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钴鉧潭西小丘记原文阅读及翻译译文

钴鉧潭西小丘记原文阅读及翻译译文
钴鉧潭西小丘记原文阅读及翻译译文

钴鉧潭西小丘记原文阅读及翻译译文

原文阅读:

得西山后八日,寻山口西北道二百步,又得钴鉧潭。西二十五步,当湍而浚者为鱼梁。梁之上有丘焉,生竹树。其石之突怒偃蹇,负土而出,争为奇状者,殆不可数。其嵌然相

累而下者,若牛马之饮于溪;其冲然角列而上者,若熊罴之登于山。

丘之小不能一亩,可以笼而有之。问其主,曰:“唐氏之弃地,货而不售。”问其价,曰:“止四百。”余怜而售之。李深源、元克己时同游,皆大喜,出自意外。

即更取器用,铲刈秽草,伐去恶木,烈火而焚之。嘉木立,美竹露,奇石显。由其中

以望,则山之高,云之浮,溪之流,鸟兽之遨游,举熙熙然回巧献技,以效兹丘之下。枕席而卧,则清泠之状与目谋,瀯瀯之声与耳谋,悠然而虚者与神谋,渊然而静者与心谋。

不匝旬而得异地者二,虽古好事之土,或未能至焉。

噫!以兹丘之胜,致之沣、镐、鄂、杜,则贵游之土争买者,日增千金而愈不可得。

今弃是州也,农夫渔父过而陋之,价四百,连岁不能售。而我与深源、克己独喜得之,是

其果有遭乎!书于石,所以贺兹丘之遭也。

翻译译文或注释:

寻到西山以后八天,沿着山口向西北探行二百步,又探得了钴铒潭。潭西二十五步,

正当流急水深处筑有垒土阻水,开缺张网的鱼梁。梁上有个小土丘,丘上生长着竹子树木,丘石或骤然突起、或兀然高耸,破土而起,竞相形成奇奇怪怪形状的,几乎数都数不清;

有的倾侧堆垒而趋下,就像牛马在溪边饮水;有的又猛然前突,似乎较量着争向上行,就像熊罴在山上攀登。

这小丘小得不足一亩,似乎可以装进袖子里去一般。我向小丘的主人打听情况,他回

答说:“这是唐姓某家废弃的土地,标价出售却卖不出去。”我又问地价多少,答道:“仅

仅四百两银子。”我同情小丘的不遇而买下了它。当时,李深源、元克己与我同游,都十

分高兴,以为是意想不到的收获。

于是就又取来了一应用具,铲除败草,砍掉杂树,燃起了熊熊大火焚烧去一切荒秽。(顿时),佳好的树木似乎挺立起来,秀美的竹林也因而浮露,奇峭的山石更分外显突。由竹木山石间望出去,只见远山高峙,云气飘浮,溪水流淙,鸟兽在自由自在地游玩;万

物都和乐怡畅地运技献能,而呈现在这小丘之下。铺席展枕躺在丘上,山水清凉明爽的景状来与双目相亲,瀯瀯的流水之声又传入耳际,悠远空阔的天空与精神相通。深沉至静的

大道与心灵相合。我不满十天中却得到了二处胜景,即使是古时喜嗜风景的人,也未必能

有此幸运啊!

1外文文献翻译原文及译文汇总

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A convection-conduction model for analysis of the freeze-thaw conditions in the surrounding rock wall of a tunnel in permafrost regions Abstract Based on the analyses of fundamental meteorological and hydrogeological conditions at the site of a tunnel in the cold regions, a combined convection-conduction model for air flow in the tunnel and temperature field in the surrounding has been constructed. Using the model, the air temperature distribution in the Xiluoqi No. 2 Tunnel has been simulated numerically. The simulated results are in agreement with the data observed. Then, based on the in situ conditions of sir temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind force, hydrogeology and engineering geology, the air-temperature relationship between the temperature on the surface of the tunnel wall and the air temperature at the entry and exit of the tunnel has been obtained, and the freeze-thaw conditions at the Dabanshan Tunnel which is now under construction is predicted. Keywords: tunnel in cold regions, convective heat exchange and conduction, freeze-thaw. A number of highway and railway tunnels have been constructed in the permafrost regions and their neighboring areas in China. Since the hydrological and thermal conditions changed after a tunnel was excavated,the surrounding wall rock materials often froze, the frost heaving caused damage to the liner layers and seeping water froze into ice diamonds,which seriously interfered with the communication and transportation. Similar problems of the freezing damage in the tunnels also appeared in other countries like Russia, Norway and Japan .Hence it is urgent to predict the freeze-thaw conditions in the surrounding rock materials and provide a basis for the design,construction and

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Optimum blank design of an automobile sub-frame Jong-Yop Kim a ,Naksoo Kim a,*,Man-Sung Huh b a Department of Mechanical Engineering,Sogang University,Shinsu-dong 1,Mapo-ku,Seoul 121-742,South Korea b Hwa-shin Corporation,Young-chun,Kyung-buk,770-140,South Korea Received 17July 1998 Abstract A roll-back method is proposed to predict the optimum initial blank shape in the sheet metal forming process.The method takes the difference between the ?nal deformed shape and the target contour shape into account.Based on the method,a computer program composed of a blank design module,an FE-analysis program and a mesh generation module is developed.The roll-back method is applied to the drawing of a square cup with the ˉange of uniform size around its periphery,to con?rm its validity.Good agreement is recognized between the numerical results and the published results for initial blank shape and thickness strain distribution.The optimum blank shapes for two parts of an automobile sub-frame are designed.Both the thickness distribution and the level of punch load are improved with the designed blank.Also,the method is applied to design the weld line in a tailor-welded blank.It is concluded that the roll-back method is an effective and convenient method for an optimum blank shape design.#2000Elsevier Science S.A.All rights reserved. Keywords:Blank design;Sheet metal forming;Finite element method;Roll-back method

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It was emphasized that the membrane stresses in the com-pression region of the curved models were less than those predicted by linear theory and that there was an accompanying increase in ?ange resultant force.The maximum web bending stress was shown to occur at 0.20h from the compression ?ange for the simple support stiffness condition and 0.24h for the ?xed condition,where h is the height of the analytical panel.It was noted that 0.20h would be the optimum position for longitudinal stiffeners in curved girders,which is the same as for straight girders based on stability requirements.From the ?xed condition cases it was determined that there was no signi?cant change in the membrane stresses (from free to ?xed)but that there was a signi?cant effect on the web bend-ing stresses.Numerical results were generated for the reduc-tion in effective moment required to produce initial yield in the ?anges based on curvature and web slenderness for a panel aspect ratio of 1.0and a web-to-?ange area ratio of 2.0.From the results,a maximum reduction of about 13%was noted for a /R =0.167and about 8%for a /R =0.10(h /t w =150),both of which would correspond to extreme curvature,where a is the length of the analytical panel (modeling the distance be-tween transverse stiffeners)and R is the radius of curvature.To apply the parametric results to developing design criteria for practical curved girders,the de?ections and web bending stresses that would occur for girders with a curvature corre-sponding to the initial imperfection out-of-?atness limit of D /120was used.It was noted that,for a panel with an aspect ratio of 1.0,this would correspond to a curvature of a /R =0.067.The values of moment reduction using this approach were compared with those presented by Basler (Basler and Thurlimann 1961;Vincent 1969).Numerical results based on this limit were generated,and the following web-slenderness requirement was derived: 2 D 36,500a a =1?8.6?34 (1) ? ??? t R R F w ?y where D =unsupported distance between ?anges;and F y =yield stress in psi. 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During almost the same time,Abdel-Sayed (1973)studied the prebuckling and elastic buckling behavior of curved web panels and proposed approximate conservative equations for estimating the critical load under pure normal loading (stress),pure shear,and combined normal and shear loading.The linear theory of shells was used.The panel was simply supported along all four edges with no torsional rigidity of the ?anges provided.The transverse stiffeners were therefore assumed to be rigid in their directions (no strains could be developed along the edges of the panels).The Galerkin method was used to solve the governing differential equations,and minimum eigenvalues of the critical load were calculated and presented for a wide range of loading conditions (bedding,shear,and combined),aspect ratios,and curvatures.For all cases,it was demonstrated that the critical load is higher for curved panels over the comparable ?at panel and increases with an increase in curvature. In 1980,Daniels et al.summarized the Lehigh University ?ve-year experimental research program on the fatigue behav-ior of horizontally curved bridges and concluded that the slen-derness limits suggested by Culver were too severe.Equations for ‘‘Load Factor Design’’and for ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’were developed (respectively)as D 36,500a =1?4?192(3)? ?t R F w ?y D 23,000a =1?4 ?170 (4) ? ? t R f w ?b The latter equation is currently used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations for girders not stiffened longitudinally. Numerous analytical and experimental works on the subject have also been published by Japanese researchers since the end of the CURT project.Mikami and colleagues presented work in Japanese journals (Mikami et al.1980;Mikami and Furunishi 1981)and later in the ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics (Mikami and Furunishi 1984)on the nonlinear be-havior of cylindrical web panels under bending and combined bending and shear.They analyzed the cylindrical panels based on Washizu’s (1975)nonlinear theory of shells.The governing nonlinear differential equations were solved numerically by the ?nite-difference method.Simple support boundary condi-tions were assumed along the curved boundaries (top and bot-tom at the ?ange locations)and both simple and ?xed support conditions were used at the straight (vertical)boundaries.The large displacement behavior was demonstrated by Mi-kami and Furunishi for a range of geometric properties.Nu-merical values of the load,de?ection,membrane stress,bend-ing stress,and torsional stress were obtained,but no equations for design use were presented.Signi?cant conclusions include that:(1)the compressive membrane stress in the circumfer-ential direction decreases with an increase in curvature;(2)the panel under combined bending and shear exhibits a lower level of the circumferential membrane stress as compared with the panel under pure bending,and as a result,the bending moment carried by the web panel is reduced;and (3)the plate bending stress under combined bending and shear is larger than that under pure bending.No formulations or recommendations for direct design use were made. Kuranishi and Hiwatashi (1981,1983)used the ?nite-ele-ment method to demonstrate the elastic ?nite displacement be-havior of curved I-girder webs under bending using models with and without ?ange rigidities.Rotation was not allowed (?xed condition)about the vertical axis at the ends of the panel (transverse stiffener locations).Again,the nonlinear distribu-

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