新标准大学英语综合教程3课文翻译(1-10单元30篇)

Unit 1-1

Catching crabs

1 In the fall of our final year, our mood changed. The relaxed atmosphere of the preceding summer semester, the impromptu ball games, the boating on the Charles River, the late-night parties had disappeared, and we all started to get our heads down, studying late, and attendance at classes rose steeply again. We all sensed we were coming to the end of our stay here, that we would never get a chance like this again, and we became determined not to waste it. Most important of course were the final exams in April and May in the following year. No one wanted the humiliation of finishing last in class, so the peer group pressure to work hard was strong. Libraries which were once empty after five o'clock in the afternoon were standing room only until the early hours of the morning, and guys wore the bags under their eyes and their pale, sleepy faces with pride, like medals proving their diligence.

2 But there was something else. At the back of everyone's mind was what we would do next, when we left university in a few months' time. It wasn't always the high flyers with the top grades who knew what they were going to do. Quite often it was the quieter, less impressive students who had the next stages of their life mapped out. One had landed a job in his brother's advertising firm in Madison Avenue, another had got a script under provisional acceptance in Hollywood. The most ambitious student among us was going to work as a party activist at a local level. We all saw him ending up in the Senate or in Congress one day. But most people were either looking to continue their studies, or to make a living with a white-collar job in a bank, local government, or anything which would pay them enough to have a comfortable time in their early twenties, and then settle down with a family, a mortgage and some hope of promotion.

3 I went home at Thanksgiving, and inevitably, my brothers and sisters kept asking me what I was planning to do. I didn't know what to say. Actually, I did know what to say, but I thought they'd probably criticize me, so I told them what everyone else was thinking of doing.

4 My father was watching me but saying nothing. Late in the evening, he invited me to his study. We sat down and he poured 抓螃蟹

1.大学最后一年的秋天，我们的心情变了。刚

刚过去的夏季学期的轻松氛围、即兴球赛、

查尔斯河上的泛舟以及深夜晚会都不见了踪

影，我们开始埋头学习，苦读到深夜，课堂

出勤率再次急剧上升。我们都觉得在校时间

不多了，以后再也不会有这样的学习机会了，所以都下定决心不再虚度光阴。当然，下一

年四五月份的期末考试最为重要。我们谁都

不想考全班倒数第一，那也太丢人了，因此

同学们之间的竞争压力特别大。以前每天下

午五点以后，图书馆就空无一人了，现在却

要等到天快亮时才会有空座，小伙子们熬夜

熬出了眼袋，他们脸色苍白，睡眼惺忪，却

很自豪，好像这些都是表彰他们勤奋好学的

奖章。

2.还有别的事情让大家心情焦虑。每个人都在

心里盘算着过几个月毕业离校之后该找份什

么样的工作。并不总是那些心怀抱负、成绩

拔尖的高材生才清楚自己将来要做什么，常

常是那些平日里默默无闻的同学早早为自己

下几个阶段的人生做好了规划。有位同学在

位于麦迪逊大道他哥哥的广告公司得到了一

份工作，另一位同学写的电影脚本已经与好

莱坞草签了合约。我们当中野心最大的一位

同学准备到地方上当一个政党活动家，我们

都预料他最终会当上参议员或国会议员。但

大多数同学不是准备继续深造，就是想在银

行、地方政府或其他单位当个白领，希望在

20出头的时候能挣到足够多的薪水，过上舒

适的生活，然后就娶妻生子，贷款买房，期

望升职，过安稳日子。

3.感恩节的时候我回了一趟家，兄弟姐妹们免

不了不停地问我毕业后有什么打算，我不知

道该说什么。实际上，我知道该说什么，但

我怕他们批评我，所以只对他们说了别人都

准备干什么。

4.父亲看着我，什么也没说。夜深时，他叫我

去他的书房。我们坐了下来，他给我们俩各

us a drink.

5 "So?" he said.

6 "Er ... so what?"

7 "So what do you really want to do?" he asked.

8 My father was a lawyer, and I had always assumed he wanted me to go to law school, and follow his path through life. So I hesitated.

9 Then I replied, "I want to travel, and I want to be a writer."

10 This was not the answer I thought he would expect. Travel? Where? A writer? About what? I braced myself for some resistance to the idea.

11 There was a long silence.

12 "Interesting idea," he said finally.

13 There was another long silence.

14 "I kind of wish I'd done that when I was your age."

15 I waited.

16 "You have plenty of time. You don't need to go into a career which pays well just at the moment. You need to find out what you really enjoy now, because if you don't, you won't be successful later."

17 "So how do I do this?"

18 He thought for a moment. Then he said, "Look, it's late. Let's take the boat out tomorrow morning, just you and me. Maybe we can catch some crabs for dinner, and we can talk more."

19 It was a small motor boat, moored ten minutes away, and my father had owned it for years. Early next morning we set off along the estuary. We didn't talk much, but enjoyed the sound of the seagulls and the sight of the estuary coastline and the sea beyond.

20 There was no surf on the coastal waters at that time of day, so it was a smooth half-hour ride until my father switched off the motor. "Let's see if we get lucky," he said, picked up a rusty,

倒了杯饮料。

5.―怎么样？‖他问。

6.―啊，什么怎么样？‖

7.―你毕业后到底想做什么？‖他问道。

8.父亲是一名律师，我一直都认为他想让我去

法学院深造，追随他的人生足迹，所以我有

点儿犹豫。

9.过了会儿我回答说：―我想旅行，我想当个作

家。‖

10.我想这不是他所期待的答案。旅行？去哪儿

旅行？当作家？写什么呀？我做好了遭到他

反对的心理准备。

11.接着是一段长长的沉默。

12.―这想法有点意思，‖他最后说。

13.接着又是一段长长的沉默。

14.―我真有点希望自己在你这个年纪时能做这

些事儿。‖

15.我在等他把话说完。

16.―你还有很多时间，不必急于进入一个暂时报

酬高的行业。你现在要搞清楚自己真正喜欢

什么，如果你弄不清楚，以后就不可能成功。‖

17.―那我该怎么办？‖

18.他想了一会儿。然后他说道：―瞧，现在太

晚了。我们明天早晨乘船出海去，就我们两

个。也许我们能抓点螃蟹当晚餐，我们还可

以再谈谈。‖

19.那是一艘小小的机动船，停泊在离我们家约

十分钟路程的地方，是好些年前父亲买的。

次日清晨，我们沿着港湾出发，一路上没说

多少话，只是默默地欣赏着海鸥的叫声，还

有港湾沿岸和远处大海的景色。

20.在这个时候沿海水域没什么风浪，船平稳地

航行了半个小时之后父亲把船停了下来。他

mesh basket with a rope attached and threw it into the sea.

21 We waited a while, then my father stood up and said, "Give me a hand with this," and we hauled up the crab cage onto the deck.

22 Crabs fascinated me. They were so easy to catch. It wasn't just that they crawled into such an obvious trap, through a small hole in the lid of the basket, but it seemed as if they couldn't be bothered to crawl out again even when you took the lid off. They just sat there, waving their claws at you.

23 The cage was brimming with dozens of soft shell crabs, piled high on top of each other. "Why don't they try to escape?"

I wondered aloud to my father.

24 "Just watch them for a moment. Look at that one, there! He's trying to climb out, but every time the other crabs pull him back in," said my father.

25 And we watched. The crab climbed up the mesh towards the lid, and sure enough, just as it reached the top, one of its fellow crabs reached out, clamped its claw onto any available leg, and pulled it back. Several times the crab tried to defy his fellow captives, without luck.

26 "Now watch!" said my father. "He's starting to get bored with this game."

27 Not only did the crab give up its lengthy struggle to escape, but it actually began to help stop other crabs trying to escape. He'd finally chosen an easy way of life.

28 Suddenly I understood why my father had suggested catching crabs that morning. He looked at me. "Don't get pulled back by the others," he said. "Spend some time figuring out who you are and what you want in life. Look back at the classes you're taking, and think about which ones were most productive for you personally. Then think about what's really important to you, what really interests you, what skills you have. Try to figure out where you want to live, where you want to go, what you want to earn, how you want to work. And if you can't answer these questions now, then take some time to find out. Because if you don't, you'll never be happy."

29 He paused.

说：―咱们在这儿试试运气吧，‖然后抓起一

个系上绳子的生了锈的网状篓子抛到海里。

21.我们等了一会儿，父亲站起来对我说，―来帮

我一把。‖ 于是我们一起将蟹篓子拽上了甲

板。

22.螃蟹让我着迷，它们太容易抓了。不仅仅是

因为它们顺着篓盖上的小孔爬进一个再明显

不过的陷阱，更因为即便盖子打开了，它们

似乎也懒得从里面爬出来，只会趴在那儿冲

你挥动着蟹钳。

23.篓子里挤满了几十只软壳螃蟹，一只压着一

只，堆得老高。―它们为什么不逃走啊？‖我

满腹狐疑地问父亲。

24.―你先观察一下，看那只螃蟹，那儿！它想爬

出去，但每次都被同伴拽了回去，‖父亲说。

25.我们接着观察。那只螃蟹顺着网眼向顶盖攀

援，每当它爬到顶盖时，果然就会有另一只

螃蟹举起蟹钳夹住它的腿把它拽下来。这只

螃蟹尝试了好几次想挣脱它的狱中同伴，但

都没能成功。

26.―快看！‖父亲说。―它开始对这种游戏感到

不耐烦了。‖

27.那只螃蟹不仅放弃了漫长的逃亡之战，而且

还帮着把其他想逃跑的螃蟹拽下来。它最终

选择了一种轻松的活法。

28.我忽然明白了父亲为什么提议早上来抓螃

蟹。他看着我说：―你可别被别人拽下来哦。

花点时间想想你是哪一类人，你这一生希望

得到什么，回顾一下你在大学修的课程，想

想有哪些课对你个人来说最有益。然后再想

想什么对你最重要，什么最使你感兴趣，你

有什么技能。琢磨一下你想在哪里生活，你

想去哪里，想挣多少钱，想做什么样的工作。

如果你现在不能回答这些问题，你就得花点

时间去找出答案。你不这样做的话，永远都

不会幸福的。‖

29.他停顿了一下。

35 My father started the motor and we set off back home.

know, the great things you're going to do with your life "when the time is right"? Well, the time is never quite right, I find. It needs to be brought forward and done now, this minute, pronto, in a hurry, as quick as your little legs will carry you. The novel that you want to write, the trip to the Grand Canyon you've always planned to take, your mind's-eye dream-job, the West End play you want to direct—you have to do them now. We're dying, see. It's official.

5 So putting your dreams on the back burner until the circumstances are right means that they'll probably never be realized. Our only regrets in life are the things we don't do. We owe it to ourselves to go out and do them now before it's too late. Tomorrow? It's all a lie; there isn't a tomorrow. There's only a promissory note that we are often not in a position to cash. It doesn't even exist. When you wake up in the morning it'll be today again and all the same rules will apply. Tomorrow is just another version of now, an empty field that will remain so unless we start planting some seeds. Your time, which is ticking away as we speak (at about 60 seconds a minute chronologically; a bit faster if you don't invest your time wisely), will be gone and you'll have nothing to show for it but regret and a rear-view mirror full of "could haves", "should haves" and "would haves".

6 Have you ever noticed when you go to a buffet restaurant how they give you a bowl the size of a saucer and then say, "Have as much salad as you like but you can only go up once"? Life is like that small salad bowl. Like the hungry people waiting for their main course, we can cram as much into that tiny bowl as we can carry. I love watching people ingeniously stack the cucumber around the side of the bowl—like they're filling a skip—and then cramming it so high that they have to hire a forklift truck to get it back to the table. They're not greedy. They just know that they only have one shot at it.

7 Fill your bowl. We come this way but once so let's make the best of the short stay. Like the once-a-year holiday to Florida or Spain. Fit as much into the short time there as you can. Make sure that you go back home knackered because you got so much done.

8 If you don't want to be a postman then don't be a postman. Give it up and be a painter, a writer, a tobogganist, whatever. Just don't be something that you patently do not want to be.

9 And now is the time, not tomorrow. There is no time like the present. If you can't have what you want this very second the least 怎么办呢？可我发现时机永远不会有成熟的时候。时间必须提前，必须马上行动，就在这一刻，不能拖延，必须赶紧，而且越快越好。不管是你想写的小说，还是你一直在筹划的去大峡谷的旅行，你心仪的工作，你想导演的伦敦西区话剧，你都必须现在就去做。知道吗？我们都在走向死亡。这是已经定了的。

5.因此，把自己的梦想搁置起来，等到时机成熟之后才开始实现它，这就意味着梦想可能永远都不会实现。人生的遗憾莫过于还有事情没有做，我们有必要现在就去做这些事，不然就晚了。明天行吗？明天只是个谎言；根本就没有什么明天，只有一张我们常常无法兑现的期票。明天甚至压根儿就不存在。你早上醒来时又是另一个今天了，同样的规则又可以全部套用。明天只是现在的另一种说法，是一块空地，除非我们开始在那里播种，否则它永远都是空地。你的时间会流逝（时间就在我们说话的当下嘀嗒嘀嗒地走着，每分钟顺时针走60秒，如果你不能很好地利用它，它会走得更快些），而你没有取得任何成就来证明它的存在，唯独留下遗憾，留下一面后视镜，上面写满了―本可以做‖、―本应该做‖、―本来会做‖的事情。

6.你是否注意过，自助餐馆里服务员会给你一个茶杯碟大小的碗，并告诉你：―你想盛多少沙拉都可以，但只能盛一次‖？生活就像那只盛沙拉的碗，我们可以和那些饥肠辘辘等着主菜的人一样在那只小碗里装上尽可能多的沙拉。我喜欢看人们巧妙地把黄瓜片插在沙拉碗的四周——就像往废料桶里堆东西那样——把沙拉堆得老高老高，最后不得不雇个叉车把沙拉拉回餐桌。他们不是贪婪，而是明白自己只有一次机会。

7.把你的碗盛满吧，我们在这个世上只走一遭，既然来了就好好利用这短暂的一生，就像我们牢牢抓住一年一度去佛罗里达或西班牙度假的机会那样。在短暂的人生中填入尽可能多的内容吧。确保每天回家后你都会因为干了很多事而感到精疲力尽。

8.如果你不想当邮递员就别当邮递员，放弃这份工作去当个画家、作家、滑雪运动员，干什么都行。千万不要干自己明明就不喜欢的事情。

9.现在就开始行动吧，不要等到明天。没有比现在更好的时间了。如果在这一刻你不能得

worth at certain crucial stages of their lives? 2 The sad clown Jacques in Shakespeare's play As You Like It suggests that there are "seven ages" to a person's existence, and the phenomenon of rites of passage in almost every society confirms that we prefer to think of life in terms of these stages, such as childhood, middle age and old age. 3 A rite of passage is a formal recognition of change, imposed by society, of a move from one stage to another, the most universally recognized one being the transition between childhood and adulthood . This can take very different forms. For example, in Jewish tradition one of the most important moments in a person's life, marked by a religious ceremony and a family feast , is the Bar Mitzvah , when children become responsible for their actions —at the age of 13. This is roughly the same age that children can be held legally responsible in many countries. 4 A very different rite of passage is the tradition of the prom at the end of American high school. This is a dance with a difference. Students have to wear formal clothes —many for the first time in their lives —and it is usual to hire an expensive limousine to arrive at the prom. It is as if, for one night, they behave like adults twice their age —

or at least look older than they really are.

5 Perhaps one of the most interesting rites of passage is the

walkabout of Australian aborigines, when adolescents would be required to spend about six months walking alone through the wilderness, following the paths of their ancestors along the age-old "songlines" which mapped out the country. In so doing they penetrated the heart of aboriginal culture —the oldest continuous culture in the world —and, in the process, discovered themselves too. 的价值？

2.

莎士比亚的戏剧《皆大欢喜》中那个悲伤的小丑雅克认为，人的一生要经历―七个年龄段‖，几乎每个社会都有的通过仪式也证明，我们往往是把生命分为这几个阶段来看待的，比如童年、中年和老年。

3.

通过仪式是社会对个人从一个阶段走向另一阶段的正式的认可，其中被广泛认同的是由少年步入成年时举行的成年礼。 成年礼有多种形式。 例如，在犹太传统中，人生最重要的时刻之一就是―犹太男孩成人仪式‖，人们为年满13岁的孩子举办宗教仪式和家宴，这标志着从此以后这个孩子要对自己的行为负责了。 13岁也恰恰是许多国家规定开始承担法律责任的年龄。

4.

美国中学生活结束前的毕业舞会是另一种截然不同的通过仪式。 这次舞会非同寻常，学生们不仅穿着正式（许多学生平生第一次这么穿），他们通常还乘坐着一辆租来的豪华轿车到达舞会现场。 就在那一天晚上，他们似乎要表现得和年龄是他们两倍的成年人一样，至少是看上去要比自己的实际年龄老。

5. 世界上最有趣的通过仪式之一或许就是澳洲原住民的―徒步旅行‖了，还处于青春期的少年必须在野外独自行走六个月，沿着划定国土疆域的―歌之版图‖追寻祖先的足迹。 通过这样的仪式，他们深入到土著文化这一世界上最古老而持久的文化的精髓之中，并在这一过程中发现自我。

those days, clear and definite as a pattern seen through a kaleidoscope.

2 I lived on the bay side of town, on Johnson Avenue, opposite the Logan Airport, and before I went to bed each night, I used to kneel by the west window of my room and look over the lights of Boston that blazed and blinked far off across the darkening water. The sunset flaunted its pink flag above the airport, and the sound of waves was lost in the perpetual droning of the planes. I marveled at the moving beacons on the runway and watched, until it grew completely dark, the flashing red and green lights that rose and set in the sky like shooting stars. The airport was my Mecca, my Jerusalem. All night I dreamed of flying.

3 Those were the days of my technicolor dreams. Mother believed that I should have an enormous amount of sleep, and so I was never really tired when I went to bed. This was the best time of the day, when I could lie in the vague twilight, drifting off to sleep, making up dreams inside my head the way they should go. My flying dreams were believable as a landscape by Dali, so real that I would awake with a sudden shock, a breathless sense of having tumbled like Icarus from the sky and caught myself on the soft bed just in time. These nightly adventures in space began when Superman started invading my dreams and teaching me how to fly. He used to come roaring by in his shining blue suit with his cape whistling in the wind, looking remarkably like my Uncle Frank who was living with mother and me. In the magic whirling of his cape I could hear the wings of a hundred seagulls, the motors of a thousand planes.

4 I was not the only worshipper of Superman in our block. David Stirling, a pale, bookish boy who lived down the street, shared my love for the sheer poetry of flight. Before supper every night, we listened to Superman together on the radio, and during the day we made up our own adventures on the way to school.

5 The Annie F. Warren Grammar School was a red-brick building, set back from the main highway on a black tar street, surrounded by barren gravel playgrounds. Out by the parking lot David and I found the perfect alcove for our Superman dramas. The dingy back entrance to the school was deep-set in a long passageway which was an excellent place for surprise captures 子，它们历历在目，犹如万花筒里看到的图案那样色彩斑斓。

2.我的家位于城里靠海湾的一侧，在洛根机场对面的约翰逊大道上。每天晚上睡觉前，我都会跪在卧室朝西的窗户旁，眺望黑幽幽的海水那边波士顿城明亮闪烁的灯光。夕阳将粉色的余晖洒在机场上空，浪涛的声音永远淹没在一架架飞机永无休止的嗡嗡声中。我惊奇地望着跑道上的移动信标，看着那些闪烁的红灯、绿灯像流星般升起、降落，直到机场变得一片漆黑为止。机场就是我的麦加，我的耶路撒冷。我整夜都在做梦，梦见自己在空中飞行。

3.那正是我梦想斑斓的岁月。妈妈认为我需要大量的睡眠，所以我每天上床睡觉时一点儿都不觉得累。那是一天中最美好的时光，我可以躺下，在昏暗的暮色中慢慢进入梦乡，脑子里制造出许多奇异的梦来。我的飞行梦像达利的风景画那么真实可信，以致于自己常常会在一阵惊吓中醒来，好像伊卡罗斯那样从天空中摔下来，虽然发现自己刚好掉到软软的床上，但也被吓得喘不过气来。当超人开始侵入我的梦乡，并教给我飞行的技巧之后，我每夜的太空冒险便开始了。超人身着耀眼的蓝色衣服，肩披随风飕飕作响的斗篷，经常从我身边呼啸而过。他长得太像我的舅舅弗兰克了，舅舅那会儿正跟妈妈和我住在一起。当超人的斗篷神奇地旋转时，我好像能听见上百只海鸥的振翅声，上千架飞机的马达轰鸣声。

4.我不是这个街区里唯一的超人崇拜者，在街的另一头，那个脸色苍白、有点书呆子气的男孩儿戴维?斯特令和我一样，热爱飞行的纯粹的诗意。每天晚饭前，我们一起收听电台的超人故事，白天在上学的路上，我们自己设计出各种各样的冒险活动。

5.安妮? F. 沃伦文法学校是一座红砖楼，座落在远离主干道的一条黑色柏油街道上，学校四周是光秃秃的铺着碎石的操场。戴维和我发现学校外面停车场附近有一个角落，那里是我们玩超人游戏的绝佳场所。那条长长的过道通向学校又黑又脏的后门，非常适合玩意外抓捕和快速解救的游戏。

and sudden rescues. 6 During recess , David and I came into our own. We ignored the boys playing baseball on the gravel court and the girls giggling at dodge-ball in the dell . Our Superman games made us outlaws , yet gave us a sense of windy superiority . We even found a stand-in for a villain in Sheldon Fein , the sallow mamma's boy on our block who was left out of the boys' games because he cried whenever anybody tagged him and always managed to fall down and skin his fat knees.

7 At first, we had to prompt Sheldon in his part, but after a while he became an expert on inventing tortures and even carried them out in private, beyond the game. He used to pull the wings from flies and the legs off grasshoppers , and keep the broken insects captive in a jar hidden under his bed where he could take them out in secret and watch them struggling. David and I never played with Sheldon except at recess. After school we left him to his mamma and his bonbons and his helpless insects.

8 At the time my Uncle Frank was living with us while waiting to be drafted , and I was sure that he bore an extraordinary resemblance to Superman incognito . David couldn't see the likeness as clearly as I did, but he admitted that Uncle Frank was the

strongest man he had ever known, and could do lots of tricks like making caramels disappear under

napkins and walking on his hands.

6. 课间休息时，我和戴维可以大展身手了。 我

们对在碎石操场上打棒球的男孩儿们视而不见，

也不搭理那些在小山谷里一边玩躲球游戏一边咯咯傻笑的女孩儿们。 超人游戏让我们变得像两个逃犯似的，但也给了我们一种虚幻的优越感，我们甚至找谢尔登 ? 费恩来充当恶棍。他是街区里一个脸色苍白、胆小怕事的孩子，没有男孩儿愿意和他玩，因为一有人追他他就哭，而且老是自己摔倒在地，擦伤他那胖胖的膝盖。 7. 一开始我们还得教谢尔登怎么扮演他的角

色，可没过多久他就变成了一位发明虐刑的专家，甚至私下里悄悄实施他的刑罚。 他常常扯下苍蝇的翅膀，揪掉蚱蜢的腿，并把这些残废了的昆虫囚禁在瓶子里，藏到床底下，这样他就可以偷偷把它们拿出来，看着它们痛苦挣扎的样子。 戴维和我只在课间休息的时候和谢尔登玩，放学后我们就让他回家跟他的妈妈、棒棒糖以及那些无助的昆虫为伴。

8. 那时候，弗兰克舅舅住在我们家，等着参军。

我肯定他和隐姓埋名的超人长得特别像。 戴维却看不出我舅舅和超人有多么相像，但他承认弗兰克舅舅是他这辈子所见过的最强壮的人，而且他会变很多戏法，比如用餐巾一盖上糖果，糖就没了，他还能倒立行走。

responsibilities, their lives are characterized by play not work, school not paid labour, family rather than public life and consumption instead of production. Yet this is all relatively recent. A hundred years ago, a 12 year old working in a factory would have been perfectly acceptable. Now, it would cause social services' intervention and the prosecution of both parents and factory owner.

3 The differences between the expectations placed on children today and those placed on them in the past are neatly summed up by two American writers, Barbara Ehrenreich and Deirdre English. Comparing childhoods in America today with those of the American colonial period (1600–1776), they have written: "Today, a four year old who can tie his or her shoes is impressive. In colonial times, four-year-old girls knitted stockings and mittens and could produce intricate embroidery: At age six they spun wool. A good, industrious little girl was called 'Mrs instead of 'Miss' in appreciation of her contribution to the family economy: She was not, strictly speaking, a child."

4 These changing ideas about children have led many social scientists to claim that childhood is a "social construction". They use this term to mean that understandings of childhood are not the same everywhere and that while all societies acknowledge that children are different from adults, how they are different and what expectations are placed on them, change according to the society in which they live.

5 Social anthropologists have shown this in their studies of peoples with very different understandings of the world to Western ones. Jean Briggs has worked with the Inuit of the Canadian Arctic and has described how, within these commUnit ies, growing up is largely seen as a process of acquiring thought, reason and understanding (known in Inuit as ihuma). Young children don't possess these qualities and are easily angered, cry frequently and are incapable of understanding the external difficulties facing the commUnit y, such as shortages of food. Because they can't be reasoned with, and don't understand, parents treat them with a great deal of tolerance and leniency. It's only when they are older and begin to acquire thought that parents attempt to teach them or discipline them.

6 In contrast, children on the Pacific island of Tonga, studied by Helen Morton, are regularly beaten by their parents and older siblings. They are seen as being closer to mad people than adults because they lack the highly prized quality of social competence (or poto as the Tongans call it). They are regularly told off for being 很少，他们生活的主要内容是玩耍而非工作，上学而非劳动，在家里呆着而不是和外界交往，消费而非生产。这种变化也是最近才显现出来的。一百年前，12 岁的孩子在工厂打工是完全可以接受的事情，而现在，这会招来社会服务机构的介入，其父母和工厂主会被起诉。

3.有两位美国作家，芭芭拉·埃伦里奇和迪尔德丽·英格利希，她们简要地概括了过去和现在人们对儿童的期待的差异。在比较美国现在的儿童和殖民地时期（1600–1776）的儿童时，她们写道：―今天，如果一个四岁的孩子能自己系鞋带就很了不起了。而在殖民地时期，四岁的女孩会织长筒袜和连指手套，能做复杂的刺绣，六岁就能纺毛线了。一个善良勤快的女孩被称为?夫人‘而不是?小姐‘，这是为了表彰她对家庭经济的贡献，严格说来她不是一个孩子了。

4.对儿童的看法不断变化着，这使得许多社会科学家宣称童年是一种―社会建构‖。他们用这个术语来说明不同的地区对童年的理解是不一样的，虽然所有社会都承认儿童与成年人有区别，至于他们之间有何不同，人们对儿童又有何期待，不同的社会给出了不一样的答案。

5.社会人类学家在研究那些跟西方国家持有不同世界观的民族时也表明了这个观点。琼·布里格斯研究过加拿大北极地区的伊努伊特人，她描述了在这些社会群落中成长是怎样大体上被看成是一个获得思想、理性和理解力（伊努伊特人称之为ihuma）的过程。小孩子不具备这些素质，所有才容易生气，常常会哭，无法理解群落所面临的诸如食物短缺之类的外在困难。由于无法跟他们讲理，即便讲了他们也不明白，父母对他们很宽容、很温和。一直要等到他们年龄大一点，并开始有自己的思想时，父母才会尝试着去管教他们，约束他们。

6.相反，根据海伦·莫顿的研究，太平洋岛国汤加的儿童经常挨父母和哥哥姐姐的打。人们认为儿童和成年人相比更像疯子，因为他们缺乏被大家看重的社会能力（汤加人称

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unit 6 The Last Leaf When Johnsy fell seriously ill, she seemed to lose the will to hang on to life. The doctor held out little hope for her. Her friends seemed helpless. Was there nothing to be done? 约翰西病情严重，她似乎失去了活下去的意志。医生对她不抱什么希望。朋友们看来也爱莫能助。难道真 的就无可奈何了吗？ 1 At the top of a three-story brick building, Sue and Johnsy had their studio. "Johnsy" was familiar for Joanna. One was from Maine; the other from California. They had met at a cafe on Eighth Street and found their tastes in art, chicory salad and bishop sleeves so much in tune that the joint studio resulted. 在一幢三层砖楼的顶层，苏和约翰西辟了个画室。“约翰西”是乔安娜的昵称。她们一位来自缅因州，一 位来自加利福尼亚。两人相遇在第八大街的一个咖啡馆，发现各自在艺术品味、菊苣色拉，以及灯笼袖等方面趣 味相投，于是就有了这个两人画室。 2 That was in May. In November a cold, unseen stranger, whom the doctors called Pneumonia, stalked about the district, touching one here and there with his icy fingers. Johnsy was among his victims. She lay, scarcely moving on her bed, looking through the small window at the blank side of the next brick house. 那是5月里的事。到了11月，一个医生称之为肺炎的阴森的隐形客闯入了这一地区，用它冰冷的手指东 碰西触。约翰西也为其所害。她病倒了，躺在床上几乎一动不动，只能隔着小窗望着隔壁砖房那单调沉闷的侧墙。 3 One morning the busy doctor invited Sue into the hallway with a bushy, gray eyebrow. 一天上午，忙碌的医生扬了扬灰白的浓眉，示意苏来到过道。 4 "She has one chance in ten," he said. "And that chance is for her to want to live. Your little lady has made up her mind that she's not going to get well. Has she anything on her mind? “她只有一成希望，”他说。“那还得看她自己是不是想活下去。你这位女朋友已经下决心不想好了。她有 什么心事吗？” 5 "She -- she wanted to paint the Bay of Naples some day," said Sue. “她――她想有一天能去画那不勒斯湾，”苏说。 6 "Paint? -- bosh! Has she anything on her mind worth thinking about twice -- a man, for instance?" “画画？――得了。她有没有别的事值得她留恋的――比如说，一个男人？” 7 "A man?" said Sue. "Is a man worth -- but, no, doctor; there is nothing of the kind." “男人？”苏说。“难道一个男人就值得――可是，她没有啊，大夫，没有这码子事。” 8 "Well," said the doctor. "I will do all that science can accomplish. But whenever my patient begins to count the carriages in her funeral procession I subtract 50 per cent from the curative power of medicines." After the doctor had gone Sue went into the workroom and cried. Then she marched into Johnsy's room with her drawing board, whistling a merry tune. “好吧，”大夫说。“我会尽一切努力，只要是科学能做到的。可是，但凡病人开始计算她出殡的行列里有 几辆马车的时候，我就要把医药的疗效减去一半。”大夫走后，苏去工作室哭了一场。随后她携着画板大步走进 约翰西的房间，口里吹着轻快的口哨。 9 Johnsy lay, scarcely making a movement under the bedclothes, with her face toward the window. She was looking out and counting -- counting backward. 约翰西躺在被子下几乎一动不动，脸朝着窗。她望着窗外，数着数――倒数着数！ 10 "Twelve," she said, and a little later "eleven"; and then "ten," and "nine"; and then "eight" and "seven," almost together. “12，”她数道，过了一会儿“11”，接着数“10”和“9”；再数“8”和“7”，几乎一口同时数下来。 11 Sue looked out of the window. What was there to count? There was only a bare, dreary yard to be seen, and the blank side of the brick house twenty feet away. An old, old ivy vine climbed half way up the brick wall. The cold breath of autumn had blown away its leaves, leaving it almost bare. 苏朝窗外望去。外面有什么好数的呢？外面只看到一个空荡荡的沉闷的院子，还有20英尺开外那砖房的侧墙，上面什么也没有。一棵古老的常青藤爬到半墙高。萧瑟秋风吹落了枝叶，藤上几乎光秃秃的。

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NUIT1 大学已经不再特别了 有这么一种说法：“要是你能记得20世纪60年代的任何事情，你就没有真正经历过那段岁月。”对于在大麻烟雾中度过大学时光的那些人，这话可能是真的。但是，20世纪60年代有一件事人人都记得，那就是：上大学是你一生中最激动人心、最刺激的经历。 20世纪60年代，加州的高校把本州变成了世界第七大经济实体。然而，加州大学的主校园伯克利分校也以学生示威、罢课以及激进的政治氛围而著名。1966年，罗纳德?里根竞选加州州长，他问加州是否允许“一所伟大的大学被喧闹的、唱反调的少数人征服。”自由派人士回答说，大学之所以伟大正是因为它们有能力容忍喧闹的、唱反调的少数人。 在欧洲的大学校园里，大学生以新的姿态和激情投入到争取自由和正义的事业中去，大规模的社会主义或共产主义运动引发了他们与当权者之间日益升级的暴力冲突。许多抗议是针对越南战争的。可是在法国，巴黎大学的学生与工会联盟，发动了一场大罢工，最终导致戴高乐总统辞职。 20世纪60年代大学生活的特点并不仅仅是激进的行动。不论在什么地方，上大学都意味着你初次品尝真正自由的滋味，初次品尝深更半夜在宿舍或学生活动室里讨论人生意义的滋味。你往往得上了大学才能阅读你的第一本禁书，看你的第一部独立影人电影，或者找到和你一样痴迷吉米?亨德里克斯或兰尼?布鲁斯的志同道合者。那是一段难以想象的自由时光，你一生中最无拘无束的时光。 可如今那份激情哪儿去了？大学怎么了？现在，政治、社会和创造意识的觉醒似乎不是凭借大学的助力，而是冲破其阻力才发生的。当然，一点不假，高等教育仍然重要。例如，在英国，布莱尔首相几乎实现了到2010年让50％的30岁以下的人上大学的目标（即使愤世嫉俗的人会说，这是要把他们排除在失业统计数据之外）。不过，大学教育已不再是全民重视的话题了。如今，大学被视为人们急于逃离的一种小城镇。有些人辍学，但大多数已经有些麻木，还是坚持混到毕业，因为离开学校实在是太费事了。 没有了20世纪60年代大学生所发现的令人头脑发热的自由气氛，如今的大学生要严肃得多。英国文化协会最近做了一项调查，研究外国留学生在决定上哪所大学时所考虑的因素。这些因素从高到低依次是：课程质量、就业前景、学费负担、人身安全问题、生活方式，以及各种便利。大学已变成实现目的的手段，是在就业市场上增加就业几率的一个机会，上大学本身不再是目的，不再是给你提供一个机会，让你暂时想象一下：你能够改变世界。 童年与大学之间的距离已缩小了，大学与现实世界之间的距离也缩小了。其中的一个原因可能和经济有关。在一个没有保障的世界里，现在的许多孩子依赖父母资助的时间比以前的孩子更长。21世纪的学生大学毕业后根本无法自立门户，因为那太昂贵了。另一个可能的原因是通讯革命。儿子或女儿每学期往家里打一两回电话的日子一去不复返了。如今，大学生通过手机与父母保持着脐带式联系。至于寻找痴迷无名文学或音乐的同道好友，没问题，我们有互联网和聊天室来帮助我们做到这一点。

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