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翻译硕士《汉语写作与百科知识》样题、答案

翻译硕士《汉语写作与百科知识》样题、答案
翻译硕士《汉语写作与百科知识》样题、答案

翻译硕士《汉语写作与百科知识》样题

第一部分百科知识(50’)

请简要解释以下段落中划线部分的知识点

1. 这次股市波动在全球都有一定的关联影响,这说明全球化在逐步进展。过去中国认为自己的市场是一个相对比较小型的市场,也是一个正在建设中的、比较幼年的市场,或者说是在转轨经济中逐步发展的新兴市场。由于全球经济一体化的进展,股市波动相互之间关联密切,这也说明中国的市场还需要加速发展,我们要进一步提高直接融资的比重,进一步把资本市场建设得更好、更快、更加国际化。关于流动性过剩问题。流动性偏多是全球的现象,中国也存在流动性偏多的问题。美国财政赤字那么大,它那儿的流动性也很丰富,产油国资金也很丰富。因此,资金面上的宽松是全球一体化之下相互影响的现象。宏观调控当局都应该重视这个问题,做好自己的工作,对于过剩的流动性应该采取稳健的、适当收缩的政策。

2. 端午原是个防病防灾的日子,却因大诗人屈原增添了纪念层面的意义,增添了爱国情怀和报国无门的悲情、齐心协力救助生命的悲壮;因了陶渊明酷爱重阳,因了他酷爱的菊的勾连,重阳节衍生了“颂陶”的文化意蕴,歌颂他“人淡如菊”的精神境界,“重阳无酒”也成了知识分子安贫乐道的形象写真。

3. 1994年起,比尔?盖茨开始了他的收藏爱好。作为拥有600亿美元财富的收藏者,盖茨想买什么就可以买什么,而他购买艺术品似乎也完全凭个人的兴趣,没有明确的学术或商业性目标。还有很多不知名的微软富翁也有收藏艺术品的爱好,这些微软人囊中的巨额财富和近乎疯狂的收藏行为对美国艺术市场产生巨大的推动作用,证明了微软公司在文化市场中有多重要。一个软件公司创造的巨额财富使大量重要艺术作品流向微软人手中,流向西雅图。

4. 2009年3月的全国“两会”上,吴邦国提出,今年要着力加强社会领域立法,继续完善经济、政治、文化领域立法。社会领域的公平正义,变化并没有那么快,我们只需要翻找出过去的研究和报道,就可以看到今天的问题所在。例如,上文提到的新华社2006年那篇文章中,对社会领域立法促进公平正义列举了五个方面:一是保障公民权利,尊重和保障人权;二是发展社会事业,提高公共服务的能力和水平;三是健全社会保障,发展慈善事业;四是规范社会组织,使各类具有公益或互益性质的社会组织,纳入规范化、法制化管理的轨道;五是重视社会管理,包括加强公共安全、应对突发事件等。社会领域立法以促进公平正义,也许更加直接地体现了孟德斯鸠在《法的精神》中强调的重点:限权。也就是保障私权利,限制公权力。从新华社列举的五项内容可以看出,每前进一步的关键都是公私权界。显然,在这方面还有相当漫长的路要走。

第二部分应用文写作(40’)

根据下面的文字说明写一篇450字左右的应用文,要求包含标题、正文、结尾语、落款等几个要素。

中国×进出口商会于×月×日至×月×日派人去××,了解了××汽车索赔案的谈判结果。根据中国××办公室和对外经济贸易部××司的指示,现要给其上级部门即中国××办公室的答复报告《关于××汽车索赔案谈判结果的报告》,要求介绍谈判过程及结果,并指出产生“索赔案”的原因等。请以中国×进出口商会的名义起草一份兼具情况性和答复性的报告,注意要写标题、发文字号、主送机关正文、结尾语、落款等公文要素。

第三部分现代汉语写作(60’)

根据下面的文字要求写一篇现代文,题材不限(诗歌、戏剧除外)。

生活当中,有许多事情当你亲临其境之后,往往思想受到启迪,身心感到愉悦。偶然忆起,就如品香茗,又如含青榄,清香久远,令人难忘??

请以“值得品味”为题,写一篇不少于800字的文章。

《汉语写作与百科知识》考试样题参考答案

第一部分:百科知识(50’)

全球化:全球化是使产品或服务进入全球市场而进行的有关的商务活动,包括正确的国际化设计,本地化集成,以及在全球市场进行的市场推广、销售和支持的全部过程。企业通过全球化实现其全球化发展战略,实现全球化业务,扩大市场规模,降低服务成本,提升综合竞争力,展现企业发展实力,增强用户信心,树立市场形象。

新兴市场:新兴市场指的是发展中国家的股票市场。按照国际金融公司的权威定义。只要一个国家或地区的人均国民生产总值(GNP)没有达到世界银行划定的高收入国家水平,那么这个国家或地区的股市就是新兴市场。有的国家,尽管经济发展水平和人均GNP水平已进入高收入国家的行列,但由于其股市发展滞后,市场机制不成熟,仍被认为是新兴市场。

直接融资:直接融资是指拥有暂时闲置资金的单位(包括企业、机构和个人)与资金短缺需要补充资金的单位,相互之间直接进行协议,或者在金融市场上前者购买后者发行的有价证券,将货币资金提供给所需要补充资金的单位使用,从而完成资金融通的过程。

流动性过剩:简单地说,流动性过剩就是货币当局货币发行过多,货币量增长过快,银行机构资金来源充沛,居民储蓄增加迅速。在宏观经济上,它表现为货币增长率超过GDP增长率;就银行系统而言,则表现为存款增速大大快于贷款增速。

财政赤字:财政就是一国政府的收支状况。一国政府在每一财政年度开始之初,总会制定一个当年的财政预算方案,若实际执行结果收入大于支出,为财政赢余;支出大于收入,为财政赤字。

宏观调控:宏观调控是国家为了保持国民经济持续、稳定、健康、迅速地发展,促进经济结构的优化,引导推动社会全面进步而采取的经济措施。国家能够实行强有力的宏观调控。国家采取宏观调控的手段通常有:(1)法律手段与经济政策,如:调整税率,金融、财政补贴等;(2)计划指导,如:国家大的投资规划,或在某些行业和领域实行配额制度;(3)行政手段,如:利用工商、商检、卫生检疫、海关等部门禁止或限制某些商品的生产与流通。

端午:阴历每年的五月初五是端午节。端午节又称“重午节”、“端阳节”、“五月节”、“天中节”、“天长节”、“地腊节”、“五毒日”、“娃娃节”、“女儿节”等。端午节是我国民间三大饮食节之一。在端午节这天,人们以吃粽子表示庆祝。

屈原:屈原(约公元前304-公元前278),战国末期楚国人,杰出的政治家和爱国诗人。名平,字原,丹阳(今湖北秭归)人。屈原的代表作包括《离骚》、《天问》、《九歌》、《九章》、《招魂》等。屈原是中国文学史上第一位伟大的爱国诗人,他的作品开创了我国诗歌的浪漫主义传统。他的崇高精神和人格千百年来感召和哺育着无数中华儿女,人民永远景仰他,热爱他。中国民间于每年农历的5月5日端午节包粽子、赛龙舟的习俗就是源于对他的纪念。

陶渊明:陶源明(365-427),字元亮,别号五柳先生,晚年更名潜,卒后亲友私谥靖节。东晋浔阳柴桑(今九江市)人。陶渊明是汉魏南北朝800年间最杰出的诗人之一。陶诗今存125首,多为五言诗。从内容上可分为饮酒诗、咏怀诗和田园诗三大类。陶渊明的作品感情真挚、朴素自然,有时流露出逃避现实、乐天知命的老庄思想,有“田园诗人”之称。

重阳节:农历九月九日为传统的重阳节。因为《易经》中把“六”定为阴数,把“九”定为阳数,九月九日,日月并阳,两九相重,故而叫重阳,也叫重九,古人认为是个值得庆贺的吉利日子,并且从很早就开始过此节日。庆祝重阳节的活动多彩浪漫,一般包括出游赏景、登高远眺、观赏菊花、遍插茱萸、吃重阳糕、饮菊花酒等活动。今天的重阳节,被赋予了新的含义。1989年,我国把每年农历的九月九日定为老人节,传统与现代巧妙地结合,成为尊老、敬老、爱老、助老的老年人的节日。

比尔?盖茨:威廉?(比尔)H. 盖茨是全球个人计算机软件的领先供应商——微软公司的创始人、前任董事长和首席执行官。盖茨出生于1955年,曾从哈佛大学辍学创办微软公司。目前,盖茨已从微软公司引退,专注于比尔及梅琳达?盖茨基金会的慈善事业。

微软:微软(Microsoft)公司由比尔?盖茨与保罗?艾伦创建于1975年,是世界PC机(Personal Computer,个人计算机)软件开发的先导,目前是全球最大的电脑软件提供商,其主要产品为Windows操作系统、Internet Explorer网页浏览器及Microsoft Office办公软件套件。

文化市场:是指按价值规律进行文化艺术产品交换,和提供有偿文化服务活动的场所。是文化艺术产品生产和消费的中介。它必须具备三个条件:一是要有能供人们消费并用于交换的劳动产品和活动;二是要有组织这种活动的经营者和需求者;三是要有适宜的交换条件。

西雅图:西雅图位于美国本土48个州中最西北角的华盛顿州,是美国西北部重要城市和海港。西雅图已有 150年的发展历史,一直以来都给人以浪漫多情的印象,好莱坞电影《西雅图夜未眠》(Sleepless in Seattle)之后尤其如此。西雅图的地标是为1962年在此举行的世界博览会而设计的太空针塔。西雅图拥有领先的经济群体,其中微软是世界上最大的私人计算机软件公司,世界最大的飞机制造厂家波音公司是该地区最大的雇主。

“两会”:“两会”是“全国人民代表大会”和“中国人民政治协商会议”的简称。每年3月份“两会”先后召开全体会议一次,每五年称为一届,每年会议称X届X次会议。“两会”召开的意义在于:将“两会”代表从人民中得来的信息和要求进行收集及整理,传达给党中央。“两会”的代表委员们代表着广大选民的利益,他们代表选民在召开两会期间向政府有关部门提出选民们自己的意见和要求。地方每年召开的人大和政协也称为“两会”,通常召开的时间比全国“两会”时间要早。

吴邦国:男,汉族,1941年生,安徽肥东人,清华大学无线电电子学系毕业,大学学历,工程师。现任中共中央政治局常委,十一届全国人大常委会委员长、党组书记。

新华社:新华社全称为新华通讯社,是中华人民共和国的国家通讯社,是中国最大的新闻信息采集和发布中心。新华社前身是“红色中华通讯社”,创建于193 1年11月,1937年改现名。新华社总社设在中国首都北京,全社的新闻采集和处理系统由总社、国内分社、国外分社三部分组成。

法制化:法制化就是把法律规制的应用制度化、程序化,将这些行为纳入到法律规制的范畴,由相应的制度对其进行规定、制约,这既利于行为的规范化、程序化,提高效率,也利于对其进行监督与约束,更利于保障人民的合法权利。

孟德斯鸠:孟德斯鸠(1689-1755),法国伟大的启蒙思想家、法学家。孟德斯鸠不仅是18世纪法国启蒙时代的著名思想家,也是近代欧洲国家比较早的系统

研究古代东方社会与法律文化的学者之一。他的著述虽然不多,但其影响却相当广泛,尤其是《论法的精神》这部集大成的著作,奠定了近代西方政治与法律理论发展的基础,也在很大程度上影响了欧洲人对东方政治与法律文化的看法。其他作品包括《波斯人信札》,1734年发表的《罗马盛衰原因论》。

公私权界:公共领域和私人领域的划分是处理国家和公民关系的核心问题之一。公共领域归公共领域,私人领域归私人领域,前者通行民主规则,后者通行自由规则,这个权界是一定要分清的。从社会学的角度上说,现实中任何一个社会人都在从事着几种角色扮演,譬如在一定的社会情景里医生有时也是病人,记者有时也是受访者。因此这种角色扮演必须分得清楚,否则就会出现悖论与逻辑混乱。在官员这个群体身上这种划分必须体现得更加清楚。公权只能公用而不能私用,其前提是对官员身份边界及其背后的权力边界的清楚定义。

第二部分:应用文写作(40’)

这类报告内容要有针对性,不能答非所问。因此,主体部分即报告事项部分依来文要求作答即可。结尾用“专此报告”或“以上报告,请审阅”之类的习惯语收尾。

中国××进出口商会

关于××汽车索赔案谈判结果的报告

××字〔200-〕×号

中国××××办公室:

根据你办和商务部××司的指示,我会于×月×日至×月×日派人去××,了解了××汽车索赔案的谈判结果,现将有关情况报告如下:

××进出口公司和××进出口总公司自去年以来订购了××型载重卡车×辆,其中,××公司×辆,××公司×辆。至八月底已到货×辆。经使用,出现车架大裂纹、铆钉松动、轮胎早期磨损、挡风玻璃爆裂、木梁裂纹等严重质量问题。××公司、××公司当即组织了用户和技术人员赴×××、××、×××、××、××等省进行调查,经检验质量问题主要是由于×方产品设计和制造上的缺陷造成的。两公司为此对××公司提出索赔。为使谈判成功,两公司共同组成联合谈判小组,和用户统一对外索赔。同时我报社转载了《国际商报》报道××质量问题的文章,给××公司造成了巨大压力,迫使他们改变了最初不认账和

企图敷衍了事的态度,于×月×日派了以常务董事为首的代表团来京谈判。由于两公司准备充分,我方专家从技术上提出了有力的论证,经过半个月的谈判,使×方承认是设计和产品制造质量问题,同意全部退货,更换“重新设计试验、精工细作、制造优良的”新车,并向我支付×日元(占全部车价的×分之一)的经济损失赔偿金。××公司于×月×日在赔偿确认书上签字。

今年以来,我国从××和××进口的商品不断出现质量问题,主要原因是这些商人无视商业信誉,以次充好,以假充真。如××电器株式会社向××出口的电位器生产线质量低劣,××、××进口的家用电器也有不少假货、次货。就我方来讲,由于近两年来,家用电器进口数量大,交货期短,除中央专项进口外,各地方也竞相进口,地方单位大多不重视进口商品检验也使外商产生重数量、轻质量的侥幸心理,大量委托外加工粗制滥造。为避免国家损失,建议国家制订《进口汽车管理办法》,并要求各部门、各地方切实执行。

以上报告如无不妥,请转报商务部。

(公章)

×年×月×日

第三部分:现代汉语写作(60’)

答案略

翻译硕士英语B卷2018

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