英美文学-华盛顿。欧文英文版的全部资料

Washington Irving

Washington Irving was an American author, essayist, biographer and historian of the early 19th century. He was best known for his short stories "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" and "Rip Van Winkle", both of which appear in his book The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. His historical works include biographies of George Washington, Oliver Goldsmith and Muhammad, and several histories of 15th-century Spain dealing with subjects such as Christopher Columbus, the Moors, and the Alhambra. Irving also served as the U.S. minister to Spain from 1842 to 1846.

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Washington irving(1783-1859)was one of the frist American writers to earn an international reputation, and regarded as an early Romantic writer in the American literary history and Father of the American short stories. Washington irving was born in New York City ,theyoungest of eleven children of a weathly merchert . Froma very early age he begin to read widely juvenile poems ,essays ,and plays .In 1798 ,he concluded his

education at private schools and entered a law office ,but heloved writing more. In this years between 1802 and 1803 ,irving contributed several letters under the name of “Jonathan Oldstyle”to The Moring Chronicle,a newspaper edilted by his brother Peter ,and these letters were published in 1803 as The Letters of Jonathan Oldstyle ,Gent.,a series of youthful satires on New York society.Irving,asOldstyle ,fashional a style which reduces all to foolishness, including the author`s persona. Five years later he jioned with a brother and with his friends in an-other such series ,Salmagunch ,which commented on the phenome-other such series ,Salmagundi,which commented on the phenome-na of the day like waltzing ,tea-drinking , and feminine nudity contribution s were signed “Anthony Evergreen.”

Irving`s hope,plan and dreams came to a crashing halt after the loss of his only love ,Mitilda

Hoffman ,yet he found his refuge from the grief in

the researches on A ,History of New York from the

grief in the Beginning of the World to the End of

the Dutch Dynasty,which,written under the name of

Diedrich Knickerbocker ,was a great success and

won him wide popularity after it came out in 1809. The book is a parody of the Dutch colony ,in which written under the name of Diedrich Knickerbocker ,was a great success and won him wide popularity after it came out in 1809 .The book is a parody of the Dutch colony ,in which Irving ridicules the human activity by combining true history with history imagination ,with a good deal of reference to contemporary events and personalities ,par-ticularly political ones .With the publication of The Sketch book of Geoffery Crayon , Gent.in serials between 1819 and 1820 ,Irving won a measure of international fame on both sides of the Atlantic .The book contains familiar essays on the English life and American-ized versions of European folk tales like “Rip Van Winkle”and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow.”Geoffrey crayon i s a carefully contrived persona and behind Crayon stands Irving ,juxtaposing the Old World and the New ,and manipulating his own antiquarian interest with artistic perspectives.

Following The Sketch Book,Irving published

Bracebridge Hall(1822),and tales of a Traveler (1824),both of which lacked the creative energy and appeal of The Sketch Book.In 1826 ,he was sent to Spain as an American attache ;he was secretary of the United States Legation in Londan from 1829- 1832;later on he made an adventous trip to the Western fronier on horseback and wrote three books ,which celebrated the adventure of exploring the West and the possibilities of developing it.Irving spent the rest of his life in “Sunnyside”, his home on the Hudson River, except for a period of four years when he was away from as Minister to Spain ,living a life of leisure and comfort.During these years irving never stopped writing ,yet none of them could acclaim the same admiration and recognition The Sketch Book did.

Irving?s relationship with the Old World in terms of his literary imagination can hardly be ignored considering his success bot abroad and at home .A History of New York is a patchwork of reference ,echoes ,and burlesques.He parodies or imitates Homer,Cervantes , Fielding ,Swift and many other favorites of his.He was also absorbed in what he called “the rich mine of German Literature”and got ideas from German legends for two of his famous stories “Rip Van

Winkle”and “The Legendof Sleepy Hollow.”The Alhambra (1832)is usually regarded as Irving `s “Spanish Sketch of the thirty-three essarys in The Sketch Book were written in Eng-land ,filled with English scenes and quotations from English authors and faithful to British orthography .Washington Irving brought to the new nation what its people desired most in a man of letters –the respect of the Old World .However exotic his tales are ,everyone who reads “Rip Van Winkle”or “The Legard of sleepy Hollow ”will know instantly that they are among the tredsures the American region of the fresh young land .It is not the sketches about the Old World But the tales about America that made Washington Irving a household word and his fame enduning.

But Irving`s taste was essentially conservative .Like the two fa-mous personae he created ,Diedrich Knickerbocker and Geoffrey Crayon ,Irving remain a conservation and literary preference for the pearing past .This social conservatism and literary preference for the past is revealed ,to some extent ,in his famous story ……Rip Van Win-kle??The story is a tale remembered mostly for Rip`s20-year sleep ,set against the background of the

inevitably changing America In the story Irving skillfully pyesents to us paralleled juxtapositions of two totally differents worlds before and forth from a noisy world with his wife on the mountains, and from to a wild but peaceful natural world in the mountains ,and from a pre-Revotion village to a Georoge washington era ,Irving describesRip`s response and reaction in a dramatic way ,so that we see clearly both the narrator and Irving agree on the preferability of a dream-like world to the real one. Washington Iring has always been regarded as a writer who “perfected the best classic style that American literature ever produced.” We get a strong sense impression as we read him along, since the language he used best reveals what a Romantic writer can do with words. We hear rather than read, for there is musicality in almost every line of his prose. We seldom learn a moral lesson because he wants us amused and relaxed. So we often find ourselves lost in a world that is permeated with a dreaming quality. The Gothic elements and supernathral atmosphere are mainpulated in happening in a seemingly exotic place. Yet Iring never forgets to associate a certain place with the inward movement of a person and to charge his sentnses

with emotion so as to create a true and vivid character. He is worth t he honor of being “ the American Goldsmith “ for his literary craftsmanship.

英美文学名词解释总结.doc

英美文学名词解释总结 Romance:Anyimaginationliteraturethatissetinanidealizedworldandth atdealswithaheroicadventuresandbattlesbetweengoodcharactersandvi llainsormonsters.传奇故事：指以理想化的世界为背景并且描写主人公的英雄冒险事迹和善与恶的斗争的想象文学作品。 Alliteration:Therepetitionoftheinitialconsonantsoundsinpoetry.头韵：诗歌中单词开头读音的重复。 Couplet:Itisapairofrhymingverselines,usuallyofthesamelength;oneoft hemostwidelyusedverse-sinEuropeanpoetry.Chaucerestablishedtheus eofcoupletsinEnglish,notablyintheCanterburyTales,usingrhymingiam bicpentameterslaterknownasheroiccoupletsBlankverse:Versewritteni nunrhymediambicpentameter.素体诗：用五音步抑扬格写的无韵诗。 Conceit:Akindofmetaphorthatmakesacomparisonbetweentwostartlin glydifferentthings.Aconceitmaybeabriefmetaphor,butitusuallyprovid estheframeworkforanentirepoem.Anespeciallyunusualandintellectual kindofconceitisthemetaphysicalconceit.新奇的比喻：将两种截然不同的食物进行对比的一种隐喻。 它虽被视为是一种隐喻，但是它往往构建了整首诗的框架，

英美文学术语(英文版)_literary_terms

英国文学 Alliteration:押头韵repetition of the initial sounds（不一定是首字母） Allegory:寓言a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning. Allusion:典故a reference in a literary work to person, place etc. often to well-known characters or events. Archetype:原型 Irony:反讽intended meaning is the opposite of what is stated Black humor:黑色幽默 Metaphor: 暗喻 Ballad: 民谣about the folk loge Epic:史诗in poetry, refers to a long work dealing with the actions of gods and heroes. Romance: 罗曼史/骑士文学is a popular literary form in the medieval England./Chivalry Euphuism: 夸饰文体This kind of style consists of two distinct elements. The first is abundant use of balanced sentences, alliterations and other artificial prosodic means. The second element is the use of odd similes and comparisons. Spenserian stanza: It refers to a stanza of nine lines, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter and the last line in iambic hexameter. 斯宾塞诗节新诗体，每一节有9排，前8排是抑扬格五步格诗，第9排是抑扬格六步格诗。The Faerie Queene Conceit:奇特的比喻is a far-fetched simile or metaphor, occurs when the speaker compares two highly dissimilar things. 不像的事物 Sonnet: 十四行诗a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter, restricted to a definite rhyme scheme. Blank verse: 无韵体诗written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. Elegy 挽歌 The Heroic Couplet:英雄对偶句 Lyric:抒情诗is a short poem that expresses the poet’s thoughts and emotion or illustrates some life principle. often concerns love. A red, red Rose. Byronic Hero: refers to a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. Stream of Consciousness:意识流the author tells the story through the freely flowing thoughts and associations of one of the characters. James Joyce and Virginia Woolf are two major advocates of this technique. Renaissance:文艺复兴14-15th, originated in Italy, encouraged the reformation of the Church and humanism. Humanism: 人文主义it is the essence of the Renaissance. It emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Metaphysical poetry:玄学派诗歌it is commonly used to name the work of the 17th-century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. With the rebellious spirit, they tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. The diction is simple. John Donne, George Herbert. The Enlightenment Movement:启蒙运动18th century flourished in France. Enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. reason, rationality, equality and science and universal education. John Dryden, Alexander Pope. Neoclassicism:新古典主义17-18th centuries of classical standards of standards of order, balance, and harmony in literature. Alexander Pope, Samuel Johnson. Sentimentalism:感伤主义18世纪60-80年代，came into being as a result of a bitter discontent on the part of certain enlighteners i n social reality. use of pathetic effects and attempts to arouse feeling by “pathetic” indulgence. The Graveyard School: 墓畔派whose poems are mostly devote to sentimental lamentations or meditation on

文稿_华盛顿欧文的哥特创作手法

华盛顿欧文的哥特创作手法 ——以《睡谷传说》为例 1、Introduction 华盛顿欧文是对美国文学发展做出巨大贡献的伟大作家，被称为美国小说之父，其作品大都幽默风趣，语言优美富有诗意，但也有作品体现了哥特文学的风格，最典型的就是《睡谷传说》。 华盛顿·欧文(1783—1859)是一位享誉国际的文学家，十九世纪最伟大的美国散文家之一。他一七八三年生于纽约，幼年时体弱多病，十六岁辍学学习法律，但他喜爱的是文学，并且读了不少文学作品。一八零四年至一八零六年间他因病赴欧洲修养，回国后取得律师资格。一八零七年，他和哥哥威廉等人共同创办一种不定期刊物《杂拌》，开始了他的文学创作活动，显露出他的幽默、风趣和含蓄的讽刺才能。他的第一部重要作品是《纽约外史》（1809）。一八一八年后他留居英国，以写作为生，陆续发表许多散文、随笔和故事，共三十二篇，于一八二零年结集为《见闻札记》出版，引起欧洲和美国文学界的重视。这部作品奠定了欧文在美国文学史上的地位，其中的散文《威斯敏斯特教堂》、短篇小说《瑞普·凡·温克尔》和《睡谷的传说》等，都是脍炙人口的佳作。继《见闻札记》后，欧文写了体裁相似的《布雷斯布里奇田庄》（1822）和故事集《旅客谈》（1824）。一八二六年，欧文在马德里任美国驻西班牙大使馆馆员。一八二八年，他发表《哥伦布的生平和航行》；一八二九年发表《攻克格拉纳达》，同年又出版游记、随笔集和故事集《阿尔罕伯拉》（1832）。他的晚年是在他曾经描写过的睡谷附近度过的，并写了三部传记：《哥尔德斯密斯传》（1840）、《穆罕默德及其继承者》（1849——1850）和五卷本《华盛顿传》（1855——1859）。欧文的文笔优雅自然，充满浪漫气息，他的散文和短篇小说具有经久不衰的风采和魅力。 《睡谷传说》讲述了教书匠Crane追求漂亮姑娘却被情敌恶整的故事。 作品中出现了很多对环境及情节的描写，环境多是阴森恐怖，情节也是曲折离奇，整个故事鬼气森森，弥漫着浓厚的哥特色彩，带给读者极大的感官刺激。 2、哥特式小说的由来及其风格特征 2.1 “哥特”一词的演变 “哥特”(Goth)一词原指居住在北欧、属于条顿民族(即日耳曼民族)的哥特部落。从公元3世纪起，条顿人不断涌向南欧，骠悍的哥特人是同罗马人作战的主力。经过长达数百年的冲突与征战，条顿民族最终摧毁了强大的西罗马帝国，而哥特人也在意大利、西班牙、法国南部以及北非建立了许多王国。然而哥特人被罗马的先进文明迅速同化，很快失去其民族性，哥特人作为一个民族在历史上消失了 但哥特人的野蛮善战在南欧人特别是意大利人心目中留下了深深的烙痕。西罗马帝国灭亡一千多年后，意大利人法萨里(Vasari，151l一1574)在历史的尘埃中又找出哥特一词来指称一种为文艺复兴思想家们所不喜欢的中世纪建筑风格。这种建筑风格在12世纪至16世纪期间盛行于欧洲，主要体现于教堂和城堡，如法国的巴黎圣母院。高耸的尖顶，厚重的石壁，狭窄的窗户，染色的玻璃，幽暗的内部，阴森的地道甚至还有地下藏尸所等等，在那些崇尚古希腊罗马文明的文艺复兴思想家眼里，这种建筑代表着落后、野蛮和黑暗，正好是那取代了古罗马辉煌文明的所谓“黑暗时代”(the Dark Ages)的绝妙象征。用哥特式来指称这

自考英美文学选读要点总结第一章

Chapter I The Renaissance Period Definitions of the Literary Terms: 文艺复兴时期的界定 1. The Renaissance: The Renaissance marks a transition from the medie val to the modern world. Generally, it refers to the period between the 14 th & 17th centuries. 历史文化背景It first started in Italy, with the flowering of painting, sculpture & literature. From Italy the movement went to emb race the rest of Europe. The Renaissance, which means "rebirth" or "reviva l," is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, such as the re-discovery of ancient Roman & Greek culture, the new discoverie s in geography & astrology, the religious reformation & the economic expa nsion. The Renaissance, therefore, in essence is a historical period in whic h the European humanist thinkers & scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that e xpressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, & to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church. 2. 文艺复兴到英国比较晚的原因The Renaissance was slow in reaching Englan d not only becaus e o f England?s separation from the Continent but also be cause of its domestic unrest. It was not until the reign of Henry VIII that the Renaissance really began to show its effect in England. With Henry VII I?s encouragement the Oxford reformers, scholars and humanists introduc ed classical literature to England. 15th century, began the English Renaissa nce, which was perhaps England?s Golden Age, especially in literature. 人文主义H umanism: Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It sprang from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the ancient author s and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its consci ous, intellectual side, for the Greek and Roman civilization was based on s uch a conception that man is the measure of all things. Through the new l earning, humanists not only saw the arts of splendor and enlightenment, b ut the human values represented in the works. Renaissance humanists fou nd in the classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see th at human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfections, and that the world they inhabited was thei rs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy. Thus, by emphasizin g the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, they voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy the bea uty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wond ers. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the b est representatives of the English humanists. The first period of the English Renaissance was one of imitation and assimi lation.

英美文学名词解释

1. In the medieval period ， it is Chaucer alone who ， for the first time in English literature ， presented to usa comprehensive __picture of the English society of his time and created a whole galery of vivid ___ from all walks of life in his masterpiece “the Canterbury Tales ”。 A. visionary / women B. romantic /men C. realistic / characters D. natural / figures 2. Although ____ was essentially a medieval writer, he bore marks of humanism and anticipated a new era of literature to come. A. William Langland B. John Gower C. Geoffrey Chaucer D. Edmund Spenser 3. Humanism spume from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the antique authors and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its conscious ，intellectual side ，for the Greek and Roman civilization was based on the conception that man is the ____ of all things . A. measure B. king C. lover D. rule 4. The essence of humanism is to ______. A. restore a medieval reverence for the church B. avoid the circumstances of earthly life C. explore the next world in which men could live after death D. emphasize human qualities 5. Many people today tend to regard the play “ The Merchant of Venice ” as a satire of the hypocrisy of ___ and their false standards of friendship and love ， their cunning ways of pursuing worldliness and their unreasoning prejudice against _________ . A. Christians / Jews B. Jews / Christians C. oppressors / oppressed D. people / Jews 6. In “ Sonnet 18 ”， Shakespeare has a profound meditation on the destructive power of _________ and the eternal __________ brought forth by poetry to the one he loves . A. death/ life B. death/ love C. time / beauty D. hate / love 7.In The Pilgrim’s Progress, John Bunyan describes The Vanity Fair in a ______ tone. A. delightful B. satirical C. sentimental D. solemn 8. The religious reformation in the early 16th-century England was a reflection of the class struggles waged by the _____. A. rising bourgeoisie against the feudal class and its ideology B. working class against the corruption of the bourgeoisie C. landlord class against the rising bourgeoisie and its ideology D. feudal class against the corruption of the Catholic Church 9. The ______ was a progressive intellectual movement throughout western Europe in the 18th century . A. Renaissance B. Enlightenmrent C. Religious Reformation D. Chartist Movement 10.The 18th century witnessed a new literary form -the modern English novel, which, contrary to the medieval romance, gives a ______ presentation of life of the common English people. A. romantic B. idealistic C. prophetic D. realistic 1. The title of the novel “ A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man ” written by James Joyce suggests a character study with strong _________ elements .

英美文学－中英文对照

British Writers and Works The Anglo-Saxon Period ●The Venerable Bede 比得673~735 ?Ecclesiastical History of the English People 英吉利人教会史 ●Alfred the Great 阿尔弗雷得大帝849~899 ?The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 盎格鲁—萨克逊编年史 The Late Medieval Ages ●William Langland 威廉·兰格伦1332~1400 ?Piers the Plowman 农夫比埃斯的梦 ●Geoffery Chaucer 杰弗里·乔叟1340(?)~1400 ?The Books of the Duchess悼公爵夫人 ?Troilus and Criseyde特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德 ?The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集 ?The House of Fame声誉之宫 ●Sir Thomas Malory托马斯·马洛里爵士1405~1471 ?Le Morte D’Arthur亚瑟王之死 The Renaissance ●Sir Philip Sydney菲利普·锡德尼爵士1554~1586 ?The School of Abuse诲淫的学校 ?Defense of Poesy诗辩 ●Edmund Spenser埃德蒙·斯宾塞1552~1599 ?The Shepherds Calendar牧人日历 ?Amoretti爱情小唱 ?Epithalamion婚后曲 ?Colin Clouts Come Home Againe柯林·克劳特回来了 ?Foure Hymnes四首赞美歌 ?The Faerie Queene仙后 ●Thomas More托马斯·莫尔1478~1535 ?Utopia乌托邦 ●Francis Bacon弗兰西斯·培根1561~1626 ?Advancement of Learning学术的推进 ?Novum Organum新工具 ?Essays随笔 ●Christopher Marlowe柯里斯托弗·马洛1564~1595 ?Tamburlaine帖木耳大帝 ?The Jew of Malta马耳他的犹太人 ?The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus浮士德博士的悲剧

自考英语本科英美文学选读教你投机取巧过英美文学整理加强版

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