2019考研英语(一)真题阅读理解详细解析(完整版)(解析版)

第1段:英国对其高管推行新规定，鼓励“长期效益主义”；

第2段~4段：短期效益主义；（短期效益占主流、短期效益主义的弊端、美国短期效益占主导地位）

第5~6段：列举美法推行“长期效益主义”的措施；

第7段：英国新规定提醒银行高管重视“长期效益”；（【兔子考研】微信公众号）

1,one motive in imposing is the_________.

22.Alfred Marshall is quoted to

23.It is argued that the influence be__________.

24.The US and France examples are used to illustrate____________.

25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

由楼上题干分析可知，此篇文章围绕长期效益和短期效益展开论述。

?Financial regulations in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks.?Starting next year,any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed10years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing.?The main purpose of this“clawback”rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institution.?Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit:more long term decision-making not only by

economy for future generations.

have（强调新规其不同寻常）on the bosses of big banks.?Starting next（高管的保

证金）of top if their banks are

under investigation for?

主要目的和次要目的）of this“clawback”rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful

risk-taking and to restore.（转

折之后为重点，重点往往是考点）officials also hope for a much larger

点）more long term decision-making not only by banks but by all corporations,to build a stronger economy for future generations.（【兔子考研】微信公众号）

翻译：?英国的金融法规对大银行的老板实施了一项不寻常的规定。?从明年开始，如果银行因不当行为受到调查，高管的任何保证奖金都可能被推迟10年。?这一“收回”规则的主要目的是让银行家对有害的冒险行为负责，并恢复公众对金融机构的信任。?然而，官员们也希望获得更大的好处：不仅是银行，所有的公司都要做出更长远的决策，以及为子孙后代建设经济更强健的经济。

?英国金融机构针对银行高管出台新规；?新规的内容；?=?新规的目的；

?“Short-termism”or the desire for quick profits,has worsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of England’s top economist.Andrew Haldane.?He quotes a giant of classical economies,Alfred Marshall,in describing this financial impatience as acting like“Children who

pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once”rather than putting them aside to be eaten

期主义的目的）,has in publicly traded companies,says the Bank of England’s top（例子用来说明?，考场例子看不懂

就不要看了）Alfred Marshall,in describing this financial impatience as acting like“Children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once”rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.（【兔子考研】微信公众号）

翻译：?英格兰银行首席经济学家安德鲁·霍尔丹称，“短期主义”或者说是对迅速获利的渴望，在公开上市交易的公司中已经加剧。?他引用古典经济学巨匠阿尔弗雷德·马歇尔(Alfred Marshall)的话，形容这种金融上的不耐烦就像“从布丁里把葡萄干拣出马上吃掉的孩子”一样行事，而非先把葡萄干放到一边，留到最后再吃。

?上市公司中短期主义加剧；?引用例子，阐明短期主义思维；（【兔子考研】微信公众号）

?The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain,he notes,has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades.?Transient investors,who demand high quarterly profits from companies,can hinder a firm’s efforts to invest in long-term research

dubbed“quarterly capitalism”.

the United States and Britain,he notes,has

in recent decades.

,

from companies,can a firm’s efforts to invest in

（长期研究）or to.?This has been dubbed“quarterly capitalism”.

翻译：?他指出，最近几十年，无论是在美国还是英国，持有一只股票的平均时间都从七年下降到了七个月。?那些要求公司获得高额季度利润的短暂投资者可能会阻碍公司投资长期研究或建立客户忠诚度的努力。?这被称为“季度资本主义”。

?投资者平均持股的时间锐减；?短暂投资者的不好（阻碍公司投资长期研究或建立客户忠诚度的努力）?这被称为“季度资本主义”。（【兔子考研】微信公众号）

?In addition,new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities,quicker use of information,and thus shortens attention spans in financial markers.?“There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,”said Commissioner

Commission in speech this week.

,new digital technologies have allowed

more rapid trading of use of information,shortens attention spans in

financial markers.?是作者批判的）be a predominance

of short-term thinking短期思维占主导是以长期投资为代

价的）,”said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in speech this week.

翻译：?此外，新的数字技术使股票交易更加迅速，信息使用更加迅速，从而缩短了对金融指标的关注时间。?美国证券交易委员会(sec)专员丹尼尔?加拉格尔(Daniel Gallagher)在本周的一次演讲中表示:“短期思维似乎占据了主导地位，而长期投资则受到了损害。”

?加重投资者短期思维的因素：数字技术；?短期思维占主导是以长期投资为代价的；

?In the US,the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of2002has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year,slightly helping reduce

“short-termism.”?In its latest survey of CEO pay,The Wall Street Journal finds that“a

performance.（【兔子考研】微信公众号）

of2002has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a（法案

是有成效的）“short-termism.”?In its latest survey of CEO pay,The Wall Street Journal finds

that“a substantial part”of executive pay now相比过去past是重点）tied to performance.

翻译：?在美国，2002年通过的《萨班斯-奥克斯利法》(Sarbanes-Oxley Act)已迫使多数上市公司将高管绩效奖金推迟一年左右，这在一定程度上有助于削弱“短期主义”。?《华尔街日报》在对CEO薪酬的最新调查中发现，高管薪酬的“很大一部分”与业绩挂钩。

?介绍法案，并肯定其成效；?最新调查发现证实法案成效；

?Much more could be done to encourage“long-termism,”such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions.?In France,shareholders who hold onto a company

earn more voting rights in a company.

“long-termism,”举例不重要）changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock onto a company

investment for at least two years can sometimes

权）in a company.

翻译：?在鼓励“长期主义”方面，可以做得更多，比如修改税法和加快股票收购的披露。?在法国，持有公司投资至少两年的股东有时可以在公司获得更多表决权。

?鼓励长期主义，对长期主义的积极肯定；?介绍法国做法，增加长期投资者的表决权；

?Within companies,the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders.?Britain’s new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance,not just for the short term but

?Within can provide

for to think beyond their own time at the

company and on behalf of all stakeholders.?Britain’s new相比past是重点）rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance,not just for the short term but for the long term.

翻译：?在公司内部，合理的薪酬设计可以激励高管们超越自己在公司的时间，代表所有利益相关者进行思考。?英国的新规定提醒银行家们，他们的表现与社会利害相关，不仅是短期的，而且是长期的。（【兔子考研】微信公众号）

?突出合理设计高管薪酬有利于公司长远发展；?具备长期思维，关注社会的发展；

in imposing the new rule is the_________.

A.enhance banker’s sense of responsibility增强银行家的责任感

B.help corporations achieve larger profits帮助企业获得更大的利润

C.build a new system of financial regulation建立新的金融监管体系

【选项】（实施新规则的一个动机是保证高层管理人员的奖金）（错在：guarantee）（反向干扰）

A.the conditions for generating quick profits创造快速利润的条件

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/d53979418.html,ernments’impatience in decision-making政府在决策中的不耐烦

C.the solid structure of publicly traded companie s公开上市公司的坚实架构

investment on public companies can be__________.

A.Indirect间接的

B.Adverse不利的

C.Minimal极小的

to illustrate____________.

A.the obstacles to preventing“short-termism”.预防“短期主义”的障碍

B.the significance of long-term thinking.长期思维的重要性

C.the approaches to promoting“long-termism”.促进“长期主义”的途径

best title for the text?

A.Failure of Quarterly Capitalism季度资本主义的失败

B.Patience as a Corporate Virtue耐心是公司的美德

C.Decisiveness Required of Top Executives高层管理人员需要果断

第1段:通过分数膨胀现象引出高校的成绩宽容政策；

第2段：介绍成绩宽容政策；

第3~5段：成绩宽容政策实施的原因；

第6段：成绩宽容政策的实质；

27.What was the original

28.According to Paragraph enable colleges to_________.

29.What does the phrase“to be probably mean?

30.The author examines the practice by________.

由楼上题干分析可知，此篇文章都在围绕成绩宽容政策展开论述，文章核心关键词是

一定要学会串线哦！

?Grade inflation--the gradual increase in average GPAs(grade-point averages)over the past few decades—is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education,in which students are treated like customers to be pleased.?But another,related force—a policy often buried deep

helping raise GPAs.

释说明）the gradual increase in average GPAs(grade-point averages)（表明这种趋势逐渐

上升）the past few decades—is（经常,突显对高等教育而言，分数膨胀是学生所追求的目标）considered a product of a consumer era in higher education,in which students are treated

like customers to be

足感；消费者对商品的喜爱从而影响到了对分数的膨胀追求）.

another突显除了grade inflation之外还有grade forgiveness助长GPAs）,related

force—a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called“grade forgiveness”—is helping raise GPAs.

翻译：?分数膨胀——过去几十年平均绩点(GPA)的逐渐上升——通常被认为是高等教育进入消费时代的产物，在这个时代，学生被当作顾客来对待，以获得满足。?但另一个相关的力量——通常深藏于课程目录中被称为“成绩宽容”的政策——也在助推GPAS的提高。

?引出分数膨胀现象（显性因素）；?强调成绩宽容政策（隐性因素）；

?Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade,and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student’s

students（重修，突显此政策是如何实施的）a course in which they received a low grade,and the most recent grade or the highest grade is GPA计算的唯一方式）one that counts in calculating a student’s

overall GPA.

翻译：?“成绩宽容”政策允许学生重修一门分数较低的课程，而在计算总GPA时只计入最近或分数最高的一次成绩。

?介绍大学“成绩宽容”政策的具体内容。

?The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years,as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school(and paying tuition)and improve their graduation rates.?When this practice first started decades ago,it was usually limited to freshmen,to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses.?But now most colleges，save for many selective campuses,allow all undergraduates,

forgiven.（【兔子考研】微信公众号）

2段政策已经得到了广泛的应

用）“成绩宽容”政策的肯定）in recent years,as colleges continue to do their

utmost to keep students in school(and paying学校做

的目的在于提高毕业率）?When this past （过去））started decades ago,it was to freshmen,to give them a second take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to

?；通常不限制于

now相比past是重点）most colleges，save for many selective campuses,allow all undergraduates,and even graduate students,to get their low grades forgiven.

翻译：?近年来，这种鲜为人知的做法得到了加速推进，因为大学继续尽最大努力让学生留在学校(并支付学费)，提高他们的毕业率。?几十年前，当这种做法第一次实行时，通常仅限于大一新生，为的是在其向大学水平课程艰难过渡的过程中给予他们一次在第一学期重修课程的机会。?但是现在，除了许多知名院校外，大多数大学允许所有本科生,甚至研究生

?概述政策流行的直接原因：高校追逐学生毕业率；?回顾政策（政策只为大一新生准备）

now（政策适用于大部分学生）

?College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty.?“ultimately,”said Jack Miner,Ohio State University’s registrar,“we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do

that allows them to graduate on time.”

the goal of grade forgiveness is

（表否定，消极否定）about the grade itself encouraging

to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation

（免于收到严重处罚）?“ultimately,”said Jack Miner（引入例子用来论证?，兔子

提醒，在考场时候这句就不要去看了）,Ohio State University’s registrar,“we see students achieve more success they retake a course and do better in subsequent

course or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.”

翻译：?大学管理人员倾向于强调，成绩宽容政策的目标不在于分数本身，而在于鼓励学生重修那些对他们的学位和毕业至关重要的课程，而免于受到严重处分。?“最终，”俄亥俄州立大学教务主任杰克·米纳(Jack Miner)说，“我们看到学生取得了更大的成功，因为他们重修了一门课，在随后的课程中表现得更好，或者掌握了能让他们按时毕业的内容。”

?鼓励学生重修有关学位的一些关键课程；?引入例子用来论证?；

?That said,there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges’own needs as well.?For public institutions,state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention—so better grades can,by boosting figures like those,mean more money.?And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students—who,at the end of the day,are paying the bill—feel they’ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars,which is

?That said,there is a way in which grade forgiveness

colleges’own needs as well.?For public institutions,state

（成绩宽容政策如何满足大学需要）their success on metrics

and better grades can,by boosting figures like those,mean more money.

?And另一方面=?）raises GPAs will likely make students—who,at the end of the day,are paying the（对成绩宽容政策的肯定）for

their tuition dollars,which is for colleges.

?也就是说，成绩宽容政策也以某种方式满足了大学自身的需要。?对公共机构来说，州政府拨款有时部分取决于其在毕业率、学生保留率等指标上的成功——因此成绩越好，就越能提高这些数据信息，从而意味着带来更多拨款。?任何提高平均绩点（GPA）的举措都有可能让学生们觉得他们花在学费上的钱花得更值，而这也是大学关心的另一个重要问题。

?成绩宽容政策在于满足大学自身需要；?成绩宽容政策如何满足大学需要：有助于获得更多的政府拨款；?成绩宽容政策如何满足大学需要：提高学生满意度，确保重要的收入来源。

?Indeed,grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers’expectations for higher education.?Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead a job,it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible—or

incentives seem to be aligned.

that universities are responding to consumers’expectations for higher

（学生和家长的期望）a college degree to lead a job,it is

学校利益的做法）to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible—or at least appear to be.

?On this,students’and colleges’incentives be aligned.

翻译：?事实上，成绩宽容政策只是大学回应消费者对高等教育期望的另一种方式。?既然学生和家长都期望大学学位能带来一份工作，那么产出尽可能合格的毕业生——或者至少看起来是合格的毕业生，就是最符合学校利益的做法。?在这一点上，学生和大学的动机似乎是一致的。

?成绩宽容政策的实质（目的在于满足学生）?阐释?所述实质；?总结现象所说明的原因；

cause of grade inflation?

A.The change of course catalogs.课程目录的变更

B.Students’indifference to GPAs.学生对GPA的漠视

C.Colleges’neglect of GPAs.大学对GPA的忽视

forgiveness?

A.To help freshmen adapt to college learning.帮助新生适应大学学习。

B.To maintain colleges’graduation rates.保持大学毕业率

C.To prepare graduates for a challenging future.为毕业生迎接充满挑战的未来做好准备。

enable colleges to_________.

A.obtain more financial support获得更多财政支持

B.boost their student enrollments提高学生入学人数

C.improve their teaching quality提高教学质量

容政策的肯定）colleges’own needs as well.（原文：成绩宽容政策可以满足大学自身的需求）（选项：成绩宽容政策满足地方政府需求）（错在：local governments’）

5,Para.6)most probably mean?

A.To counterbalance each other.互相抗衡

B.To complement each other.彼此互补

C.To be identical with each other.彼此相同

grade forgiveness by________.

A.assessing its feasibility评估其可行性

B.analyzing the causes behind it分析其背后的原因

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/d53979418.html,paring different views on it比较对其不同的观点

第1段:通过玛丽.雪莱的作品引出“新技术所引发的道德问题”这一话题；

第2段~4段：人工智能所引起的根本问题及其发展现状；

第5段：人工智能引发的道德问题；

第6段~8段：人工智能所引发的道德问题进行应对之策；

第9段：确保智能机器的思维反映人类的最高价值观；

32.In David Eagleman’s

33.The solution to the ethical issues brought by

34.The author’s attitude toward is one of

35.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

由楼上题干分析可知，本文围绕人工智能与道德问题展开论述；（【兔子考研】微信公众号）

?This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of Frankenstein;or,The Modern Prometheus,by Mary Shelley.?Even before the invention of the electric light bulb,the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions

?This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of Frankenstein;or,

（开头例子，例子的作用是用来引出主题。例子看不懂没关系，

例子所引出的主题是文章的重点）?Even before the invention of the electric light bulb,·雪莱；?produced a remarkable work of speculative

fiction that would foreshadow（引出文章论题：伦理问题）to be raised by yet to come.

翻译：?今年是玛丽·雪莱的著作《弗兰肯斯坦—现代普罗米修斯》出版整整两百周年。?甚至在电灯发明之前，作者就创作了一部引人注目的推理小说，预示着未来技术将引发的诸多伦理问题。

?开头例子（热点事件）用来引出文章论题；?文章论题；

?Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence(AI)raises fundamental questions:”What is

makes humans humans?”

growth of

冒号之后是重点）”What is intelligence,identity,or consciousness?

What makes humans humans?”

翻译：?今天，人工智能的迅速发展引发了一些根本性问题：“什么是智力、身份或意识？”什么使人类成为人类？

?AI技术引发人何为人，人如何区别于AI等根本性问题；

?What is being called artificial general intelligence,machines that would imitate the way humans think,continues to evade scientists.?Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look,move,and respond like humans,similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi

人工智能）,machines that

,continues

类的掌控）scientists.humans remain

by the idea of robots that would（人类沉迷人工智

能的原因）like humans,similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as“Westworld”and“Humans”.

翻译：?所谓的人工智能，即能够模仿人类思维方式的机器，在不断摆脱科学家的控制。

?然而，人类仍然着迷于机器人能够像人类一样观察、行动和反应这样的想法，类似于最近热门科幻电视连续剧《西部世界》(Westworld)和《人类》(humans)中所描述的机器人那样。

?人工智能的遥不可及；?人类对人工智能的沉迷；

?Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood,let alone reproduced,says David Eagleman,a Stanford University neuroscientist.?“We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine

to be

understood,Stanford University neuroscientist.?

类思维无法复制）explaining说明人类意识无法复制）actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”

翻译：?斯坦福大学(Stanford University)的神经学家大卫?伊格曼(David Eagleman)表示，人们的思维方式仍然过于复杂，令人难以理解，更不用说复制了。?“我们现在所处的情况是，没有好的理论来解释意识究竟是什么，以及如何才能制造出一台复制人类意识的机器呢。”

?间接论证（人工智能无法复制人类思维方式）?直接论证（人工智能无法复制人类思维方式）；

?But that doesn’t mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren’t at hand.?The coming use of autonomous vehicles,for example,poses thorny ethical questions.?Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions.?Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes,input from past driving experiences,and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment.?AI“vision”today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans.?And to anticipate

programming problem.

issues involving AI aren’t at hand.?The coming use of autonomous vehicles,

,poses thorny ethical sometimes

must make split-second decisions.?Their reactions may be a（人类司机意识很复杂）of instant reflexes,input from past driving experiences,and what their eyes and ears

moment.?AI今天相比past是重

and表示=?）

to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is

能比不上人类）.

翻译：?但这并不意味着涉及人工智能的关键伦理问题不会出现在我们身边。?例如，即将投入使用的自动驾驶汽车就引发了棘手的道德问题。?人类司机有时必须在瞬间做出决定。?他们的反应可能是一个复杂的组合，包括瞬间的反应、过去驾驶经验的输入，以及他们的眼睛和耳朵在那一刻告诉他们什么。?今天的人工智能“想象力”远不如人类的复杂。?预测每一种可能的驾驶情况是一个困难的编程问题。

?主旨句：当前AI技术已经引发关键性伦理问题；?????分析（自动驾驶汽车）和（人类驾驶员）的本质区别。

?Whenever decisions are based on masses of data,“you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions,”notes Tan Kiat How,chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI.?Along with Singapore,other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines.?Britain is

ethics strategy this spring.

许多道德问题）,“you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions,”notes（例子：

新加坡做法）chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is the

for the ethical use of AI.逻辑=?）

政府效仿新加坡做法）and mega-corporations are their own guidelines.is setting up a data ethics

center.released its AI ethics strategy this spring.

翻译：?当决策基于大量数据时，“你很快就会陷入许多道德问题，”总部位于新加坡的一家机构的首席执行官陈杰豪(Tan Kiat How)指出。该机构正在帮助政府开发一套自愿行为准则，以合乎道德地应用人工智能。?与新加坡一样，其他（国家）政府和大型企业也开始制定自己的准则。?英国正在建立一个数据伦理中心。?印度在今年春天发布了其人工智能伦理战略。（【兔子考研】微信公众号）

?介绍新加坡做法；?概述其他国家及企业做法；??英国和印度做法；

?On June7Google pledged not to“design or deploy AI”that would cause“overall harm,”or to develop AI-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that would violate international norms.?It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.

（突显谷歌承诺）not to“design or

,”or to

AI that would

violate international norms.?=?，考场看懂其中一句即可，感情色彩都是一模一样）pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.

翻译：?6月7日，谷歌承诺不会“设计和部署”会造成“全面伤害”的人工智能，也不会研发人工智能制导武器，或使用人工智能进行违反国际准则的监视活动。?谷歌还承诺不会部署违反国际法或侵犯人权的人工智能。

??以谷歌为例说明企业做法；

?While the statement is vague,it represents one starting point.?So does the idea that decisions

and fair.

is,（但是之后为积

.?So does the idea that decisions made by AI

systems explainable,transparent,and fair.

翻译?虽然声明含糊不清，但它代表了一个起点。?因此，人工智能系统做出的决策应该是可解释的、透明的和公平的，这一理念也是如此。

?肯定谷歌声明；?肯定政府行为；

?To put it another way:How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity’s highest values??Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein’s

How can we make sure that the thinking of

intelligent AI反映人类最高价值）??Only then will they（使其AI真正有益于人类）and not Frankenstein’s

out-of-control monster.

翻译：?换句话说:我们如何才能确保智能机器的思维能够反映出人类的最高价值??只有到那时，他们才会成为有用的仆人，而不是弗兰肯斯坦失控的怪物。

?确保AI反映人类最高价值；?使其AI真正有益于人类；（【兔子考研】微信公众号）

is mentioned because it

A.fascinates AI scientists all over the world.吸引了世界各地的人工智能科学家

B.has remained popular for as long as200years.已经流行了200年之久

C.involves some concerns raised by AI today.涉及一些由如今的人工智能所引起的问题

2015考研英语阅读理解精读P18—医学

2015考研英语阅读理解精读P18—医学 Passage 18(Doctor-assisted Suicide：Is It Ever an Option?) Should doctor-assisted suicide ever be a legal option? It involves the extreme measure of taking the life of a terminally ill patient when the patient is in extreme pain and the chances for recovery appear to be none.Those who argue against assisted suicide do so by considering the roles of the patient，the doctor，and nature in these situations. Should the patient take an active role in assisted suicide? When a patient is terminally ill and in great pain，those who oppose assisted suicide say that it should not be up to that patient to decide what his or her fate will be.There are greater powers at work that determine when a person dies，for example，nature.Neither science nor personal preference should take precedence over these larger forces. What role should the doctor have? Doctors，when taking the Hippocratic oath，swear to preserve life at all costs，and it is their ethical and legal duty to follow both the spirit and the letter of this oath.It is their responsibilities to heal the sick，and in the cases when healing is not possible，then the doctor is obliged to make the dying person comfortable.Doctors are trained never to hasten death.Those who oppose assisted suicide believe that doctors who do help terminally ill patients die are committing a crime，and they should be dealt with accordingly.Doctors are also，by virtue of their humanness，capable of making mistakes.Doctors could quite possibly say，for instance，that a cancer patient was terminal，and then the illness could later turn out not to be so serious.There is always an element of doubt concerning the future outcome of human affairs. The third perspective to consider when thinking about assisted suicide is the role of nature.Life is precious.Many people believe that it is not up to human beings to decide when to end their own or another’s life.Only nature determines when it is the right time for a person to die.To assist someone in suicide is not only to break criminal laws，but to break divine 1aws as well. These general concerns of those who oppose assisted suicide are valid in certain contexts of the assisted suicide question.For instance，patients cannot always be certain of their medical conditions.Pain clouds judgment，and so the patient should not be the sole arbiter of her or his own destiny.Patients do not usually choose the course of their medical treatment，so they shouldn’t be held completely responsible for decisions related to it.Doctors are also fallible，and it is understandable that they would not want to make the final decision about when death should occur.Since doctors are trained to prolong life，they usually do not elect to take it by prescribing assisted suicide. I believe that blindly opposing assisted suicide does no one a service.If someone is dying of

考研英语阅读理解模拟试题及答案(三)

考研英语阅读理解模拟试题及答案(三) Passage 11 Dream is a story that a personwatchesor even takes part in during sleep. Dream events are imaginary, but they are related to real experiences and needs in the dreamer's life. They seem real while they are taking place. Some dreams are pleasant, others are annoying, and still others are frightening. Everyone dreams, but some persons never recall dreaming. Others remember only a little about a dream they had just before awakening and nothing about earlier dreams. No one recalls all his dreams. Dreams involve little logical thought. In most dreams, the dreamer cannot control what happens to him. The story may be confusing, and things happen that would not happen in real life. People see in most dreams, but they may also hear, smell, touch, and taste in their dreams. Most dreams occur in color. but persons who have been blind since birth do not see at all in dreams. Dreams are a product of the sleeper's mind. They

2019考研英语一真题翻译参考答案及解析

2019考研英语一真题翻译参考答案及解析 考研历年真题一定要用好，研究好。结合大纲和真题来选择辅导用书是最明智的。本文带大家回顾2019考研英语一真题翻译参考答案及解析： Part C Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realised just how bad much of the medical literature frequently was. I came to recognise various signs of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia. (46) There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms. Why is so much bad science published? A recent paper, titled “The Natural Selection of Bad Science”, published on the Royal Society’s open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. It says that the problem is not merely that people do bad science, but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it. What is important is not truth, but publication, which has become almost an end in itself. There has been a kind of inflationary process at work: (47) nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago. Never mind the quality, then, count the number. (48) Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example, by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity int o the assessment of an applicant’s papers. This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature, the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account. (49) This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours. Boiling down an individual’s o utput to simple metrics, such as number of publications or journal impacts, entails considerable savings in time, energy and ambiguity. Unfortunately, the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great. (50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science. 46-50参考答案及解析：

考研英语阅读理解精读100篇之经济类

考研英语阅读理解精读100篇之经济类

考研英语阅读理解精读100篇之经济类 unit1 unit1 Some of the concerns surrounding Turkey’s application to join the European Union, to be voted on by the EU’s Council of Ministers on December 17th, are economic-in particular, the country’s relative poverty. Its GDP per head is less than a third of the average for the 15 pre-2004 members of the EU. But it is not far off that of one of the ten new members which joined on May 1st 2004 (Latvia), and it is much the same as those of two countries, Bulgaria and Romania, which this week concluded accession talks with the EU that could make them full members on January 1st 2007. Furthermore, the country’s recent economic progress has been, according to Donald Johnston, the secretary-general of the OECD, "stunning". GDP in the second quarter of the year was 13.4% higher than a year earlier, a rate of growth that no EU country comes close to matching. Turkey’s inflation rate has just fallen into single figures for the first time since 1972, and this week the country reached agreement with the IMF on a new three-year, $10 billion economic programme that will, according to the IMF’s managing director, Rodrigo Rato, "help Turkey... reduce inflation toward European levels, and enhance the economy’s resilience". Resilienc e has not historically been the country’s economic strong point. As recently as 2001, GDP fell by over 7%. It fell by more than 5% in 1994, and by

2016考研英语：历年真题阅读理解题型分类汇总

备考研究生的同学都知道，考研英语阅读理解在试卷中所占的分值比重是最大的，是需要花时间和精力重点突破的一个专项。其从题型分类的角度，涉及到细节题，主旨大意题，推断题，词(句)义判断题，例证题，态度题。每种题型都有相应的解题方法，比如细节题，需要通过题干中的关键词回到文章中定位，重点理解定位信息句，通过比对选项把错误选项排除掉。主旨大意题需要把握文章的首尾段以及高频出现的词，还需要重点关注一些表示观点的词，比如 ，argue, deem, consider, assume等后面的信息，综合把握文章的核心。例证题需要找到例子所在的出处，在例子周围寻找观点性的内容。 在了解了每一种题型的解题方法后，各位考生就需要有针对性地进行练习强化。鉴于此，老师将考研英语历年真题阅读理解按题型分类汇总如下： (一)细节题： 具体信息： 2003年 41题，45题，47题，49题，51题，55题 2004年 42题，54题，56题，58题，59题 2005年 27题，29题，33题，35题，36题，39题 2006年 22题，28题，29题， 2007年 26题，31题，32题，37题，39题 2008年 22题，29题，32题，33题 2009年 26题，27题，29题，32题，33题，35题，38题; 2010年 21题，26题，35题，37题，39题 2011年 26题，27题，31题，32题，33题，39题， (二)主旨题： 2002年 45题; 2004年 55题; 2007年 25题; 2008年 25题;26题;30题;35题 2009年 30题; 2010年 25题;30题 2011年 30题;35题 (三)推理题 1. 段落推理 2003年 53题; 2004年 48题; 2005年25题; 2006年39题; 2. 细节推理 2003年50题;56题 2004年57题; 2006年32题; 2007年27题; 2008年34题;38题 3. 全文推理 2009年 40题 (四)词(句)义题： 2003年 43题;54题 2004年 43题;50题，52题;53题 2005年 28题;37题 2006年 33题;21题 2007年 22题 2008年 24题; 2009年 23题; 2010年 28题;31题 (五)推理题： 2003年 44题;50题;53题 2004年 47题;57题; 2005年 25题

2019考研英语阅读真题答案及解析

考研英语（二）阅读真题答案及解析() 来源：文都教育 考研英语(二)阅读真题是应对气候变化的文章，文都教育的英语老师就考研英语(二)阅读第二篇给大家做了解析，为了方便核对，我们将选项内容也对应给出。 阅读理解答案 26.[] 27.[] 28.[] 29.[] 30.[] 解析： 31.根据题干“ ,” .定位到原文第一段第一句，但是我们发现第一段只提到了，而没有给出指什么，也就是没有给出本题的答案，因此我们需要看第一句后面的句子。第一句是中心句，后面的句子是对第一句进行阐述，根据后面的句子的阐述，我们可知尽管我们人类依靠森林来吸收大量的二氧化碳，但是我们造成的气候变化将会使我们的森林最终会释放的碳比吸收的碳还要多。也就是选项所说的森林可能会成为潜在的威胁。因此答案为选项。 32.根据题干“ ,” .定位到原文第二段第二句“ ” . 其中后面的内容就是题干问的内容。原文说为了使森林成为有价值的长期的碳汇，可能需要减少他们现在吸收碳的能力。浏览选项发现选项降低他们现在的碳吸收能力和原文一致，因此选项是正确选项。 33.根据题干’ .定位到原文三段第一句’ .该句大意为森林碳计划的目的是大力减少小树并在森林的部分地方除掉灌木丛。选项为减少他的森林的密度，因此选项是正确选项。 34.根据题干’ ?定位到原文第五段第二句’ , , . 第二句中的. 含义为：重要的是要优先考虑火灾和干旱风险大的地区，选项意为首先处理处于有严重危险的地方，因此答案为选项。

35.题干为’ ’ .原文最后一句’ , , .指出加利福尼亚的计划应该会起到模范作用，由此可知作者对加利福尼亚州计划的态度是支持的。浏览选项可知选项支持为正确答案。 以上就是文都教育考研高端的老师为各位考生带来的考研英语(二)阅读的答案解析，文都教育考研高端的英语老师预祝大家考上理想的学校！

2009考研英语阅读理解精读100篇(2)

TEXT 2 He emerged, all of a sudden, in 1957: the most explosive new poetic talent of the English post-war era. Poetry specialised, at that moment, in the wry chronicling of the everyday. The poetry of Yorkshire-born Ted Hughes, first published in a book called “The Hawk in the Rain” when he was 27, was unlike anything written by his immediate predecessors. Driven by an almost Jacobean rhetoric, it had a visionary fervour. Its most eye-catching characteristic was Hughes's ability to get beneath the skins of animals: foxes, otters, pigs. These animals were the real thing all right, but they were also armorial devices—symbols of the countryside and lifeblood of the earth in which they were rooted. It gave his work a raw, primal stink. It was not only England that thought so either. Hughes's book was also published in America, where it won the Galbraith prize, a major literary award. But then, in 1963, Sylvia Plath, a young American poet whom he had first met at Cambridge University in 1956, and who became his wife in the summer of that year, committed suicide. Hughes was vilified for long after that, especially by feminists in America. In 1998, the year he died, Hughes broke his own self-imposed public silence about their relationship in a book of loose-weave poe ms called “Birthday Letters”.In this new and exhilarating collection of real letters, Hughes returns to the issue of his first wife's death, which he calls his “big and unmanageable event”. He felt his talent muffled by the perpetual eavesdropping upon his every move. Not until he decided to publish his own account of their relationship did the burden begin to lighten. The analysis is raw, pained and ruthlessly self-aware. For all the moral torment, the writing itself has the same rush and vigour that possessed Hughes's early poetry.

2020考研英语一大纲原文

全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一) 考试大纲 ( 非英语专业 )(2020年版) I.考试性质 英语 ( 一 ) 考试是为高等学校和科研院所招收硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的全国 统一入学考试科目，其目的是科学、公平、有效地测试考生对英语语言的运用能力，评价的 标准是高等学校非英语专业本科毕业生所能达到的及格或及格以上水平，以保证被录取者具有一定的英语水平，并有利于各高等学校和科研院所在专业上择优选拔。 II.考查目标 考生应掌握下列语言知识和技能： ( 一) 语言知识 1.语法知识 考生应能熟练地运用基本的语法知识。 本大纲没有专门列出对语法知识的具体要求，其目的是鼓励考生用听、说、读、写的实践代替单纯的语法知识学习，以求考生在交际中能更准确、自如地运用语法知识。 2. 词汇 考生应能掌握5500 左右的词汇以及相关附表中的内容( 详见附录1、 2) 。 除掌握词汇的基本含义外，考生还应掌握词汇之间的词义关系，如同义词、近义词、反 义词等 ; 掌握词汇之间的搭配关系，如动词与介词、形容词与介词、形容词与名词等 ; 掌握词汇生成的基本知识，如词源、词根、词缀等。 英语语言的演化是一个世界范围内的动态发展过程，它受到科技发展和社会进步的影响。这意味着需要对本大纲词汇表不断进行研究和定期的修订。 此外，全国硕士研究生入学英语统一考试是为非英语专业考生设置的。考虑到交际的需要， 考生还应自行掌握与本人工作或专业相关的词汇，以及涉及个人好恶、生活习惯和宗教信仰等方面的词汇。 ( 二) 语言技能 1.阅读 考生应能读懂选自各类书籍和报刊的不同类型的文字材料( 生词量不超过所读材料总词汇量的 3%)，还应能读懂与本人学习或工作有关的文献资料、技术说明和产品介绍等。对所 选材料，考生应能： 1)理解主旨要义 ; 2)理解文中的具体信息 ; 3)理解文中的概念性含义 ;

2019考研英语阅读理解常考题型总结

2019考研英语阅读理解常见题型总结 来源：智阅网 考研英语阅读理解虽然难度不小，但是还是有规律可循。掌握好了规律，可以有效提高我们的复习效率和复习成绩。所以，就来说说阅读理解的常见题型有哪些。 1.主旨大意题。 这类题实质考察考生对中心思想的理解，难度不高，具体应对技巧如下： A.关注各段落首句，尤其是第一段首句，这与西方人思维相关，他们习惯开门见山表达出自己的观点，然后广泛引用材料去论述。因此，一般而言首段的首句构成文章的中心句，而各段的首句构成各段的中心。 B.关注首段末句。有些作者习惯先列出一些传统的观点或先对一些具体现象进行说明，然后提出与之不同的观点或在结尾对现象进行总结，在接下来的段落中继续论述。对于这类文章，如果作者没有提出不同的观点，则最后总结性语句为文章中心，一旦提出不同或完全对立的观点，又在后文中加以论述，则作者提出的新观点为文章中心;如果新老观点均是对同一个结果的论述，那么该论述的结论为文章中心。 C.当不能直接找出主题句时，通常文章中作者给予叙述较多或强调较多的某一事物或某一观点即文章的中心。在题目作答时，可采用中心词定位法，排除不含中心词的选项，对比有中心词的选项，选择最接近中心的选项。 D.如果对选项仍有异议，可把有异议的选项逐个带入文章中，看哪个能更好的囊括文章中心。这是一个检验的过程。 2.事实细节题。 此类题占阅读总分40分中的50%左右，因此十分重要。注意，这类问题与推理性问题截然相反，都可以从原文中找到答案，只不过

为了迷惑考生，常常将原文进行改写，换一种说法。所以，照抄原文，一字不改的不一定就是答案，而与原文意思相同的，才是正确的。其基本应对技巧如下： A.基本原则是以中心为导向，忠实原文为基础，千万不可主观臆断，最好的方法是回到原文的出题点进行揣摩。 B.必须看清题目，尤其是当题目就某一个具体细节并且脱离文章中心的提问。一般来说，细节问题绝大部分是围绕文章中心进行出题，但不排除文中就一些具体的，因果互动现象的内容提问。 3.词汇短语题。 其分值不高，考察范围可分为两类。第一，纲内词汇词义的引申。考察考生对所熟悉的词汇在特定语境下正确含义的理解。一般来说，该词的本意不是解，但是其引申义上仍可以找到本意的影子。第二，纲外词汇词义的推断。 4.推断性问题。 此类题大概占20%左右的分值，总体难度不大，是考生的必得分点。中心导向依然是解题的宏观主线，其关键是忠实原文的推断。其应对策略和事实细节题类似，考生在该题型上的主要失误在于脱离文章主观臆断造成的。 5.语气态度题。 对作者态度的判断是构成阅读理解的两条宏观主线之一。因此，正确辨明作者对所叙述事物的态度，不仅关系到本类题型的解答，也潜在影响到其他问题的正确解答。这类题目主要从作者文中描述事物所用到的形容词，副词，动词等表达感情色彩的词汇入手。当选项不能确定时，再回到原文中找关键词。对这类题型，分清褒贬一般不难，是考生的必得分点。 我们还可以做做何老师的2019《考研英语阅读思路解析》，有助于我们更好地理解阅读理解这个题型，并且还能培养好应试心理。

2019考研英语(一)真题答案(完整版)

2019考研英语(一)真题答案(完整版) Section I Use of English 1. 【C】Few 词义辨析题;此题考查考生对于前后文语境的把握;首句 中提出“今天我们生活在一个GPS系统，数字地图和其他导航应用程 序都在我们的智能手机上轻易获取”。空格之后的语句与前面语义方 向一致，再考虑到句中的without a phone，可知，此处需要双重否定表达肯定，所以，选择few，符合文意; 2. 【C】run 固定搭配;此题考查与介词on的搭配情况;run on battery表示手机使用电池得以运行;其他选项的搭配为：put on(增加;假装;使…上场);take on(承担;表现;具有;流行);come on( 快点;开始;要求;上演;);语义搭配不通顺，故选择run on搭配; 3. 【B】If 逻辑关系;此处考查逻辑关系。空格处所在句为“... 你 在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路，...找不到北方，我们有一些技巧 能够协助你导航...文明”;前后句之间构成假设的逻辑关系，所以选 择if;其余选项：since(因为，自从); though(虽然); until(直到) 代入后，不符合语义表达; 4. 【D】literally词义辨析题;空格处所在句为“假如你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路，...找不到北方，我们有一些技巧能够协助你 导航...文明”;literally表示确实地，真正地;符合语义表达;其余选项：formally(正式地);relatively(相对地);gradually(逐渐地)不符 合语义表达; 5. 【A】back词义辨析题;出题处的语义表达“我们有一些技巧能够 协助你导航...文明”，只有back 与前文的lost(迷路)形成相互呼应，故而选择back; 6. 【B】off 词义辨析题;空格所在句提到“为当你发现自己...路径。但不是完全...的

2015考研英语阅读理解精读P18—工学类

2015考研英语阅读理解精读P18—工学 类 Passage 18 Tennis hopeful Jamie Hunt, 16, felt he could not become a world-class junior player while attending a regular school. The international circuit has players on the road 50% of the time--and it's hard to focus on your backhand when you're worrying about being on time for homeroom. So last year Hunt, who hones his ground strokes at Elite TNT Tennis Academy in April Sound, Texas, enrolled for academics in the $9,750-a-year University of Miami Online High School (UMOHS), a virtual school that caters to athletes. "The online school gives me the flexibility I need," says Hunt. "The workload is the same, but I can do it anywhere. It's nicer to ask a question face-to-face with a teacher, but in some ways it prepares me better for college because I have to be more independent." A year ago, Hunt's world junior ranking was 886; now it's 108. Virtual high schools, which allow students to take classes via PC, have emerged as an increasingly popular education alternative, particularly for on-the-go athletes. UMOHS has more than 400 students enrolled, 65% of whom are athletes. Accredited by the 100-year-old Southern Association of Colleges and Schools, UMOHS offers honors and advanced-placement classes. All course material is online, along with assignments and due dates. For help, says principal Howard Liebman, "a student may e-mail, instant message or call the teacher." Dallas mom Lori Bannon turned to another online school, Laurel Springs in Ojai, Calif. Bannon, who has a medical degree from Harvard, didn't want to compromise the education of her daughter Lindsay, 13, an élite gymnast who spends eight hours a day in the gym. "Regular school was not an option," says Bannon, "but I wanted to make sure she could go back at grade level if she quit gymnastics." Laurel Springs' enrollment has increased 35% a year for the past four years, to 1,800 students. At least 25% are either athletes or child entertainers. Educators are split on the merits of such schools. Paul Orehovec, an enrollment officer for the University of Miami, admits, "I was somewhat of a skeptic. But when I looked into their programs and accreditation, I was excited. UMOHS is the first online school to be granted membership in the National Honor Society." Kevin Roy, Elite's director of education, sees pitfalls and potential in virtual schools. "You will never have that wonderful teacher who inspires you for life," says Roy. "But the virtual school offers endless possibilities. I don't know where education's imagination will take this." 注(1)：本文选自Time;11/29/2004, p149-149, 1/2p, 1c; 注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象2004年真题text 4第1、2题(1、2)，text 1 第2 题(3)，text 3第5 题(5)和2000年真题text 4第4题(4); 1. What does Jamie Hunt get from the virtual school? [A] the ability to perfect his tennis skills [B] the time to do his school work

2019年考研英语词汇：必背大纲5500词(88)

2019年考研英语词汇：必背大纲5500词（88） 2018考研英语词汇：必背大纲5500词（88） 1 shame n.羞耻,耻辱;可耻的人(或事物) v.使羞愧 2 shampoo n.洗发膏,香波;洗发,洗头 v.洗发,洗头 3 shape n.形状,外形;情况,状态;种类v.成型,塑造 4 share v.(with)分配,共用;分担n.一份,份额;股份 5 shark n.鲨鱼 6 sharp a.锋利的;轮廓分明的;急转的ad.(指时刻)正 7 shatter n.碎片;粉碎v.粉碎;使疲惫;使震骇 8 shave v.剃,刮,刨,削 n.刮脸 9 she pron.(主格)她 10 shear v.剪,修剪 11 shed v.流出;发散,散发,脱落,脱去 n.棚,小屋 12 sheep n.(绵)羊;易受人摆布的人 13 sheer a.纯粹的,十足的,全然的;陡峭的,险峻的 14 sheet n.被单;(一)张,(一)片,薄片;大片 15 shelf n.架子,搁板 16 shell n.壳,贝壳;炮弹 17 shelter n.掩蔽处;掩蔽,保护 v.掩蔽,躲避,庇护 18 shepherd n.牧民,牧羊人

19 shield n.防护物,护罩;盾,盾状物 v.保护,防护 20 shift v.替换,转移n.转换,转变;(轮)班,(换)班 21 shilling n.先令 22 shine v.照耀,发光;擦亮 n.光泽,光 23 ship n.船舶，舰艇 v.装运，航运，运送;发货 24 shipment n.装船,装运;装载的货物,装货量 25 shirt n.衬衫 26 shiver v./n.战栗,发抖 27 shock n.震动;电击,触电;休克v.(使)震动/震惊 28 shoe n.鞋 29 shoot v.发射;掠过,疾驰而过 n.嫩枝,苗,射击 30 shop n.商店，店铺;工厂，车间 v.买东西 31 shopkeeper n.店主 32 shore n.海滨,湖滨 33 short a.短的,矮的;(of)缺乏,不足 n.(pl.)短裤 34 shortage n.不足,缺少 35 shortcoming n.短处,缺点 36 shorthand n.速记 37 shortly ad.立刻，不久;不耐烦地，简慢地 38 shot n.开枪,射击;投篮;弹丸,炮弹,子弹 39 should aux.v.应该;万一;可能，该;就;竟然会