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英语泛读教程三

Invented Words

Scholars guess that English has about 600 000 words, but there are probably more. New words continue to come into the language at such a rate that no dictionary could possibly keep up with them. The old words which were born centuries ago in the Anglo-Saxon, Germanic and French languages make up four fifths of the English language. The other one fifth is made up partly of borrowed words and partly of three other kinds of words: words from the names of peoples and places; imitative words; and invented words.

Ampere, volt and watt are all units of electricity, and they are named for the men who discovered them; Andre M. Ampere, a French physicist; Alessandro V olta, an Italian physicist; and James Watt, a Scottish engineer and inventor. Nowadays we all drink pasteurized milk, that is, milk which is clean and purified. Pasteurized gets its name from Louis Pasteur, a French doctor who invented the process for purifying milk. There are many words like this in the English language.

Imitative words are words that sound like the thing or action they stand for. Here are some examples:

buzz click bang mumble chirp bawl

crash clap mutter giggle hum gulp

There is no need to say anything else about these words, for they speak for themselves. You can probably think of many more.

Then there are the invented words. English-speaking people have always made up words as it suited them, and they continue to do so every day. One kind of invented word is one which is made up of two other words. Dictionaries call this kind of word a compound. If you put "play" and "thing" together, you get the compound, "plaything." How many can you add to this list?

raincoat milkshake upstairs standstill headlight shutout sailboat downstairs income headline

As well as putting two whole words together, we also add parts of words called prefixes and suffixes to the whole words. Most prefixes and suffixes come from Latin or Greek, and each has a special meaning of its own. When we add a prefix before a word or a suffix at the end of it, we change its meaning. For example, the prefix re- means "again." If we add re- to "do" or "paint", we get two new words meaning "do again" and "paint again." Un- means "the opposite of" or "not." By adding un- to "happy" or "kind", we get "unhappy" or "unkind", meaning "not happy" and "not kind." The suffix -ness means "the condition of." "Happiness" and "kindness" are the conditions of being happy and kind. It is easy to see the meanings of unhappiness and unkindness. The word to which we attach the prefixes and suffixes is called the root word. In a word like unkindness the root word is kind.

Some words, like astronaut, are made up entirely of Greek or Latin prefixes and suffixes. Astro- is a Greek prefix meaning "having to do with the stars"; naut- means "having to do with sailing." So, an astronaut is a "star-sailor." Other words can be root words, prefixes or suffixes, depending on where they come in the word. Remember, the prefix comes first, the root word second, and the suffix last. As an example, let's take the word "graph" and build several different invented words with it by adding prefixes and suffixes to it or using it as a prefix or suffix. Graph by itself means anything which is shown to us in pictures

or writing. For instance, your teacher might want to keep track of your reading progress by drawing a graph of your reading test scores, or a businessman might draw graphs which show the ups and downs of his company's sales records. Now, by adding the prefixes and suffixes listed below to graph, we can make several new words. Notice that graph is part of a longer suffix as well as a suffix by itself.

Prefixes Suffixes

auto- self -graphy study of; art of

bio- life -graph something written

phono- sound -ic similar to; like

photo- light -ology study of

tele- distant -phone sound

Here are some words made with "graph".

autograph －signature; a person's name written in his or her handwriting biography －story of a person's life

autobiography －study of a person's life written by himself or herself graphology －study of handwriting

telegraph －distant writing

phonograph －writing or a picture in sound

photograph －writing or a picture in light

photography －art of taking pictures

graphic －clearly written or drawn

You may have noticed that you can make even other words using some of these prefixes and suffixes without graph. "Biology" is the study of life. What do you think is the meaning of "biologic"? If the prefix anti- means "against," what does "antibiotic" really mean? There are hundreds of Latin and Greek prefixes in the English language, and the possibilities for inventing new words are endless. Every day, as we make new discoveries in science and technology, we invent new words to describe them. Many of these new words are combinations of root words and prefixes and suffixes which have already existed in English for centuries.

Another kind of invented word is the nonsense word. Some nonsense words are used for a while by only a few people and then disappear completely from the language, never to be used again. Others, when they become popular enough and are used over a period of time, become a permanent part of the language. If enough people decide and agree on the meaning of an invented word, it is here to stay. Some examples of everyday modern words which probably began as nonsense words centuries ago are: bad, big, lad, lass, chat, job and fun. Linguists guess that these are nonsense words because they have not been able to trace them back to any of the ancestor languages. Just who invented them, and when or where remains a puzzle. Puzzle itself is one of these mystery words. No one knows where it came from.

Lewis Carroll, author of Alice in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass, was a great inventor of nonsense words. As a matter of fact, he created a whole language of nonsense. Most of Carroll's nonsense words are not used in English, except for "chortle." Chortle, Carroll tells us, is a cross between a chuckle and a snort. The word is formed by packing two different meanings together in it. The dictionary calls such words blends. A fairly recent blend, which, unfortunately, we hear almost every day, is "smog," a combination of smoke and fog.

People invent nonsense words by combining certain sounds that just seem to

fit the things or actions they describe. Often we make up words for anything which is basically rather silly. Spoof was invented by an English comedian some fifty years ago. It means "to poke fun at." Hornswoggle was used a great deal in the United States during the nineteenth century, and it means "to cheat." If a dishonest politician wants to hornswoggle the taxpayers, he invents a "boondoggle," which is a useless, expensive project which does nobody any good. Fairly recently someone invented the word "gobbledygook." When people talk or write using long, fancy words that really mean nothing, we call it gobbledygook. Unfortunately, many people use gobbledygook because they want to seem more important than they are, or because they don't really want people to understand what they mean or what they are doing. So, when the dishonest politician wants to hornswoggle the public with a boondoggle, he usually explains things in gobbledygook.

When Lewis Carroll was writing his books the word gobbledygook had not been invented yet, but Carroll would have known exactly what it meant. Carroll loved to spoof or poke fun at people who used fancy, important-sounding words when simple language would have done better. In one part of Through the Looking Glass, Alice has a conversation with Humpty Dumpty in which Humpty Dumpty insists words can mean whatever he wants them to mean. Alice insists that this is impossible. If everyone did that no one would understand anyone else. The conversation goes like this:

"But …glory' doesn't mean …a nice knockdown argument'," Alice objected. "When I use a word," Humpty Dumpty said, in rather a scornful tone, "it means just what I choose it to mean －neither more nor less."

"The question is," said Alice, "whether you can make words mean so many different things."

"The question is," said Humpty Dumpty, "which is to be the master －that's all."

The question is, just as Humpty Dumpty said, which is to be master. But Humpty Dumpty used words in an odd way, and that made him a master of gobbledygook, not a master of language. A master of language knows what words really mean, and where they come from; knows when to use big, important ones and when to use the shorter, equally important simple ones. Winston Churchill was a great British prime minister. He was also a great writer, truly a master of language. He said once, "Short words are best, and old words when they are short, are best of all."

1. The other one fifth is made up partly of borrowed words and partly of three other kinds of words: words from the names of peoples and places; imitative words; and invented words. ( A )

(a) reproducing closely (b) similar

2. Pasteurized gets its name from Louis Pasteur, a French doctor who invented the process for purifying milk. ( B )

(a) Distilled (b) Purified

3. Some words, like astronaut, are made up entirely of Greek or Latin prefixes and suffixes. ( C )

(a) one engaged in the study of the stars

(b) one engaged in the study of the universe

(d) a scientific observer of the celestial bodies

4. If the prefix anti- means "against," what does antibiotic really mean? ( A )

(a) antibacterial (b) health-protecting

5. Linguists guess that these are nonsense words because they have not been able to trace them back to any of the ancestor languages. ( A )

(a) Those studying the science of language

(b) Those studying the meaning of words

(d) Those studying the mystery of words

6. Most of Carroll's nonsense words are not used in English, except for "chortle." ( C )

(a) chuckle (b) snort

7. "But …glory' doesn't mean …a nice knockdown argument'," Alice objected. ( B )

(a) falling (b) overwhelming

Language Notes:

1. There is no need to say anything else about these words, for they speak for themselves.

speak for itself/themselves means to be very clear and need no further explanation or proof.

e.g. The company has had a very successful year: the figures speak for themselves.

2. Linguists guess that these are nonsense words because they have not been able to trace them back to any of the ancestor languages.

Trace back means to find the origins of by finding proof or by going back in time.

e.g. His family can trace its history back to the 10th century.

Practice

Add the missing words to the following headlines.

1.Council leader raps school decision

2.Bush, leaders meet in D.C.

3. Fed policy may start to focus on risk of slowing economy

4. Last call on the horizon

5. Regulators approve $72B drug merger

6. Bad weather knocks retailer for loop

7. United admits mistakes with passenger

8. Women elected to corporate boards

9. Gillette to cut 2 700 jobs, close 8 factories

10. Influenza season gets off to slow start

1.( The Council leader raps the school decision. )

2.( Bush and the leaders meet in D.C. )

3.( The Federal policy may start to focus on the risk of the slowing economy. )

4.( The last call on the horizon. )

5.( The regulators approve $72 billion drug merger. )

6.( The bad weather knocks the retailer for loop. )

7.( The United Airlines admits its mistakes with the passenger. )

8.( Women are elected to corporate the boards. )

9.( Gillette to cut 2 700 jobs, close 8 factories )

10.( Influenza season gets off to slow start )

Practice

A. Read each headline in the left column and decide what kind of a story it introduces. Match the headline with the most suitable story category in the right column. 1. ( g )Job-hunting made worse a. A Decision

2. ( e )Old feud flares anew b. A Treaty Signing

3. ( c )Gov't. to launch probe into disaster c. An Investigation

4. ( b )UK, Iceland to ink fishing pact? d. A Criticism

5. ( d )Parents rap school administration e. A Dispute

6. ( f )Faulty power line triggers factory blaze f. A Fire

7. ( a ) Rate of wage rises slows g. An Disappointment

8. ( g ) Blow for old folk

B. Give the full name or form of the following.

Aussie

( Australia )

lib

( liberation )

pix

( pictures )

tech

( technology )

vet

( veteran )

rep

( representative ) biz

( business )

grad

( graduate )

sec

( secretary )

nat'l

( national )

com'l

( commercial )

c'tee

( committee )

UNESCO

( United Nations Educational，Scientific and Cultural

Organization )

OPEC

( Organization of Pretroleum Exporting Countries )

WTO

( World Trade Organization )

ASEAN

( Association of Southeast Asian Nations )

IOC

( International Olympic Committee )

WHO

( World Health Organization )

VIP

( very important person )

DJI

( Dow-Jones Index ) Language Notes :

1. English people tend to be like that.Tend means to be likely.

e.g. Janet tends to get very angry if you disagree with her.

2. English (except perhaps in the North) are not noted for their generosity and hospitality.

Noted (for) means well known because of a special quality or ability.

e.g. When I toured in the Netherlands, I visited a small town noted for its cheeses.

3. Like a sense of humor, sportsmanship is an English ideal which not all Englishmen live up to.

Live up to means to keep to the high standards of.

e.g. Did the film live up to your expectations? (= Was it as good as you expected?)

4. When the request is granted, and at any time when you are receiving something, however obviously you are entitled to it, you are always expected to say "Thank you".

Entitle means to give (someone) the right to do something or have something. It is often used in the passive voice.

e.g. Only members of the company are entitled to use the facilities.

The Feminist Movement and Working-Class Women

"I'm not a women's libber, but..." is the opening line of many conversations in which women talk about not getting fair pay, an equal chance for a job, decent working conditions, or the respect given to male workers in the same job. Even in 1989, 25 years after Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique signaled the start of the modern Women's Movement, many still believe these are their own personal problems, not the result of our economic and social systems. They don't want to be called "feminists" or "women's libbers." Yet, their anger at not being treated fairly means that they do expect to be given opportunities and responsibilities equal to those men get.

All women who called themselves feminists could agree on some points. "The personal is political" meant that women's inequality compared to men was not just an individual problem, but happened because the U.S. social, political and economic systems were stacked against them. Legal restrictions, such as laws forbidding women from lifting more than 30 pounds, kept them out of lucrative jobs considered "men's work." Women found it hard to get credit in their own names or to obtain loans to start a business or buy a home. In community property starts, a husband could manage the family finances alone, while his wife could not. Women often were not admitted to law and medical schools; if they did get in, they faced stinging discrimination from teachers and fellow students. The cultural norm insisting that a woman should take a man's name when she married often was enforced as though it were a law; few considered the tremendous psychological shift that occurs when a name is changed.

Many women began to recognize that their struggles in relationships and jobs were not just their own personal failures, but were related to a cultural system designed to keep them in their place. Their reaction was anger at the patriarchal system. "The click" was a feminist term for that moment of sudden insight when a woman realized that she was, indeed, oppressed. For one woman, it happened when she was told by a solicitous male supervisor that in order to succeed in her job she would have to be "at least twice as good as any of the men." Click! With the fervor of the newly converted, feminists in the early 1970's believed that, if the feminist message of liberation from patriarchal oppression were heard, it would be accepted by any woman. However, exposure to the ideas of the Women's Movement wasn't enough to make every woman a feminist. Some working-class American women were antagonized by the attitudes feminists expressed towards the family, traditional feminine styles of dress and speech, women's paid work, and sexual freedom in relationships and childbearing.

Part of this problem was a matter of class. In those early years, the Women's Movement was a middle-class movement, as it often was accused of being. It was begun by women with education who understood how the system worked and could take the time to try to change it. The values expressed were middle-class and often clashed with the realities of working-class women's lives.

Besides misunderstanding the importance of truly equal job opportunities, some working-class women had good reason to be cynical about the cries of "liberation" and "equality" they heard from the Women's Movement.

The issue of paid work for women versus volunteer work and unpaid work in the home was a highly divisive one in the early days of the movement. The vocal feminists quoted in the mass media sounded as though they believed that a woman who didn't work for pay wasn't realizing her full potential. Many of them also argued that some way should be found to pay women for housework, but that idea wasn't given wide coverage in the media. The concept of women

having a choice about whether to work for pay or not was a middle-class idea; working-class women usually worked, from necessity. To them, not having to work sounded more like liberation.

The tone feminists used in delivering the message that women should work for pay bothered some people. In 1973, Social Research, Inc., of Chicago surveyed 410 women in eight cities; one of the areas they probed was the women's response to the Women's Movement. (They referred to it as "Women's Lib," a term usually used by opponents of the movement, showing either their ignorance or bias.) SRI found the working-class women in their sample (two-thirds of the total) had a stronger sense of being oppressed and victimized than the middle-class women, but didn't believe the Women's Movement offered them any help. They saw it as a contributor to the problem by putting pressure on them to have a job, when they had very little choice in that matter anyway. They did have jobs, which they would have given up gladly if they could have afforded to stay home without making money. The working-class women in this study resented what they considered to be the authoritarian attitude of leaders of the Women's Movement, "an attempt by Lib leaders to tell other women what they ought to do, feel, be proud of, or ashamed of." Similar attitudes were found by the writers who interviewed individual women.

Louise Kapp Howe interviewed several beauticians for Pink Collar Workers. One became very upset when Howe asked if her husband ever helped around the house. "No, and I wouldn't want him to. I'd rather do my own cooking and my own housekeeping. I don't believe in women's lib. And I don't believe in all that crap －making a husband do half the work." She was typical of other interviewees who believed that a woman's role was to stay at home, if possible, and take care of the children, though the overwhelming odds were that most of these women worked outside their homes at repetitious, boring, and sometimes dangerous jobs. They usually regarded their husbands' jobs as the primary ones and their own as secondary to their vocation of homemaking, no matter how important their income was to their family's economic well-being. "Oppression" didn't mean the same to these working-class women as it did to an academic Marxist feminist or a member of NOW. To working-class women, oppression was what the system did to both women and men, not just something men in a patriarchal, capitalist system did to to women. They saw the men's role as harder than theirs, even when they worked outside the home, too. Therefore, they found it hard to join the Women's Movement in anger directed at men in general.

Feminist values and working-class women

It was in this area of family, relationships with men, and childbearing that the strongest discrepancies were found between feminist values and those expressed by the working-class women who were interviewed by the writers. The working-class woman gave her family much higher priority than her job －it was her major source of self-esteem. Many early feminists considered the family a trap that kept women in bondage. Some, such as Shulamith Firestone in The Dialectic of Sex, suggested alternative ways of rearing children collectively. These feminists did not seem to value children, and the working-class women resented it.

The feminist preoccupation with not being seen as a sex object was another point that led to misunderstanding. A feminist in the early 1970's might refuse to wear skirts or other traditionally feminine clothing, wear a hair style she could care for herself, and never wear make-up. Working-class women lived in a culture where such unorthodox dress could send an unpleasant message. As one

woman put it, "A …liberated' working-class woman may be considered a slut." Beauticians interviewed by several writers pointed out that they had one of the best jobs for a working-class woman. One said, "You don't understand how many of us go into beauty work because we want to be independent. We can have a shop at home －be our own boss, be there when the kids come home from school, and keep ourselves together if the old man cuts out." Another told Howe, "You can't tell me it's bad for a woman to care about her appearance. I do, and I think I'm as liberated as anybody."

For these women who rarely had a choice about whether or not to work for pay, "equal pay for equal work" could have been an idea they shared with feminists. Why didn't they join with the Women's Movement to demand employment equality with men? Two reasons emerge from the interviews.

Equal employment opportunity first was mentioned at a union rally in 1887; the idea has been part of working women's lives for more than 100 years. Low-income women have gone on strike and asked for better wages and working conditions for many years. They didn't see this as an issue the Women's Movement could claim as its own, but as a separate one with a long history of rebuffs and setbacks.

Second, while they could agree with "equal pay for equal work" in the abstract, there was a strong feeling expressed that, given any problem with the number of jobs available, a man always should be given a job so that he could support his family. They recognized the hardship this worked on a single woman, but, with their emphasis on family relationships, they believed the policy of giving men preference for jobs and better pay was the best course for society as a whole. They saw little chance the system would change so that women could get and keep jobs paying enough for a family to live on; they had been fighting that system for a long time.

Nancy Seifer interviewed several women who had personal contact with feminists who were union organizers and political workers. These feminists overcame the barriers of misunderstanding, and the women they came in contact with had favorable opinions of the Women's Movement. However, the women who got all their information about the Women's Movement from the mass media failed to see what it had to offer them.

Now that the movement has produced major changes in opportunities for women, why do so many women, of all classes, colors, and incomes, repeat, "I'm not a feminist, but..." as they talk about changes that still need to be made? Perhaps one answer lies in the impact made by the fierce rhetoric of the early Women's Movement, especially its radical wing. Many people still associate the word "feminist" with man-hating, lesbianism, contempt for motherhood, and a demand that everyone work for pay.

A stronger reason may lie in the value differences discussed by these working class women who were interviewed 15 to 20 years ago. "What do women want?" has no one answer, because women have diverse needs and values. The Women's Movement believed all women were sisters, with fundamental rights and ideas on which every one of them could agree. The problem was that this led to a high intolerance for diversity of opinion in the early Women's Movement. Feminists have become more tolerant, but too many women still may think they're being told "what they ought to do, feel, be proud of, ashamed of." Though divided by race, class, culture, and many beliefs, women need to keep trying to understand each other. A fragmented sisterhood never will make as many changes as one that is a strong mosaic of women who respect each other's differences, but can work together toward common goals.

Language notes:

1."I'm not a women's libber, but..." is the opening line of many conversations in which women talk about not getting fair pay, an equal chance for a job, decent working conditions, or the respect given to male workers in the same job.

Women's libber: informal use for a person who support women's liberation.

2.Even in 1989, 25 years after Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique signaled the start of the modern Women's Movement, many still believe these are their own personal problems, not the result of our economic and social systems.

Mystique:the atmosphere of mystery and veneration investing some doctrines, arts, professions, or personages; any professional skill or technique designed to mystify and impress the layman

3.Louise Kapp Howe interviewed several beauticians for Pink Collar Workers.

Beautician: one who improves the appearance of a customer's face, body and hair, using creams and other treatment.

4.And I don't believe in all that crap －making a husband do half the work.

Crap: (slightly taboo slang )(something which is) worthless, useless, nonsense, or of bad quality. 5.As one woman put it, "A 'liberated' working-class woman may be considered

a slut."

Slut:a women who has sexual relationships with a lot of men without any emotional involvement. If a man sleeps with a lot of women he is called a stud.

6.Equal employment opportunity first was mentioned at a union rally in 1887; the idea has been part of working women's lives for more than 100 years.

Rally: a big meeting.

7. Many people still associate the word "feminist" with man-hating, lesbianism, contempt for motherhood, and a demand that everyone work for pay.

Lesbianism:女性同性恋关系。

8.The problem was that this led to a high intolerance for diversity of opinion in the early Women's Movement.

Diversity of opinion:difference in opinion.

Choose the correct definition according to the context.

1. Women talk about not getting fair pay, an equal chance for a job, decent working conditions, or the respect given to male workers in the same job. ( A )

(a) respectable

(b) dishonorable

(d) equal

2. Legal restrictions, such as laws forbidding women from lifting more than 30 pounds, kept them out of lucrative jobs considered “men?s work.” ( D )

(a) lucky

(b) prominent

(d) profitable

3. For one woman, it happened when she was told by a solicitous male supervisor that in order to succeed in her job she would have to be “at least twice as good as any of the men.” ( B )

(a) discriminating

(b) caring and helpful

(d) respectful

4. Some working-class American women were antagonized by the attitudes feminists expressed towards the family. ( A )

(a) opposed

(b) criticized

(d) preferred 5. Besides misunderstanding the importance of truly equal job opportunities, some working-class women had good reason to be cynical about the cries of “liberation” and “equality” they heard from the Women?s Movement. ( D )

(a) confident

(b) trusting

(d) disapproving

6. The issue of paid work for women versus volunteer work and unpaid work in the home was a highly divisive one in the early days of the movement. ( B )

(a) causing difficulty

(b) causing disunity

(d) causing damage

7. SRI found the working-class women in their sample had a stronger sense of being oppressed and victimized than the middle-class women. ( C )

(a) hurt unintentionally

(b) wounded in an accident

(d) ruined from a disease

8. It was in this area of family, relationships with men, and childbearing that the strongest discrepancies were found between feminist values and those expressed by the working-class women who were interviewed by the writers. ( B )

(a) argument

(b) difference

(d) agreement

9. Working-class women lived in a culture where such unorthodox dress could send an unpleasant message. ( C )

(a) same as what is usual or expected

(b) similar with what is usual or expected

(d) remarkaopposite to what is usual or expected

10. They didn?t see this as an issue the Women?s Movement could claim as its own, but as a separate one with a long history of rebuffs and setbacks. ( A )

(a) unkind or contemptuous refusals

(b) kind or polite refusal

(d) kind or friendly argument

11. A fragmented sisterhood never will make as many changes as one that is a strong mosaic of women who respect each other?s differences, but can work together toward common goals. ( C )

(a) organization of different races

(b) group of colored people

(d) simple pattern of similar parts

The American Character (I)

The following is part of an essay taken from Bradford Smith's book, Why We Behave Like Americans. Success as a goal and materialism, according to Smith, are among the underlying factors that make up the American characters. When visitors from abroad undertake to describe the American Character, the results are frequently puzzling to Americans.

"All Americans are Puritans; that's what's wrong with them," says one. "They're always thinking about enjoying themselves," says another.

"They spend too much time at work," a distinguished visitor tells us. "They don't know how to play."

"Americans don't know what work is, " retorts another." Their machines do it all."

"American women are shameless sirens." －"No, they're prudes."

"The children here are wonderful －outgoing and natural." －"Natural as little beasts. They have no manners, no respect for their elders."

There is, of course, no single pattern of American character any more than there is a single English or Turkish or Chinese character. Personality in America is further complicated by our diverse racial and cultural origins, by successive waves of immigration from all parts of the world, by our regional diversities. It is complicated by several hundred varieties of religious belief with their varying impact on the believers. It is further diversified by the generation to which the person belongs －first generation immigrant, second generation child of immigrants, and on down the line.

The temptation is strong to lump all Americans together. Yet those who look a little deeper are puzzled by the seeming contradictions in American life. It is true that Americans as a whole work hard. But they also play hard. They spend

more time and money in traveling, camping, hunting, watching sports, drinking, smoking, going to movies, watching television and reading newspapers and magazines than any other people in the world. Yet they also spend more money on churches, social services, hospitals and all kinds of charities. They are always in a hurry, yet they spend more time relaxing. They are at the same time sensitive to the rights of the individual and habitual conformist. They worship bigness yet idealize the little man, whether he be the small business man as opposed to the big one or the plain citizen as opposed to the big wheel. Success as a Goal

One thing almost everyone is agreed on, including Americans, is that they place a very high valuation upon success. Success does not necessarily mean material rewards, but recognition of some sort －preferably measurable. If the boy turns out to be a preacher instead of a business man, that's all right. But the bigger his church and congregation, the more successful he is judged to be.

A good many things contributed to this accent on success. There was the Puritan belief in the virtue of work, both for its own sake and because the rewards it brought were regarded as signs of God's love. There was the richness of opportunity in a land waiting to be settled. There was the lack of a settled society with fixed ranks and classes, so that a man was certain to rise through achievement.

There was the determination of the immigrant to gain in the new world what had been denied to him in the old, and the part of his children an urge to throw off the immigrant onus by still more success and still more rise in a fluid, classless society. Brothers did not compete within the family for the favor of the parents as in Europe, but strove for success in the outer world, along paths of their own choosing.

The English anthropologist, Geoffrey Gorer, sees the whole situation in Freudian terms. Europe is the father rejected by every immigrant who turned his back on his own culture in order to make a new life in America. The immigrant's struggle for success never ends, because there is no limit to the possible goal. The second generation child, in turn, rejects the alien parents because they cannot measure up to American standards. The only way he can soften the blow is to achieve a still greater success. All over America the lawyers, doctors, professors and politicians with Italian, Irish, German or Polish names testify to the urgency of this drive.

Not to strive, not to take advantage of the opportunities in such a world, not to succeed where success was so available －these things naturally became a sort of crime against the state. To develop the resources of a new country required energetic people, bent upon using their energies －not only for the rewards that would result to themselves, but even more important, to the community. So material success in the United States is not looked upon as selfish. Its results are seen to have communal value.

Ford, Carnegie, Rockefeller built great fortunes for themselves. But they also built an economy which has brought a great deal of material well-being, higher health standards and better educational opportunities to millions of Americans. This is how it looks to us, anyway, from inside.

A society which values competition so highly is inevitably an aggressive one, even though the laws carefully limit the forms aggression may take. It has a toughness about it which is good for the muscle tone of the economy but hard on some individuals. In our pioneering days this aggressiveness was essential to survival. Now it can be a menace to society. The factory worker who reaches a dead end and sees himself stuck in the same job year after year may take out his

aggressive feelings in race hatred or fighting management, or he may even turn it against himself by way of alcoholism, proneness to accident, or neurotic behavior.

Since a high regard is felt for success, the rewards are high. Money is rarely cherished for itself in America; it is rather a symbol and a tool. As a man's status rises, the demands upon him also increase. He is expected to give liberally to the hundreds of voluntary associations which nourish and minister to the community. Look at the Who's Who entry for any prominent business man, and you are likely to find him involved in an amazing number of committees and associations organized for the public good.

This striving for success and prestige, according to psychologists, is a way of overcoming fears and a sense of inner emptiness. In a mobile society an energetic person can hardly help matching himself against others and seeing how far he can go.

Such a system is fine for those who have it in them to succeed. It is not so good for the mediocre. The fear of failure, the fear of competitors, the loss of self esteem －these arouse tensions that some people cannot handle. In their turn they produce an excessive craving for love. So love and success are linked. Gorer believes that most Americans by the time they are adolescents have confused two ideas: to be successful is to be loved, and to be loved is to be successful. Mothers help to impose the pattern by showing affection and admiration when their children do well at school and by withholding affection when they fail.

Since there are no limits of class, inherited occupation or education to hold a child back, there are, in theory, no limits to what he can achieve. Consequently there is no point at which he can say: " There, I've done it. From now on all I have to do is to hold on." Since any boy can, in theory, become President, striving is a moral obligation. Achievement, not class, is the standard by which men are judged. There is little or no glory attached to being born wealthy or privileged; the real test is how far you climb from where you started. Americans love work. It is meat and drink to them. In recent years they have learned how to play, but they make work of that too. If it's skiing, they throw themselves at it with an effort that would kill a horse. If it's a vacation, they travel five or six hundred miles a day, take in the sights at sixty miles an hour, pause only long enough to snap pictures, and then discover what it was they went to see when they get home and look at the photographs.

Until very recently there has always been a great deal of work to do in this country, a great deal that needed doing. At the beginning men of all sorts and conditions had to pitch in. The preacher had to fell trees and plough fields. The teacher, the doctor and the magistrate had to shoulder guns for the common defense. The farmer made his own tools, harness, household equipment. He was blacksmith, carpenter, tinsmith, brewer and veterinary all rolled into one, as his wife was spinster, weaver and doctor.

Americans still like to be handy at all things. College professors go in for making furniture or remodeling an old house in the country. Bankers don aprons and become expert barbecue chefs. Nearly everyone knows how to use tools, make simple repairs to plumbing or electrical fixtures, refinish furniture or paint a wall. Far from being thought a disgrace if he performs these "menial" tasks, a man is thought ridiculous if he does not know how to perform them.

Along with this urge to be jack-of-all-trades goes a willingness to change from one occupation to another. It surprises no one in America when the banker's son becomes a farmer or vice versa. Or when a college professor shifts into industry,

or a young man who starts out with a truck purchased on credit ends up running an enterprise with fleets of trucks spanning several states. President Truman was a farmer, an operator of a haberdashery and an army officer before he turned to law and politics. James Bryant Conant, first a chemist, then President of Harvard University, resigned this highest post in the academic world to become High Commissioner and then Ambassador to Germany.

"For a European," writes Andre Maurois, "life is a career; for an American, it is a succession of hazards."

A single individual can be at once an intellectual, a Boy Scout leader, a business man, a sportsman, a dabbler in music or painting, a nature-lover, and one who does many of his own household chores. An employer, he may go hunting with his own or someone else's employees. A shopkeeper, he may run for local office and be on familiar terms with professional men and government officials. He will live on several levels which in other countries might be separated by class distinctions.

The emphasis on success and achievement, coupled as it is with a desire to be loved and admired, leads to a critical dilemma of personality. To succeed one must be aggressive; to be liked, one must be easy-going and friendly.

One way out of the difficulty is to acquire groups of friends －lodge brothers, members of the same church, a veteran's organization －towards whom you are pledged in friendship. Having thus acquired assured friends, you can practice your aggression on those who don't belong. This pattern explains to some extent the suspicion or hostility towards those of other races or religions. Materialism

The men and women who staked everything on America were for the most part poor. They struggled hard, went without, and saved in order to build up a business or buy a farm of their own. The freedom to own rather than the freedom to vote was the magnet that drew the majority of them across oceans. Naturally enough they put a high value upon the land or the business they acquired through their own efforts.

In contrast with this natural acquisitiveness of the new arrivals, the American attitude toward money is quite different. As the German psychologist Hugo Munsterberg observed, the American "prizes the gold he gets primarily as an indication of his ability.... It is, therefore, fundamentally false to stigmatize the American as a materialist, and to deny his idealism.... The American merchant works for money in exactly the sense that a great painter works for money －" as a mark of appreciation for his work.

The acquisition of money is important as the clearest proof of success, though there are other acceptable proofs －prominence, public notice, good works, fame. But the retention of money is not important at all. Indeed, it may be frowned upon if it keeps the owner from living well, subscribing generously to a long list of charities, and providing for members of the family who may have been less fortunate.

So the materialism that strikes a visitor to America is not that of loving and hoarding wealth; it is a love of making and consuming wealth. It is probably a middle-class rather than a distinctively American phenomenon, for most Americans are middle-class.

America has been blessed with a rich supply of raw materials. It learned during the depression that even a rich country can become impoverished if it fails to use its wealth to benefit the majority. And it does not propose to make that error again. A sizable portion of what it produces goes overseas, including agricultural and industrial machinery sent with the hope that standards of

production and consumption can be raised in other parts of the world too.

There is no denying the fact that the high level of production does lead to a high level of material comfort, and that Americans are mighty fond of having things that are new, shine, softly padded, conveniently arranged, efficient, and so far as may be, effortless. The bread comes already sliced so that the housewife need not exert herself to slice it. It used to be that when she put the bread in the toaster, she had to turn it once to toast both sides. Then came the toaster which did both sides at once, then the toaster which popped the toast out when it was done, so that she did not have to turn a handle to raise it. Soon, no doubt, there will be a toaster which butters the toast, cuts it in quarters, and puts it on a plate. Perhaps there is one even now.

Food comes ready-cooked and frozen, vegetables already washed. Floor wax must be self-polishing, pens write for years without having to be filled. Storm windows change to summer screens at a touch. Heat is thoroughly automatic, and air conditioning keeps the house equally comfortable in summer. Automation now promises to put a final end to all drudgery, even to building in the controls which will keep the machines from making mistakes.

Why is it that, having created a world in which he could live without raising a hand or taking a step, the American habitually seeks ways of letting off steam? His towns are full of bowling alleys, golf clubs, tennis courts, clubs, lodges, churches and associations into which he pours energy both physical and mental. The labor-saving gadgets, the love of comfort turn out to be ways of saving his time and energy for something else.

(2 476 words)

(From An American Grab Bag,United States Information Agency, 1986 )Language notes:

1) The temptation is strong to lump all Americans together.

Lump sb./sth. （together）: put or consider people or things together.

e.g. We've lumped all the advanced students into a single class.

2) A good many things contributed to this accent on success.

Contribute to sth.: increase sth., add to sth.; help to cause sth.

e.g. Her work has contributed enormously to our understanding of this difficult subject.

Does smoking contribute to lung cancer?

3) The second generation child, in turn, rejects the alien parents because they cannot measure up to American standards.

Measure up （to sth.）: reach the standard required or expected.

e.g. The discussion didn't measure up to my expectations.

4）America has been blessed with a rich supply of raw materials.

Be blessed with sth/sb: be fortunate in having sth/sb.

e.g. He is blessed with excellent health.

Practice

Read the following newspaper leads and answer the questions.

The Wheels Turn In Army Strategy

Transformation to Cut Tanks' Role

After decades of reliance on tanks, the Army plans to equip its newest armored units with lighter vehicles that move on wheels, a radical departure that reflects the Army's changing missions and has generated intense controversy inside the service, senior military and civilian officials said yesterday.

Questions:

1. What is the Army's plan?

( The Army plans to equip its newest armored units with lighter vehicles that move on wheels. )

2. What do people inside the service think about the Army's plan?

( There is intense controversy. )

3. Where is the source of the news?

( Senior military and civilian officials. )

2. TONY HALL, head of BBC News for the past eight years, has emerged as a surprise front-runner to take over as boss of the Royal Opera House. Hall, 49, who lists opera as one of his loves, is said by friends to "feel squeezed" by the new regime of Greg Dyke, the BBC director-general.

Questions:

1. What job has Tony Hall held for the past eight years?

( head of BBC News )

2. What is his new job?

( boss of the Royal Opera House )

3. What are the other details about Tony Hall the man given in the lead?

( He is 49, loves opera, and his friends say he feels squeezed by the new regime of Greg Dyke. )

3. Lakeland, Florida (UPI) －Charlie Smith, believed to be the oldest resident of the United States at age 137, was hospitalized Wednesday complaining of shortness of breath but was reported in fair condition and resting comfortably. Questions:

1. Where is Charlie Smith now?

( He is in Lakeland, Florida. )

2. What do people believe about him?

( He is the oldest resident of the United States. )

3. What happened to him?

( He was hospitalized and was now in fair condition. )

3 Convicted, 1 Cleared

In LAPD Corruption Case

LOS ANGELES, Nov. 15 －Two city police sergeants and one officer were convicted here today by a jury that found them guilty of conspiring to frame suspects, then falsifying arrest reports or lying in sworn court testimony. A fourth officer facing similar charges was acquitted.

Questions:

1. When and where was the sentence given?

( In Los Angeles, Nov. 15. )

2. What is the charge against the convicted?

( They were guilty of conspiring to frame suspects, then falsifying arrest reports or lying in sworn court testimony. )

It?s Tough at the Top

Mount Everest has long been a great attraction to millions of people throughout the world. Many people have risked and lost their lives in the course of expedition. Modern explorers, however, are becoming more fascinated by the ultimate fate of earlier doomed explorers.

“Because it's there,” Geor ge Mallory reportedly replied when asked why he wanted to climb Mount Everest. The only man to take part in all three of the British pioneering expeditions in the 1920s, Mallory was driven by a fascination to reach the summit of the mountain with which he had formed a strong personal bond with. “It's an hell-like mountain, cold and treacherous,” he once wrote in a letter home from Everest Base Camp. “The risks of getting caught are too great; the margin of strength when men are at great heights is too small. Perhaps it is mere folly to go up again. But how can I be out of the hunt?”

In 1920 when Francis Younghusband, the President of the Royal Geographical Society (RGS), first put forward the idea of supporting an expedition to Everest, the mountain was still a mystery. At 8,848 meters Everest was almost 1,500 meters higher than anyone had previously climbed. There was even doubt as to whether it was possible to breathe at such altitude. At the time no one had been within 65 kilometers of the mountain, which could only be approached through the unknown kingdoms of Nepal or China's Tibet.

With the North and South Poles already discovered, Younghusband had his sights set on t he “third pole”, setting up the joint RGS/Alpine Club, Mount Everest Committee. “The accomplishment of such a feat will elevate the human spirit and will give man, especially us geographers, a feeling that we are acquiring a true mastery of our surroundings. This is the incalculable good which the ascent of Mount Everest will confer,” he said.High Hopes

George Mallory and Andrew Irvine had set out from Camp VI on 8 June 1924, attempting to become the first men to set foot on the summit. They never returned. Today, with more than 550 mountaineers from 20 countries having reached the summit, the mystery has shifted away from Everest the mountain, towards Mallory the man. In March 1999, 75 years after Mallory's death on the mountain, the Mallory and Irvine Research Expedition set out for Everest, not because it was there, but because he was. Leader of the 1999 expedition Eric Simonson and his team were hoping to discover whether or not the two men achieved their goal before they died.

They had only a few clues to go on. In 1933 an ice axe, thought to be Irvine's, had been found on the route, and in 1975, the body of a climber was discovered nearby by a Chinese climber who described it as being an “old English dead” on account of the vintage clothes the body still wore. However, the identity of the dead climber has never been confirmed. Simonson's team expected to relocate the body during their high level search. They anticipated it to be Irvine, the inexperienced Oxford graduate who had possibly fallen, dropping his ice axe on the icy slabs of Everest's North Face. Mallory's fate was unknown.

Searching amongst the snow gullies and scouring ledges at 8 320 meters, Simonson's team discovered a body, the skin bleached porcelain white by the sun. It was lying face down, head and arms frozen into the earth. Only the collars of the tattered clothes were intact and on one was uncovered a manufacturer's label, still legible despite years of vicious assaults by ice and wind. Beneath this was another label, which they could all easily read. In simple carefully stitched letters was written: G Mallory. Mallory,'s name on the clothes so surprised the search party their first thought was to wonder why Irvine had

been wearing his climbing partner's shirt. The discovery of Mallory's body prompted admiration of expedition search member, Jake Norton. “As a climber, to know what Mallory did was phenomenal. He was a powerful tough guy, who fought till the end,” he told reporters.

During the early decades of the twentieth century, it was this strength, tenacity and love of adventure which had established Mallory as a leading figure in the close-knit climbing world. He was an obvious choice for the Mount Everest Committee as part of the first reconnaissance expedition in 1921. For Mallory this was the opportunity of a lifetime. It was a challenge, but that only increased its appeal, for as he once said: “ To refuse the adventure is to run the risk of drying up like a pea in its shell.”

By 1924, after two exhausting and unsuccessful attempts to the mountain on expeditions in 1921 and 1922, his early enthusiasm began to wane. He was now 38 years old. A family man with three children, he had just begun a teaching job at Cambridge. Yet, he couldn't resist one final attempt to complete a task he had started. Meeting Irvine, recommended by Noel Odell, the expedition's geologist, buoyed him up for the challenge. Although Irvine was young with no track record as a climber, he was strong, resourceful and good-natured. The expedition “superman”, they called him. Mallory had warmed to him immediately, describing him as “a fine fellow”, who should, “prove a splendid companion on the mountain.”

Before departing for the 1924 expedition Mallory had confided in a friend that it would be, “more of war than an adventure”, and that he was prepared for a siege on the summit. Two attempts were to be made, one with oxygen and one without but Everest repelled both attempts. Mallory's climbing teams were defeated through lack of oxygen and exhaustion. He refused to give up and was determined to risk one last try. Only Odell and Irvine were in a fit state to partner him. For Mallory it was a simple choice. He threw his lot in with Irvine and the pair set off on their fatal summit bid.

The day after Mallory and Irvine departed for the summit, Odell saw them for the last time from a crag at 7 925 meters. A sudden clearing above him unveiled the whole summit ridge. On a snow slope, clinging to the steep North Face, he noticed, first Mallory, then Irvine approach a broad rock step. As he stood, his eyes tracking them against the mosaic of rock and snow, the weather closed in again, clouding their fate for the next 75 years.

Frozen to the Core

In finding Mallory's body, Simonson's team had helped to come to a theory of how he had died. Prior to the recent expedition it was thought that Mallory and Irvine had been climbing at 8 535 meters, and could have either fallen or simply laid down exhausted in the snow to die. But after seeing the body, Norton is sure they were climbing tied together when Mallory fell. “There was a rope wrapped round his waist. You could see black and blues on him, he probably had internal bleeding. He slid down the North Face digging into the snow or gravel, crossed his legs in pain and died a few moments later.”

Other more significant questions remain. Despite the initial find of the body, Everest was reluctant to give away too many more clues. The team failed to find the camera, lent to Mallory by his climbing partner Howard Somervell, the existence of which may prove whether or not the pair made it to the top. However, searching for needles in a hostile, windscorched haystack of rock and ice is a perilous business. Between 8 230 meters and the summit, Simonson's team counted 17 other bodies, besides Mallory's. In the face of such danger the expedition's fascination with the man, must be almost as great as the man's own

fascination with the mountain.

Macabre though Simonson's quest is, it is not unique. In the autumn of 1984 the face of John Torrington appeared in national newspapers. What was unusual about this was that Torrington had been dead for 138 years, buried under 1.8 meters of Arctic permafrost. Torrington had been chief Stoker aboard the Erebus which along with the Terror sailed with Sir John Franklin during his expedition to chart the Northwest Passage. The expedition had set sail from the Thames River on 19 May 1845, carrying with it the hope of the nation for the discovery of a navigable route through the Arctic into the Pacific Ocean.

Neither ship was ever seen again and 129 men lost their lives in a polar enigma which mesmerized Victorian Britain. The conclusion of the 25 major search expeditions, which set out to solve the puzzle was that Franklin's men had succumbed to scurry, starvation, stress and hypothermia. In 1981 American anthropologist Owen Beattie, set out to apply modern scientific and forensic technique to any remaining evidence of Franklin's expedition. Over the following five years Beattie scoured Franklin's expedition sites for clues. His most grisly task was the exhumation and autopsies of three expedition members, one of whom was John Torrington.

For men buried in the year that the Corn Laws were repealed, they were in a remarkable state of preservation. Being kept in the frozen earth since 1846 had prevented major outward appearances of decay. Torrington looked very much as he has done in life; skin was still on his face, he had kept his teeth, eyes and most of his hair. Samples of his body tissue looked almost recent in origin and certain bacterial stains collected had even survived the big freeze.

The autopsy showed Torrington was an ill man when he died. His lungs were blackened with atmospheric pollutants and he showed evidence of tuberculosis. There were also signs that the ultimate cause of death had been pneumonia. However, what struck Beattie most were abnormally high levels of lead found in samples of hair, indicating acute lead poisoning. Lead poisoning can lead to weakness, fatigue, stupor, neurosis and erratic behavior, far from ideal conditions for surviving long exposure to the harsh Arctic environment. Beattie confirmed the elevated lead levels in John Hartnell and William Braine, the two other exhumed bodies. In 1845, tinned preserved food was a modern invention, tin cans having been only patented in England in 1811. They were made from a wrought-iron sheet bent into a cylinder and joined along the seam with solder containing more than 90 percent lead. Franklin's expedition carried nearly 8 000 lead-soldered tins containing meat, soup, vegetables and pemmican － a pressed cake of shredded dry meat. Beattie's examination of tins collected near the site of the graves confirmed the high levels of lead in the solder and also that the side seams of some tins were incomplete, increasing the risk of contamination.

Beattie's gruesome raising of Franklin's dead, had answered the age-old question of what happened to the ill-fated Northwest Passage expedition. Weakened by the physical and neurological side effects of lead poisoning, the men would have not been physically able to fight off the diseases that were the eventual cause of death.

The Missing Link

Simonson's expedition returned from Everest at the start of June 1999. He has similar hopes of answering the questions surrounding the last hours of Mallory and Irvine. Although Mallory's camera was not recovered, various other artifacts were unearthed, including an oxygen bottle, Mallory's watch, an

英语泛读教程3 课文翻译

UNIT 2 英国人的谨慎和礼貌在许多人看来，英国人极为礼貌，同他们交朋友很难。但愿下列文字能够帮助你更好地了解英国人的性格特点。对于其他欧洲人来说，英国人最著名的特点是“谨慎”。一个谨慎的人不太会和陌生人聊天，不会流露出太多的情感，并且很少会兴奋。要了解一个谨慎的人并非易事；他从不告诉你有关他自己的任何事，也许你和他工作了几年，却连他住在哪儿，有几个孩子，兴趣是什么，都不知道。英国人就有类似的倾向。如果乘公共汽车去旅行，他们会尽量找一个没人坐的位子；如果是乘火车，他们会找一个没人的单间。如果他们不得不与陌生人共用一个单间时，那么即使火车驶出了很多英里，他们也不会开口交谈。一旦谈起来的话，他们不会轻易问及像“你几岁？”或者甚至“你叫什么名字？”等私人问题。像“你的手表是在哪儿买的？”或者“你的收入是多少？”这样的问题几乎不可想象。同样，在英国，人们交谈时一般声音都很轻、很有节制，大声谈话会被视为没有教养。在某种程度上，不愿意与他人交流是一种不幸的品质，因为它可能会给人造成态度冷淡的印象。而事实上，英国人（也许除了北方人）并不以慷慨和好客而著称。而另一方面，虽然谨慎使他们不易与人沟通,但他们内心还是很有人情味的。如果一个陌生人或外国人友善地将这种隔阂打破那么一会儿，他们可能会满心欢喜。与英国人的谨慎紧密相连的品质是英国式的谦逊。在内心深处，英国人可能比任何人都高傲，但是当他们与别人相处时，他们十分看重谦逊的品质，至少要表现出谦虚的样子。自我标榜会被认为没有教养。让我们假设，有一个人非常擅长打网球，但如果有人问他是否是个优秀选手时，他很少会说“是”，不然，人们会认为他很高傲。他可能会作出类似这样的回答，“不算太差，”或者“嗯，我非常喜欢网球。”这样的自我贬低是典型的英国式的。而且当这一品质与他们的谨慎混合在一起时，常常形成一种漠然的气氛，这在外国人看来难于理解，甚至令人恼火。著名的英国人的幽默感也是大同小异。它的出发点是自我贬低，它的最大对手是高傲，它的理想境界是自嘲的能力——嘲笑自己的错误、自己的失败和窘境，甚至自己的理想。在英国，人们非常看重幽默感，常常能听到“他一点幽默感都没有”这样的批评。幽默感是一种对生活的态度而并非仅仅是开玩笑的能力。这种态度决非残酷、不敬或是怀有恶意的。英国人不会嘲笑一个跛子或者疯子，也不会嘲笑一个悲剧或者一次可敬的失败。同情心或者对艺术技巧的崇敬比嘲笑的份量重得多。同幽默感一样，运动员精神是英国式的理想，这一点并非所有的英国人都做得到。必须认识到，现代形式的运动几乎都是英国人发明的。拳击、英式足球、网球以及板球都是在英国首次组织并且制定出规则的。规则是运动的精髓，运动员精神是指按照规则从事体育运动的能力，同时也表现在对对手的慷慨大度，以及失败后的良好心态。此外，运动员精神作为一种理想模式也普遍适用于日常生活。其中最基本的生活规则之一就是“不打跌倒的人”。换言之，就是不要利用别人的不幸。英国的男孩子常常在相互交往中把这种运动员精神表现得淋漓尽致。英国人的另一特点就是礼貌。总的来说，英国式的礼貌习惯都不很正式。所有的礼貌都是建立在这样的基本原则之上：为别人着想，同时也认可别人对你的关心。在麻烦别人时，如：从某人前面经过，或者打断某人的谈话，或者向陌生人请教问题时，要先说“对不起”，为给对方带来的不便预先道歉。“抱歉”一词表示对意外打扰或者违反礼仪的歉意。如果有人提出或者暗示某个要求，如：“我可以借你的钢笔吗嘛？”或者“现在几点了？”或者“还有七码的鞋吗？”，而你无法满足这种要求时，也要说“抱歉”而不是“不”。“请原谅？”是用来要求别人重复所说内容时的礼貌说法。在英国，除了在学校，人们在请求发言时，不再用“请”这个词。在国外非常普遍的词组“不，请”，在英国本土听起来却会很别扭。“好

大学英语泛读教程4(第三版)自测Reading Master 1_Test Bank_Unit 12

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