高考英语阅读理解之细节理解题分析

高考英语阅读理解之细节理解题分析

一眼“看穿”干扰项

众所周知，在英语高考试题中，总词汇量最多、阅读量最大、分值最高、考试分配时间最长的是阅读理解题。因此，高考英语越来越重视对考生阅读能力的考查。

纵观历年高考阅读理解试题，其题型设计主要有主旨大意题、事实与细节题、推理判断题、猜测词义题。而其中细节理解题所占比重最大。今天我们为老师及学生们整理了该题型的命题特点、设问方式及解题技巧以深入的剖析。

多数情况下，命题人不会明确地呈现一个事实，需要学生根据已有的信息进行处理，读出言外之意。还要特别注意文章的时间顺序、故事发生的地点、情节的发展、和人物之间的关系。

考查文章细节理解的测试题的常见问题：

①This article is particularly written for .?

②When the writer says …he really means .?

③The author's attitude to…is that .?

④What kind of atmosphere does the writer want to create in this passage?

⑤The writer regards…as .?

⑥The writer's purpose in writing this story is .

高考细节理解题主要考查考生对文章(或某一段落)中某一些特定细节或文章的重要事实的辨认能力，分直接辨认和间接辨认两种。

1.直接辨认

细节的直接辨认不要求读者对客观事实作解释或判断，只要求他们从阅读材料中直接获取信息，要求学生记住重要的细节，在需要的时候能准确而迅速地将他们回忆出来。

2.间接辨认

间接辨认不仅要求读者能从阅读材料中直接获取信息，还要将获得的信息进行同义转换，用同义或近义的形式复述出来，为阅读材料中某些词汇、短语及句型等找到正确的英语释义，以检测考生的句义复述能力。

具体可细分为以下几种形式：

No.1

排序题

这种试题要求考生根据事件发生的先后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件发生的正确顺序。

解题方法可采用“首尾定位法”。即先找出第一个动作和最后一个动作，迅速缩小选择范围，从而快速选出正确答案。常出现在记叙文和说明文中，一般按事件发生的顺序。

常见命题形式有：

Which of the following is the correct order of…?

Which of the following shows the path of signals described in Paragraph…?

No.2

同义（反义）转换题

近年来高考中部分细节理解测试题已由过去简单的对号入座直接答题向通过语句的同义或反义转换来考查对英语语言的理解能力。

No.3

数字转换题

此类题一般要求考生能根据阅读材料中给出的有关数据，找出转换关系，通过计算，得出正确结论。这类计算题一般来说比较简单，关键是要弄清各数据间的逻辑关系，选准比较的数据，弄清单位换算关系，确定计算方法，问题便迎刃而解了。通常采用的方法有“列表法”、“推算法”等。

考题探究

Most people think of racing when they see greyhounds(灰狗) and believe they need lots of exercise. They can actually be quite lazy! Greyhounds are good at fast races but not long-distance running. They do need regular exercise but they like to run for a short burst and then get back on the bed or a comfortable seat. Another misunderstanding is that greyhounds must be aggressive(好斗的) because they are big in size. In fact greyhounds love people and are gentle with children. Greyhounds can live for 12-14 years but usually only race for two or three years, and after that they make great pets. They don't need a lot of space, don't make a lot of

noise, and don't eat a lot for their size.

Normally, greyhounds can be as tall as 90 cm. There is, however, a small-sized greyhound, which stands only 33 cm. Greyhounds come in a variety of colors. Grey and yellowish-brown are the most common. Others include black, white, blue, red and brown or a mix of these.

Greyhounds have smooth body coats, low body fat and are very healthy. Because theyre slim(苗条的)they dont have the leg problems like other dogs the same height. But they do feel the cold. Especially since they would much rather be at home in bed thanwalking around outside.

1.Why does the author say that greyhounds make great pets?

A. They are big in size.

B. They live a very long life.

C. They can run races for some time.

D. They are quiet and easy to look after.

2 . If you keep a pet greyhound, it is important .

A. to keep it slim

B. to keep it warm

C. to take special care of its legs

D. to take it to animal doctors regularly

学海导航

1.D 从题目可以看出该题目是考查对文章细节理解的题目。结合语境，注意上下文的关系，注意查找关键信息。由文章的第二段的内容来看，文章用了三个具有否定意义的排比句They don't need a lot of space, don't make a lot of noise, and don't eat a lot for their size.，分析了灰狗的习性和特点，尤其是在点明了they make great pets之后，又对其原因进行了分析，此时我们就可以根据文章的讲解来推断题目。故该题目的关键是对文章第二段的内容进行分析，归纳，然后得出结论。

2.B 由题目可知该题应该是个对文章细节的推断题。由该题考查的内容，我们可

以讲注意力放在文章的最后一段。最后一段中提到灰狗没有其他类型狗的腿的毛病，因此C项错误。文章特别提到they do feel the cold.，说明他们怕冷，因此就需要保暖了。故B项是正确答案。

总结

通过对上面细节理解题的讲解，我们可以做出以下的总结:

1.定位能力很重要，要通过不断的做练习来进行有意识的培养。

2.细节理解题通常是定位部分的变体或者是重复，即意思相同但表达的方式会有所变化。

3.切忌通过自己对某类知识的主观了解做出凭空想象的判断，每一道题目的选择都离不开对原文的理解和把握，答题时要力求紧扣文章中心来寻找解题的线索。

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阅读专题-----细节题 一、题型特点与命题方式 所谓细节题，是指原文提到了某事物、现象或理论，题干针对原文具体叙述本身发问。细节事实理解题 主要考查考生对文章中某一些特定细节或文章的重要实事的理解能力。它一般包括直接理解题和语义理解题 两种。直接理解题的答案与原文直接挂钩，从阅读材料中可以找到。这种题难度低，只要学生读懂文章，就 能得分，属于低层次题。而语义理解题须将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换才能得出结论。这类 题目要求考生能理解原文中某个短语或句子的含义，从而找到与答案意思相同的词语和句子。 这类试题旨在考查考生对事实细节的确定。这类试题一般只针对文章中某一特定的细节，也可能涉及若 干个细节，或者针对文章的主要事实，或利用图形图表或地图来表示信息等。此类试题一般又可分为两类： 一是直接理解题，答案可在原文中直接找到;二是词义转换题，答案是原文中有关词语和句子的转换，而不能 在原文中直接找到。 一般包括直接理解题（在原文中可直接找到答案，常用who, what, when, where, why和how等提问。）语义转化题（需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，两者存在表达上的差异，有时需要进行加工 或整理后方能得出结论）、数字计算题、排列顺序题、图表图画题等。抓住文段中的事实和细节是做好该题 型的关键，也是做好其它类型问题的基础。这类题型的题干常为： When / Where did the story happen? Which of the following statements is (not) correct? Which of the following statements is (not) mentioned in the passage? Which is the right order of the events given in the passage? All the statements are true except… Which of the following statements is true/NOT true/false, according to the passage? Choose the right order of the events given in the passage? 该题型几乎都可以在文章中直接找到与答案有关的信息，或是其变体。所以，搜查信息在阅读中非常重 要，它包括理解作者在叙述某事时使用的具体事实、数据、图表等细节信息。在一篇短文里大部分篇幅都属 于这类围绕主体展开的细节。做这类题一般采用寻读法，即先读题，然后带着问题快速阅读短文，找出与问 题有关的词语或句子，再对相关部分进行分析对比，找出答案。 二、解题思路与应试技巧 细节题是针对文中某个细节、某句话或某部分具体内容设置问题，正确答案的根据一定可以在原文中找 到，即原文的改写往往成为正确选项。 通常细节题的正确选项有以下特征： 1、对原文句子中的关键词进行替换。把原文中的一些词换成意义相近的词，成为正确选项。 2、词性或者语态的变化。把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，或者改变原文句子的语态，给考生制造障 碍。 3、语言简化。把原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化，成为正确答案。 4、正话反说。把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项（适用于寻找错误选项的题目）。 干扰项也是以文章中的某个细节设题，若不仔细辨别，很容易把它当成正确选项。干扰项有以下特征： 1、将原文内容扩大或缩小。把原文中的限定词去掉或替换，使该选项看似正确，实际上却是错误选项。 2、把未然当已然。改变文中某句话的时态，如把将来时变成现在时，把未发生的事情当成已发生的事 情。 3、无中生有。即选项内容是根据主观想象或推测得出的结论，而文中并未涉及。 4、偷换概念。把原来做该事的“张三”换成“李四”，所述细节确实与原文一致，一不小心就会误选。 5、文不对题。这类题最不容易辨别，选项中的描述与原文完全一致，确属原文中的一个细节，这时要 回到题干，看该选项是否能回答题干所提的问题。

高考英语阅读理解解题技巧及经典题型

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I watched from a distance as the homeless man quarreled with those who did not leave money for him – the majority. I walked up to him and right on queue he asked me for a quarter. ―I’ll give you a quarter if you tell me your story.‖ He laughed, ―You’ll give me a quarter for my story?‖ I lay the quarter in front of him and corrected myself –―Nah, here’s the quarter but it would be nice to hear your story.‖ I followed his eyes to the quarter and for a brief moment I saw a glimmer of reflection. I sat down next to him and waited. ―I was in the army,‖ he said. ―I was a sniper(狙击手)and was supposed to shoot down the enemy from the distance.‖ I listened carefully to his grizzly voice as he went deeper into the story. He wore dirty old torn clothes and smelled like a dead rat left in a mouse trap. He told me how he used to hunt with his family and was really good at it. He had his own way of respecting animals by not wasting what he killed for food and not killing more than he needed. When the army came knocking on his door, he felt pride and joined up. All those years of polishing his hunting skills could now serve a larger purpose—to defend us from the bad guys. He set out to fight in Iraq. It wasn’t long before he realized his ideals and expectations were just a shadow of the truth. He became disillusioned with the killings, which he felt were of innocent people. ―I was a sniper but I never really killed anyone,‖ he said. ―One day I had to do it. They asked me to shoot this lady from the distance. I saw kids near that lady and my hands were on the trigger (扳机). Man, I was tearing up ... I couldn’t do it. She wasn’t doing anything to anyone and she was with the kids—I couldn’t see through my tears. It just didn’t make any sense to me.‖ The story goes on as he describes eventually being put into prison for 180 days for refusing to follow orders. He told me how he was black listed so that he couldn’t get a job. All the rights we take for granted were taken away from him. Why? Here was a man who was being punished—and for what? For refusing to kill the lady? For being a hero? ―I have no regrets,‖ the homeless man said. ―I may be homeless now, but I never killed that lady. I never killed anyone in the army. It didn’t feel right. I didn’t go there to do that. I went there to save people.‖ He continued, ―I can live with being homeless—that’s okay. But I wouldn’t be able to live with killing innocent people.‖ On that lonely Friday night, I met a hero. It just never occurred to me that a hero could be a smelly old man left on streets. 1. It can be learned from the passage that the homeless man_______. （） A. never killed animals B. had a strong respect for life C. deserved the punishment he received D. felt guilty about disobeying the order

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