下载，谢谢篇一：My favorite season If you ask to me favorite season? I to say: my favorite season is fall. Because fall is cool and windy but isn’t too hot and too cold. I like reader relaxed and happy feeling. The climate is cool and pleasant in autumn, not so hot in summer nor so cold in winter. Autumn is the harvest season, golden rice in the paddy fields are ripe. Under the rays of the Sun in a piece of gold, Maple fell on a piece of Red Maple leaves, dancing in the air like a beautiful butterfly. moreover fall will come, farmers can harvest theirs “fruits of lador” The most exciting still can eat many tasty fruits. Such as: oranges，mangos, bananas, apples, pears……

临床医学英语的课文参考译文版

临床医学英语的课文参考译文整理版

————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：

第二单元 骨质疏松与骨骼的危险因素 骨质疏松可能几十年也没有任何症状。因为除非骨折，它不会引起任何症状。有些骨质疏松性骨折数年后才能诊断出来。因此，只有发生带来痛苦的骨折时，患者才能意识到自己的骨质疏松。而骨质疏松症状和骨折部位有关。 脊椎骨折可引起严重的带状疼痛，疼痛从后背扩散到身体的两侧。几年时间，反复的脊椎骨折可引起身高变矮，脊椎弯曲和后背下端长期疼痛。脊椎弯曲使得患者出现驼背现象，通常称为“罗锅”。 日常生活中发生的骨折叫做压迫性骨折。例如：有些骨质疏松患者走路或下台阶时，脚部会出现压迫性骨折。 跌倒时通常发生髋部骨折。如果患有骨质疏松，非常轻微的磕碰都能造成髋部骨折。由于骨骼的质量较差，即使行外科手术治疗，髋部骨折也很难治愈。 根据国际骨质疏松基金会今天在世界骨质疏松日公布的报告披露，如果吸烟，每天饮酒两杯以上，不锻炼身体或饮食不佳，晚年就会患骨质疏松。 国际骨质疏松基金会主席Daniel Navid在迪拜召开的记者招待会上说：“预计到2050年，因骨质疏松造成的髋部骨折发生率，男性将增至310%，女性将增至240%。骨质疏松导致的骨折通常意味着疼痛，功能丧失，严重病例会导致死亡。” “战胜骨折”报告作者及国际骨质疏松基金会成员Cyrus Cooper教授说：“世界范围内，骨质疏松发病率正以流行病的发病增长——50岁以上,有1/3的女性和1/5的男性患骨质疏松性骨折。但是，如果人们年轻时就认识到骨质疏松的危害并采取适当措施，将对晚年时期的骨骼健康有着巨大的积极影响。” 国际骨质疏松基金会敦促人们接受国际骨质疏松基金会一分钟骨质疏松危险因素检查。此外，采取对骨骼有益的生活方式，如营养饮食，定期锻炼，不吸烟，不酗酒，这些都会有助于形成健壮的骨骼，防止骨折。 危险因素主要分为两大类：可修正的和不可修正的危险因素。尽管我们无法控制危险因素，如年龄，性别，家族史，但还是有些能减轻其影响的办法。 可修正的危险因素 可修正的危险因素主要源于不健康的饮食或生活方式的选择，包括营养不良，身高体重比偏低,饮食失调，喝酒，吸烟和缺乏锻炼。这些危险因素大部分直接影响骨骼健康，导致骨密度降低。（BMD） 喝酒 欧洲,北美洲及澳大利亚的研究表明，无论男性还是女性，每天饮酒量超过两杯会就加大骨质疏松和髋关节骨折的危险。 吸烟 吸烟同样增加人的骨折危险。国际研究已经表明，吸烟使髋关节骨折的危险增加1.5倍。在瑞典进行的研究表明，18到20岁的男性吸烟者，其骨密度降低。这项研究结果尤其令人担忧。因为它表明，年轻人吸烟可以降低骨质峰值——而骨质在20岁到25岁形成——因此增加他得晚年患骨质疏松的危险。 身高体重比偏低 身高体重比（BMI）偏低是检测人瘦的尺度，也可以用来提示患骨质疏松的危险度。医生认为，BMI在20到25之间是理想值。19以下表明BMI太低，有患骨质疏松的危险。 营养不良、饮食钙摄取量低 营养不良与BMI低紧密相连，它能影响骨骼健康。当饮食中钙的摄取量不足时尤其如此。钙是骨矿物质的基本成分，对肌肉，神经和人体的其它细胞也是十分重要的。 维生素D缺乏 主要通过皮肤暴露在阳光下获得的维生素D十分重要，因为它帮助从肠中吸收的钙进入到血液中。通常，儿童和成人每天把面部、手和胳膊暴露在阳光下10到15分钟就足够了。 饮食失调 饮食失调，如神经性厌食、贪食，也能引起骨质疏松。这些情况都能大大降低钙摄取量，加速骨矿物质流失。 运动量不足 久坐的人比经常运动的人更容易发生髋关节骨折。例如：每天坐9个小时以上的女性，其髋关节骨折的机率比坐6个小时以下的女性高50%。 经常跌跤 90%的髋关节骨折都源于跌跤。视力障碍、丧失平衡、肌肉神经紊乱，痴呆、卧床及老年人中常见的服用安眠药

四级英语作文和翻译

1.Suppose a freshman asks you about the campus life,describe it to him and give your suggestions. On Campus Life Campus is a large stage to show yourselves because there are various kinds of activities awaiting you. Thrilling parties such as freshman initiation party offer you valuable chances to show your talents, enjoy yourselves and make new friends. Volunteering service, a worthy choice to serve people, gives you achievement and happiness. With many English lovers and foreigners,English corner is a good place for you to practice your oral English. Being immersed in these exciting activities you might be a little puzzled. Actually you need not participate in all of them.Self-management and self-control is necessary in college.It is wise to make a plan that fits your personality,interest and future development and follow it strictly.Do not be bothered by trivial things or distracted by online games which are nothing but a waste of time. If you can follow the suggestions above,you are bound to get the most out of your campus life. 翻译：改革开放政策使中国经济迅猛增长，令中国社会发生了巨大变化，同时，越来越多的农民工离开农村到城市工作，在城市中担任建筑工人、工厂工人、餐厅服务员和司机。他们跟城市工作者一起，把中国变成了世界工厂，为中国经济的增长做出了巨大贡献。然而，这一庞大群体却面临着诸多问题，如缺乏工伤赔偿和子女上学难等。 The reform and opening up policy brings rapid economic growth and great social changes to china. In the meanwhile, an increasing number of rural migrant workers have left their land in the countryside to work in cities as construction and factory workers, restaurant staff and drivers . Together with urban labors, they turn China into the factory of the world and contribute a lot to China’s fast-growing economy. However, the huge group is facing various problems such as a lack of industrial injury compensation and schooling for their children.

临床医学英语textA翻译

第一单元 A 篇 预防保健与整体医疗 预防保健 预防保健指的是某种生活方式和医疗保健（例如疾病筛查）的实施，其目的在于延长健康的状态和避免某一特定常见病的发生（如心脏病，癌症，和由于谷蛋白和其他饮食敏感引起的免疫系统疾病）。我认为更多的精力和卫生保健资金应该用于预防疾病，这样一来治疗疾病所需资金会相应减少（由于疾病减少）。 这种方法同样适用于筛查某一特定疾病。这就是我用谷蛋白敏感性作一例子的理由。现在我们拥有技术在儿童的生长过缓之前，在不可逆的骨质疏松症发生之前，在其它自身免疫疾病产生之前，在淋巴瘤和其他癌症发生之前，应用科学技术在早期来测试其对谷蛋白的免疫反应。我认为对可测出的谷蛋白敏感和（或）肠功能异常不应该置之不理，我坚持对小肠的伤害情况应该饮食调节之前进行活组织检查。多年来病理学家已知道组织损害常伴有功能损伤。恰恰是功能损伤而不是组织损害应当引起重视。谷蛋白敏感进行饮食调节只是在人生中为了达到最佳健康而实施的保健措施的一个方面。其它更为重要的方面包括其它保健干预措施，比如避免吸烟、防止过量饮酒、不使用毒品，锻炼身体，健康营养摄入，以及良好口腔卫生。详情，请见下文“健康和营养十步曲”。 整体医疗 整体医疗观或整体医疗，虽然有时易混同于一种可供选择的医疗实践，但实际指的是人的全面整体健康的保持（包括生理，情感，心理和精神），而不仅仅指健康或身体系统的某个方面。例如，作为胃肠道疾病专家，人们通常只咨询胃肠类疾病的相关问题。仅关注肠道疾病的症状并进行药物治疗是典型的传统医疗法。但是，我更支持整体医疗方法。众所周知，情感因素、饮食因素、压力和体育活动（如过度运动）都会极大影响肠功能。为了取得胃肠疾病治疗或任何其它身体系统疾病治疗的最长期效的成功，以上所有这些方面都应重视。因此，对有症状或无症状的个人最好的医疗服务就是提供一种针对整个人（因而被称为“整体”）的评估和治疗的方法来保持其健康，而决非仅针对某一特定部位。 我的“健康和营养十步曲”就体现了我的整体医疗观。 “健康和营养十步曲” 摄入品种广泛富于营养，能量适当，益于吸收和健康的食品； 充足睡眠，遵循最适合你的有规律的生物钟（夜间睡眠至少8小时，日出前起床最佳）； 每天进行体育锻炼，最好在户外阳光下； 每天用非药物减轻压力方式（尤其通过锻炼、沉思、祈祷，以有可能避免压力）； 不吸烟，不饮酒，及其它可以改变情绪的物质； 采用各种方法保持口腔清洁（经常刷牙并用牙线清洁牙齿）； 如果可能，尽量避免接触食物、水和空气中的毒素； 想办法玩，大笑、以愉快感恩积极的心态面对自己的人生； 帮助他人，已所不欲，勿施与人； 在生活中力求平静、安宁、谦逊、简朴与爱。

医学英语词汇

《医学英语词汇》 课程名称医学英语词汇 授课专业中医翻译06级 必修课专业课（√） 授课方式课堂讲授（√）；实践课（） 考核方式考试（√）；考查（） 总学时数4*18=72 Terminology-----from term thrombocytopenia lymphocytic leukemia carcinoma 癌 hepatitis 肝炎 cholesterol 胆固醇 医学英语术语:上述这些单词来源于希腊或拉丁词根,有特定得医学含义，我们将之统称为医学英语术语（medical term）; 医学术语学：而将专门研究它得学问称为－医学术语学（medical terminology）:An introduction to the language of veterinary and human medicine 第一章医学英语术语学概述 医学英语术语学（medical terminology）就是研究医学术语得起源与发展得学科，也就是向广大医务工作者、医学院学生、医学科学研究人员提供科学得方法以提高对医学英语术语认知能力得一门专项技能，同时也就是医学与语言学结合得跨学科研究方向。 涉及学科门类：医学人类学 词汇学词源学 社会学 英语史等 一、医学英语术语学简介 1、几个词汇学方面得基本概念 词素----组成词得基本元素，就是语言中语音与语义得最小结合体。 词根----含有明确得词汇语义，在单词中表达主要得意义得词素叫做"词根"（root）。 词缀----只有语法意义、而没有词汇意义（例如表示名词复数得-s），或者虽有一定得词汇意义、但在词中只表达次要得意义得词素，称为"词缀"（affix）。 2、医学术语与基本词素 Psychiatrist---psych /iatri /ist Physiology---physi /o /logy 二、医学英语术语词源学、发展史（了解）及其学习得意义 1、来源于拉丁语、古希腊语 词缀可与不同得词干一起，擎生无数新词。 auto： auto-activation

初二优秀英语作文带翻译

初二优秀英语作文带翻译 初二优秀英语精选作文带翻译篇一 Ｔhis summer, Ｉ mo*e to a new city with my parents, and Ｉtransfer to a new school. Ｉused to li*e in the countryside, so my new life is so different from before. Ｔhe school is a little far from my home, so Ｉ go to school by bus. Ａfter school, Ｉ ha*e many acti*ities in school. Ｃlassmates are friendly to me. Ｉ learn Ｅnglish now. Ｉt's so interesting that Ｉ like it *ery much. Ｂesides, life in city is different. Ｔhere are many interesting places to go. Ａt weekends, my parents take me outside. Ｗe go to the park, the zoo or go shopping. Ｂut we are not so familiar with our neighbors. Ｉ think we should build good relationship with them. 这个夏天，我和爸爸妈妈搬到了一个新的城市生活，我也转到了新的学校上学。以前，我住在乡下，所以我现在的生活和以前有很大不同。学校离我的家稍远，所以我要坐公交车去上学。课后，我在学校有很多活动。同学们对我也很友好。现在我开始学英语了，这门课程很有趣，我很喜欢。另外，在城市里的生活也很不一样，有很多好

(完整版)医学专业英语翻译及答案

Chapter 1 Passage 1 Human Body In this passage you will learn: 1. Classification of organ systems 2. Structure and function of each organ system 3. Associated medical terms To understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc. 了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。 Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article. 解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。本文描绘并阐述了各系统的主要部分。 The skeletal system is made of bones, joints between bones, and cartilage. Its function is to provide support and protection for the soft tissues and the organs of the body and to provide points of attachment for the muscles that move the body. There are 206 bones in the human skeleton. They have various shapes - long, short, cube - shaped, flat, and irregular. Many of the long bones have an interior space that is filled with bone marrow, where blood cells are made. 骨骼系统由骨、关节以及软骨组成。它对软组织及人体器官起到支持和保护作用，并牵动骨胳肌，引起各种运动。人体有206根骨头。骨形态不一，有长的、短、立方的、扁的及不规则的。许多长骨里有一个内层间隙，里面充填着骨髓，这即是血细胞的制造场所。 A joint is where bones are joined together. The connection can be so close that no movement is possible, as is the case in the skull. Other kinds of joints permit movement: either back and forth in one plane - as with the hinge joint of the elbow - or movement around a single axis - as with the pivot joint that permits the head to rotate. A wide range of movement is possible when the ball - shaped end of one bone fits into a socket at the end of another bone, as they do in the shoulder and hip joints. 关节把骨与骨连接起来。颅骨不能运动，是由于骨与骨之间的连接太紧密。但其它的关节可允许活动，如一个平面上的前后屈伸运动，如肘关节；或是绕轴心旋转运动，如枢轴点允许头部转动。如果一根骨的球形末端插入另一根骨的臼槽里，大辐度的运动（如肩关节、髋关节）即成为可能。 Cartilage is a more flexible material than bone. It serves as a protective, cushioning layer where bones come together. It also connects the ribs to the breastbone and provides a structural base for the nose and the external ear. An infant's skeleton is made of cartilage that is gradually replaced by bone as the infant grows into an adult. 软骨是一种比一般骨更具韧性的物质。它是骨连结的保护、缓冲层。它把肋骨与胸骨连结起来，也是鼻腔与内耳的结构基础。一个婴儿的骨骼就是由软骨组成，然后不断生长、

英语作文 带翻译

Last sunday, Mr.Lee got up very early to go fishing. He spent the whole day sitting beside the river but got nothing at the end of the day. Therefore, Mr.Lee was very dissapointed due to that he had to go home by dinner time. On his way home, Lee thought that his wife might be mad at him for bringing nothing back. So he bought a big fish at the market before he got home. At least, he was happy finally for what he could bring home. 我的寒假计划My Plan for Winter Holiday Howtime flies. This term ends quickly and the winter holiday is coming. I make ageneral plan for it. Firstly, my teachers leave us some homework, so I mustearnestly finish them on time. I plan to finish them before the SpringFestival, and then I can enjoy the festival with all my heart. Secondly, I willspend some time with my friends. Generally, we study together but have littletime to play. During the holiday, we want to have fun together. Finally, I willvisit my grandparents with my parents, and then we will spend the SpringFestival with them. I haven’t seen them for a long time. I miss them very much.This is my winter holiday plan. What is yours? 时间过得真快！这个学期马上就要结束了，寒假即将开始。我制定了一个大概的寒假计划。首先，老师们给我们布置了寒假作业，所以我要先认真地按时完成作业。我打算在春节前完成，这样我就可以全心全意过新年了。其次，我会抽些时间和我的朋友们待在一起。平时，我们一起学习但是很少有时间去玩。放假期间，我们想一起玩乐。最后，我会和爸爸妈妈去看爷爷奶奶，然后和他们一起过年。我有很长时间没见过他们了，很想念他们。这就是我的寒假计划，你的寒假计划是什么呢？ 我身边的噪音The Noises Around Me 作者: admin来源: 网络文章时间: 2015-01-06 I live in the school now, I will go home on the weekend, at first, I thought living in school could make me focus on my study, while the fact is not. At noon, when I take a snap, the noise from the building machine is so loud, our school is under construction now, so the workers work day and night. But I couldn’t sleep well, my head aches, without not good sleep, I can’t focus my mind to study. What’s more, some students are playing games

临床医学英语课文翻译-上

《临床医学英语》，中国海洋大学出版社，——Unit1-Unit8 第一单元 A 篇 预防保健与整体医疗 预防保健 预防保健指的是某种生活方式和医疗保健（例如疾病筛查）的实施，其目的在于延长健康的状态和避免某一特定常见病的发生（如心脏病，癌症，和由于谷蛋白和其他饮食敏感引起的免疫系统疾病）。我认为更多的精力和卫生保健资金应该用于预防疾病，这样一来治疗疾病所需资金会相应减少（由于疾病减少）。 这种方法同样适用于筛查某一特定疾病。这就是我用谷蛋白敏感性作一例子的理由。现在我们拥有技术在儿童的生长过缓之前，在不可逆的骨质疏松症发生之前，在其它自身免疫疾病产生之前，在淋巴瘤和其他癌症发生之前，应用科学技术在早期来测试其对谷蛋白的免疫反应。我认为对可测出的谷蛋白敏感和（或）肠功能异常不应该置之不理，我坚持对小肠的伤害情况应该饮食调节之前进行活组织检查。多年来病理学家已知道组织损害常伴有功能损伤。恰恰是功能损伤而不是组织损害应当引起重视。谷蛋白敏感进行饮食调节只是在人生中为了达到最佳健康而实施的保健措施的一个方面。其它更为重要的方面包括其它保健干预措施，比如避免吸烟、防止过量饮酒、不使用毒品，锻炼身体，健康营养摄入，以及良好口腔卫生。详情，请见下文“健康和营养十步曲”。 整体医疗 整体医疗观或整体医疗，虽然有时易混同于一种可供选择的医疗实践，但实际指的是人的全面整体健康的保持（包括生理，情感，心理和精神），而不仅仅指健康或身体系统的某个方面。例如，作为胃肠道疾病专家，人们通常只咨询胃肠类疾病的相关问题。仅关注肠道疾病的症状并进行药物治疗是典型的传统医疗法。但是，我更支持整体医疗方法。众所周知，情感因素、饮食因素、压力和体育活动（如过度运动）都会极大影响肠功能。为了取得胃肠疾病治疗或任何其它身体系统疾病治疗的最长期效的成功，以上所有这些方面都应重视。因此，对有症状或无症状的个人最好的医疗服务就是提供一种针对整个人（因而被称为“整体”）的评估和治疗的方法来保持其健康，而决非仅针对某一特定部位。 我的“健康和营养十步曲”就体现了我的整体医疗观。 “健康和营养十步曲” 1.摄入品种广泛富于营养，能量适当，益于吸收和健康的食品； 2.充足睡眠，遵循最适合你的有规律的生物钟（夜间睡眠至少8小时，日出前起床最 佳）； 3.每天进行体育锻炼，最好在户外阳光下； 4.每天用非药物减轻压力方式（尤其通过锻炼、沉思、祈祷，以有可能避免压力）； 5.不吸烟，不饮酒，及其它可以改变情绪的物质； 6.采用各种方法保持口腔清洁（经常刷牙并用牙线清洁牙齿）； 7.如果可能，尽量避免接触食物、水和空气中的毒素；

医学英语(下)重点单词和句子翻译

医学英语（下）重点单词和句子翻译 unit1 hemoglobin血红蛋白 polycythemia红血球增多症 hypertrophy肥大，过度增大 atrophy萎缩 mutate改变，使突变 anomaly异常，不规则 congenitaldefect先天性缺陷 lesion损害，机能障碍 infectiousagent传染剂 pathogenesis发病原 diagnosis诊断 prognosis预后 autopsy尸体解剖 heredity遗传 hemophilia血友病 syndrome综合征 alcoholism 酗酒 anemia 贫血 pregnancy怀孕 delivery 分娩，交付

leukemia白血病 malnutrition营养不良hyperactivethyroid活跃甲状腺hyperthyroidism甲状腺功能亢进mongolism先天愚型 urinalysis尿分析 physician内科医生 surgeon外科医生 remission缓解 relapse复发 complication并发症pneumonia肺炎 sequela后遗症 paralysis麻痹 polio 小儿麻痹 fallopiantubes输卵管 alleviate减轻 masterpiece 杰作 defective有缺陷的 deficient不足的 concurrent并发的 respectively分别地 utilize利用 perceive察觉

terminal末端，晚期的 severity严重 fracture破裂 prostate前列腺 transmit传输，遗传 trigger引发，触发 protrude 突出，伸出counteract抵消，中和 prescribe开处方，规定exacerbate使加剧 aggravate恶化，加重 resemble类似 subside平息，沉淀 onset开始，着手 confinedto只限于 compensate补偿，赔偿traumatize使。。损伤accompany陪伴，伴随 observe观察 manifest证明，显示 aftermath后果 rheumaticfever风湿热 sterility不育healthprofessional保健专业人士

初中英语作文带翻译5篇

初中英语作文带翻译5篇 学习英语的方法有很多种，其中一种就包括了写作，而写作是最能体现一个人的英语水平的，那么关于初中的英语作文该怎么写?以下是小编给大家整理的初中英语作文翻译，希望可以帮到大家 初中英语作文翻译：A Post Card From My Friend 一张来自朋友的明信片Last week, I received a post card from my friend, which was from Thailand, I felt so excited, because I always wanted to travel abroad. So I was so eager to talk to my friend. She showed me the sceneries. I found different sceneries in different cities. For the first time, I saw the outside world so closely. I want to explore the world and know more about this planet. I realized the importance of learning English. If I master more words, then I can communicate with the local people and learn about their culture. From now on, I must study hard. When I have the chance to travel abroad, I can have a trip. 上周，我收到了朋友来自泰国的明信片，我感到很兴奋，因为我一直想出国旅行。所以我很希望跟我的朋友聊一聊。她给我看了那的风景，我发现在不同的城市有着不一样的风景。第一次，那么近距离地观看外面的世界，我想探索世界，了解更多关于这个星球的事情。我意识到学习英语的重要性，如果我掌握更多的单词，那么我就可以与当地人交流，了解他们的文化。从现在开始，我必须努力学习，当我有机会出国旅行时，可以使旅途更愉快。 初中英语作文翻译：When I Disappoint My Parents 当我让父母失望 Since I went to school, I always want to do the best and make my parents be proud of me. But I meet difficulties in middle school. There are so many subjects for me to learn, and I feel great pressure, especially the subject like geography that is my weakness. For the first time, I feel that I may let my parents down. So I talked to them and wished them to know the truth. I would not always be the excellent kid. My mother laughed and she said that they did not care my score, and all they wanted me to

医药英语教程第二单元课文翻译

Cardiac surgery:a brief history 心脏外科简史 Possibly some of the greatest achievements in medical science have been those made in cardiac surgery.The first successful example was carried out in 1896 by Dr Ludwig Rehn(Germany),who repaired a stab wound to the right ventricle,Open-heart surgery itself dates form the 1950s,while bypass operations began in the mid-60s. By the 1980s,two-thirds of those receiving heart transplants survived five years or more.Today,heart surgery is robotized:incisions to the heart have been reduced to a minimum and patient recovery time is down from six months to a few weeks. 也许医学上最伟大的成就是在心脏外科。第一个成功的例子是Ludwig Rehn博士（德国）在1896年修补了右心室的刀伤，心脏手术本身始于上世纪50年代，而旁路手术开始于60年代中期。上个世纪80年代，那些接受心脏移植的人三分之二存活五年以上。今天，心脏手术已经机械化：切口心脏被减少到最低限度，病人恢复时间从六个月减少到几周。 One of the first pioneers in the field of cardiac surgery was Dr Dwight Harken,a US army medic serving during World WAR 2.Initially,he operated on animals to improve his skills,moving on to soldiers arriving from the European front with bullets lodged in their hearts.Dislodging them almost always proved fatal,but Harken developed a technique that enable him to cut into the wall of a still beating heart and successfully remove it.With time,more and more of his patients began to survive,proving it was indeed possible to operate on the human heart. 其中一个在心脏外科领域的鼻祖是Dwight Harken博士，在2次世界大战期间的一个美国陆军军医。最初，他在动物身上做手术来提高自己的技能，后来在那些从欧洲前线回来心脏被子弹打中的士兵身上做手术。虽然这几乎总是致命的，但Harken提出了一个使他能进入一颗仍在跳动的心脏的壁，并成功地将子弹移除的技术。随着时间的推移，越来越多的病人活下来了，证明了确实有可能对人的心脏进行手术。 Closed-heart surgery was the next stage in the development of cardiac surgery.Closed-or “blind”-heart surgery meant that the hart did not have to be cut open and then closed up again.It was accomplished by passing either a finger or a knife into the mitral value through an incision in the left atrium in order to remove tissue.Following initial disastrous attempts,Harken’s technique was gradually improved upon,and eventually the procedure was made safe.Hospitals across the would begin using the technique. 闭式心脏手术是下一个发展阶段的心脏手术。闭上的或者说“瞎子”心脏手术意味着心脏没有被切开，然后封闭起来。他是通过在左心房的一个能够通过一个手指或者刀子的进入二尖瓣的切口完成的，以切除组织。最初的灾难性的尝试，Harken的技术逐渐得到改善，最终程序变得安全。全球的医院开始使用该技术。 However,there was still a critical issue to be resolved if cardiac surgery was to develop any further.Surgeons had to be able to work on the open heart without the patient bleeding to death.Stopping the circulation temporarily would give doctors just four minutes to carry out their intervention;however,the subsequent deprivation of oxygen to the brain would be critical,resulting in brain damage.Canadian surgeon Bill Bigelow set about finding a solution.Experimenting on dogs,he was able to show that by bringing down the patient’s body temperature,the body and the brain reduced level of oxygenated blood.This was known as the ‘hypothermic approach’. 然而，如果心脏手术需要进一步发展，仍有一个关键的问题需要解决。外科医生必须在心