英美概况期末考题

Questions for the final examination (26items)

American Beginnings

1.What were the new and powerful social forces which led to the awakening of

Europe and the discovery of America?’p34

The first new force was the development of capitalism; the second major force that brought about the modern development of Europe was the Renaissance, which marked a changing outlook on life; the third influential force was the Religious Reformation, a religious reform movement that started from Germany.

2.What was the unique American phenomenon? How did it come into being? Do

you think it still exists in today’s American society?

The unique American phenomenon is that, on the one hand, the English and other Europeans went to North America for seeking freedom. On the other hand, these very white people who were seeking and fighting for their own freedom deprived black Africans of their freedom.

On July 30, 1619, the first meeting of an elected legislature, a representative assembly, was held in Virginia. A month later, still in Virginia, a Dutch ship brought in over 20 Negroes as servants for a term of years to make a start toward the enslavement of Africans within what was to be the American republic.

T his phenomenon still exists in today’s American society, such as the racial discrimination.Until now, the black people still receive the unfair prejudice. However, the society in America is full of freedom, especially to the white people. They have a lot of rights in their life.

3.In what way did Puritanism influence American culture?p37-38

New England established another American tradition—a strain of often intolerant moralism. The Puritans believed that governments should enforce God's morality. They strictly punished drunks, adulterers, violators of the Sabbath and other religious believers different from themselves. Roger Williams, one of the Puritans who protested that the state should not interfere with religion, was driven out of Massachusetts. In 1635, he set up Rhode Island colony, which guaranteed religious freedom and the separation of church and state. The Puritans also have left rich cultural heritage to future Americans. The American values such as individualism, hard work, respect of education owe very much to the Puritan beliefs.

4.In what way did the pattern of founding of Maryland influence American culture?

In 1649, the Maryland Toleration Act, which assured freedom of worship to all who believed in Jesus Christ, was passed. Because the Protestant majority were capitalistic-minded people and refused to carry out the feudal plan, and because the wilderness of North America provided plenty of land while labor was scarce, Maryland like other colonies in North America, followed a capitalist development road, that is to say, America was on a capitalist road.

The Political System

1.What is a federal system? P52

A federal system is one in which power is shared between a central authority and its constituent parts, with some rights reserved to each. The Constitution specified

exactly what power the central government had and which power was reserved for the states.

2.How did the delegates from the early British colonies design the constitution?

In the course of the Convention, the delegates designed a new form of governme nt for the United States.

The plan for the government was written in very simple language in document call ed the Constitution of the United States.

The Constitution set up a federal system with a strong central government.

In writing the constitution ,the delegates deal with two fears shared by most A mericans.

3.What were the two main fears shared by Americans while writing the constitution

and how did they deal with them?p52-53

One fear was that one person or group, including the majority, might become too powerful or be able to seize control the country and create a tyranny. To guard agai nst this possibility, the delegates set up a government consisting of three parts, or branches, the executive, the legislative and the judicial. Each branch has a way of counteracting and limiting any wrongful action by another branch.

Another fear was that the new central government might weaken or take away the power of the state government to run their own affairs. To deal with this the Consti tution specified exactly what power the central government had and which power wa s reserved for the state. The state governments were allowed to run their own governments as they wished, provided that their governments were republicans. 4.What is the Executive Branch?P54

The chief executive of the United State is the president, who, together with th e vice president, is elected to a four-year term. Under a Constitutional Amendment passed in 1951, a president can be elected to only two terms. Except for the right o f succession to the presidency, the vice president’s only constitution duties are to s erve as the presiding officer of the Senate; the vice president may vote in the Sena te only in the event of a tie.

5.What is the Bill of Rights? Why is it necessary to write the Bill of Rights

explicitly into the US Constitution?

It’s another basic foundation in Americans’ constitution. It consists of 10 very short paragraphs which guarantee freedom and individual rights and forbid interference with lives of individuals by the government. Each paragraph is an amendment to the original Constitution.

The Bill of Rights and subsequent constitutional amendments guarantee the American people the fullest possible opportunity to enjoy fundamental human rights.

In the Bill of Rights, Americans are guaranteed freedom of religion, of speech a nd of the press.

They have a right to assemble in public places, to protest government actions, and to demand change.They have the right to own weapons if they wish.Because of the Bill of rights, either police nor soldiers can stop and search a person without good reason. They also cannot search a person’s home without a legal permission from a court.

Economy

1.What is the current economic position of America in the world?

2.What are the five stages of industrial development?p65-67

One key development was the introduction of the factory system;A second deve lopment was the "American system"of mass production;A third development was the application of new technologies to industrial tasks;A fourth development was the em ergency of new forms of business organization;Finally,the construction of railroads began,marking the start of a new era for the United States.

3.What are the roots of affluence in America?P69

Bountiful resources,the geographical size of the country and population trends h ave all contributed to these successes.Religious, social and political traditions;the in stitutional structures of government and business;and the courage,hard work and de termination of countless entrepreneurs and workers have also played a part.

4.What are the main sectors of industry in America? Name some of the important

cities representing each sector.

Manufacturing : Chicago

Aviation : Dallas and Houston

Car industry : Detroit

High tech industry : Los Angeles and San Franscico

Service industries. New York and Seattle

Heavy Industry : Pittsburgh

Education

1.How did America change the way of education to teach the children to be world

citizens? P122

In 1954, the Supreme Court ruled that the practice of segregating blacks into separate schools was unconstitutional. Between 1950 and 1960, more new knowledge was developed than in all of the world’s history before 1950.

Schools were asked not only to teach this new information, but to help students ask their own questions about it. More science courses were added to the curriculum.

The federal government began to spend millions for the development of new science curricula and for training teachers to use them.

2.How do Americans apply for a university? p123

3.What are the categories of higher institutions in America? p123

The university, the four-year undergraduate institution, the technical training institution, the two-year, or community college

4.What factors that determine the best prestige of a university?P124

T he factors determine whether an institution is prestigious are quality of teaching f aculty , quality of research facilities ,amount of funding available for libraries ,speci al programs and the competence and the number of applicants for admission and how selective the institution can be in choosing its students.

5.How to select a college or a university? Name all the members of the Ivy League.

When selecting a college or a university , you should take the following factors in to account :<1>a school’s entrance requirements (and its fees)<2>degrees the school offer and how long it takes to earn<3>curricula a college or university offers and req uirements for earning a degree <4> public institution or private one .

Brown University, Columbia University, Cornell University, Dartmouth College,Harvard University, Princeton University, the University of Pennsylvania, and Yale University.

6.Explain why Americans respect education.

In America, education is a national concern, a state responsibility and a local function.

7.What degrees do undergraduate colleges and graduate schools offer?

undergraduate colleges:bachelor’s degree

graduate schools: master’s or a doctoral’s degree

8.What are the functions of the boards of education?

They make policies for schools at the state and district level, also, make decisions about the school curriculum, teacher standards and certification, and the overall measurement of student progress.

American Way of Life

1.What are the stereotypes about the USA?

<1>All Americans are rich. <2>American society is violent. <3>American families

are in disarray . <4>Americans are all religious . <5>Americans are optimistic.

2.What are the metaphors that have been used as the national self-images and why did

they lose their credibility?

<1>“the melting pot" because its anglophilic values no longer held for a clear majority of the people.<2>"salad bowl " because the characteristics of different culture quickly dec ay .<3> "mosaic " because an image for a nation should imply changes of any one of its co mponents . But the mosaic ,once made ,never change.<4>"kaleidoscope" because the k aleidoscopic changes too problematically ,so it is difficult to make people take it seriou sly.

4.Why is the Internet an up-to-date metaphor used to encapsulate the USA?

Because the Internet has several characteristics that seem consonant with the USA

today . <1>The WWW has no center. <2>No one is reliably in charge . <3>Each individual must take the responsibility for what he or she takes seriously.

All of them important features of the American way of life .

4.Why is America said to be a society of violence? What is the NRA?

About 25% of Americans own a gun, which is often associated with high crime rate and the threat of violence is often played up by the news media.

The NRA, which is short for the National Rifle Association, is a US private organization that has mad great efforts to protect the right of US citizens to freely own and use guns.

5.What are the reasons for the changing marriage pattern in the USA? What is its effect on USA way of life? P170

Since the introduction of “no-fault”divorce laws in the late 1970s, America’s divorce rate has been about 50%. Since most divorced people remarry at some point, many families blend together children from different parents. Somewhat less than half of American children today are raised with and by their birth-parents.

The effect of these shifting marriage patterns is to diminish the authority of parents in relation to their children. Traditional values do not transmit readily from one generation to the next, reducing the chances for a national consensus on public issues.

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英美概况练习题 一、将下列汉语单词译成英语，作为提示，每个词、词类和第一个字母以及用短线表示，其余字母数，已给出。 1、饲养v.f________ 2.英勇的a.g____________ 3.普遍的 a . w _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4.贸易 n .t _ _ _ _ 5.占领 v .o _ _ _ _ _ 6.城市的 a .u _ _ _ _ 7.平均 n. a _ _ _ _ _ _ 8.数量 n .q _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9.装饰 v .d _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 10.精确的 a .p _ _ _ _ _ _ 11.未来n.f_______ 12.报纸n.n__________ 13.教育v.e________ 14.预算 n .b _ _ _ _ _ 15.题目 n .t _ _ _ _ 16.刺激 v .s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 17.诚实的 a .h _ _ _ _ _ 18.开关 n .s _ _ _ _ _ 19.著名的 a . f _ _ _ _ _ 20.独立的 a .i _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 21.混合 v .m _ _ 22.说服 v . p _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 23.管子 n . p _ _ _ 24.表扬 v . p _ _ _ _ _ 25.第三 num . t _ _ _ _ 二、将括号中的各词变为适当形式填入空白。答案写在答卷纸上。 1、During the war the British navy_________(play) 2.Most users don’t limit________(them)simply to E-mail. 3.In American colleges and universities,a vast array of subjects________(offer). 4. Experiments have to be made under ___________(care) controlled conditions. 5.Garage-sale items usually ___________(price) at a very small part of their original cost. 6.The part of the moon ____________(face) away from the sun appears dark. 7.He was the first to draw a map that ____________(base) on all available knowledge, rather than on guess or imagination. 8.By the time we got to the airport the plane ____________(take) off. 9.A plant that grows more than three _____________(foot) is unusual in that area. 10.In 1964, the Olympic Games in Tokyo became the first program ____________(transmit) via satellite. 11.At the same time a number of more fundamental reforms_________(enact). 12.Between 1488 and 1534 Europeans _________(make)several important voyages to esplore the world. 13. But for the traffic jam, we ___________(will, arrive) on time .

英美概况题

Exercises of Chapter One I. For each statement there are four choices marked A, B, C, D, choose the best one to complete the statement. 1. The national flag of the United Kingdom, known as the Union Jack, is made up of _____ crosses. A. one B. two C. three D. four 2. Which flower is the symbol of England/Scotland/Wales/Northern Ireland? A. Thistle B. Shamrock C. Daffodil D. Rose 3. The highest mountain peak in Britain is in ________. A. England B. Scotland C. Wales D. Northern Ireland 4. The largest lake in Britain is ______. A. Loch Lomond B. the Lough Neagh C. Windermere D. Ullswater 5. The largest lake in Britain is located in ________. A. England B. Scotland C. Wales D. Northern Ireland 6. The Lake District is well-known for________. A. its wild and beautiful scenery B. its varied lakes C. the lake Poets D. all of the above three 7. The British Isles are made up of______. A. two large islands and hundreds of small ones B. two large islands and Northern Ireland C. three large islands and hundreds of small ones D. three large islands and Northern Ireland 8. Which is the largest city in Scotland? A. Cardiff B. Edinburgh C. Glasgow D. Manchester 9. There are ______ political divisions on the island of Great Britain. A. one B. two C. three D. four 10. Among the four political divisions of Britain, __________ is the most densely populated. A. England B. Scotland C. Wales D. Northern Ireland 11. The capital of Scotland is __________. A. Belfast B. Cardiff C. Edinburgh D. Dublin 12. Britain’s climate is influenced by ______that sweeps up from the equator and flows past the British Isles. A. the Atlantic Gulf Stream B. the Brazil Current C. the Labrador Current D. the Falkland current II. Read the following statements carefully and decide if each of them is True or False. 1. To the west of Great Britain is the second largest island known as Scotland. 2. There are three political divisions on the island of Great Britain. They are England，Scotland and Wales. 3. The Pennines are known as the “Backbone of England”. 4. London, the capital of the UK, is situated on the Severn River near its mouth. 5. The official name of UK is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 6. The longest river in Britain is River Thames. 7. On the island of Great Britain, there are four political divisions—England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland. 8. God Save the Queen is a national anthem used only in Britain. 9. The highest point of the Pennines is Cross Fell which is 893 meters high.