英国文学及作品选读复习笔记整理

Part one Pre-Classicism The Middle Ages ( 449 -- 1485 )

General Colors of English Literature ：1. Elegant and standard in language; 2. Melancholy and ironical in style or in tone; 3. Conventional and conservative in thematic concern and in literary thoughts.

Main Literary Achievements

1.The Anglo-Saxon Period

Beowulf--England’s national epic

It well reveals the features of Anglo—Saxon English, such as 1)wide use of alliteration,

2) metaphors and understatements, 3)mixture of pagan and Christian elements. Alliteration ：Two or more words in a phrase or line have the same initial sound.

2. The Anglo-Norman Period

1）The Romances

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight

2）English Ballads (Popular Ballads)

“The character of Robin Hood is many—sided. Strong, brave and clever, he is at the same time tender-hearted and affectionate …But the dominant key in his character is his hatred for the cruel oppressors and his love for the poor and downtrodden.”(Liu Bingshan, 20)

3) The Medieval Drama

3. Geoffrey Chaucer (1340—1400)

Chaucer’s main contributions to English literature (language) can be found from language aspect. 1) It is Chaucer who formally finished the blend of three languages, Anglo-Saxon English, Norman’s French and Latin to shape the early form of modern English. It is he who first used London Dialect English in formal writing, and it is due to his writing that modern English became the only national language accepted by all English people.2) Based on his application of London Dialect English in his writings, English became a bridge between literature and the great public. 3) First use of “heroic couplet”( the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter/the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter)4) He devoted a masterpiece The Canterbury Tales to English literature, which remains a classic with sufficient heritage in both language and artistic achievements.

4. The Canterbury Tales (General Prologue)

1) Its social significance:

The Canterbury Tales is more than a mere collection of true-to-life pictures. Taking the stand of the rising bourgeoisie, Chaucer affirms men and women’s right to pursue their happiness on earth and opposes the dogma of asceticism preached by the church.

As a forerunner of humanism, he praised man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life. His tales expose and satirize the evils of the time and attack the corruption of the church. ( Liu Bingshan,28)

2）sample reading

?They suggest a state of strength, vigor, vitality, life and imply the return of life.

?Study on Images:

?In category, we can classify the images in this part into four groups

1．Showers, liquid are concerned with water or rain that becomes the source of life and vitality;

2.Root, bud, flowers, wood and field are the signs of living things which suggest the return of life;

3.Zephyrs, sun, birds are the living things which either brings about or engenders life or the real life form;

4.Palmers, pilgrims and people are the waken people who are hopeful and pious, longing for better future and dedicating to the martyred saint.

3）Features of Chaucer’s Writing: a : Simple and expressive language ;b :Optimistic tone; c: Thematic concern– the rising and advancing society.

Part two The English Renaissance (1485-1660)

Renaissance: rebirth of learning

I: Background Information

1. Historically, we have to pay attention to the following events in this period: 1) Henry Ⅶcame to power in 1485；2) Henry Ⅷ’s break with the Rome Catholics in 1533 (Protestant Reformation); 3) Victory over Spain by defeating Spanish Armada in 1588.

2. Economically, we have to remember these facts: 1)The Enclosure Movement (“Sheep Devoured Men”); 2)The expansion of the territory.

3. Culturally, we have to be aware of the following facts: 1)JamesⅠauthorized the publication of the Bible 2) The Puritan Revolution 3) The Renaissance: a) Historical significance b) ―Three worships‖ c) Main traits

a) Historical Significance: It signified the beginning of the disruption of feudal system and became a movement against feudalism and hierarchy as time went on. It was the greatest progressive revolution that mankind has so far experienced, a time which called for giants and produced giants–giants in power of thought, passion, character, in universality and learning. ---Engels

b) “Three Worships‖: Classical works; Humanism; Science and knowledge

?The love of classics was but an expression of the general dissatisfaction at Catholic

and feudal ideas. ... Another feature of the Renaissance is the keen interest in the activities of humanity. People ceased to look upon themselves as living only for God and a future world. Thinkers, artists and poets arose, who gave expression, sometimes in an old guise, though, to the new feeling of admiration for human beauty and human achievement, a feeling in a sharp contrast with theology.

Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance which reflected the new outlook of the rising bourgeois class. (Liu Bingshan: 34)

?What a piece of work is a man! How noble in reason! How infinite in faculty! In

form and moving how express and admirable! In action how like an angel! In apprehension how like a god! The beauty of the world! The paragan of animals!

?人是一件多么卓越的精品: 多么高贵的理性! 多么伟大的力量! 多么优越的仪表!

多么文雅的举动! 在行为上多么象一个天使!在智慧上多么象一个天神!宇宙的精华!

万物的灵长! (《哈姆雷特》）

II : Main Literary Achievements of the Time

1. Main Figures: Thomas More (1478-1535) Edmund Spenser (1552-1599) Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593) Ben Jonson (1562-1637) William Shakespeare (1564-1616 ) Francis Bacon (1561-1626) John Donne (1573-1631) John Milton (1608-1674) John Bunyan …

2. Some Literary Terms

1) University Wits: It is applied to a group of writers who flourished in London in the

last twenty years or so of the 16th century. The most notable were Marlowe, Nashe, Greene and Lyly who all graduated from either Oxford or Cambridge, and who favored using euphuism and extravagance in writing.

2) Comedies of Humors: It is applied to a form of drama fashionable in the late of the

16th and the early of the 17th century. It is so called because it presented characters whose actions were ruled by a particular passion, trait or humor. The leading figure of this form is Ben Jonson and his play Every Man in His Humor is one of the typical.

3) Metaphysical Poets: This is a term applied to a group of seventeenth century poets,

such as John Donne, George Herbert and Andrew Marvell. They shared some features in writing, for example, they favored using conceits and hyperboles, they liked to develop some peculiar themes but didn’t like to be restrained by strict rhythm.

3. Edmund Spenser (1552-1599) : --poets’poet

?Spenser is the first master to make Modern English the natural music of his poetic

effusions.

?Spenser has held his position as a model of poetical art among the Renaissance

English poets, and his influence can be traced in the works of Milton, Shelley and Keats.

?―Faerie Queen‖ : The dominating thoughts of the poem are nationalism, humanism,

and Puritanism, all typical of the poet’s age (Wang: 40).

?His ―Faerie Queen‖is meant to edify through allegory which gets more and more

complex as the books go on…. He is a master musician and a great painter. (Liu: 48)

4.Shakespeare

1)Four periods of Shakespeare’s dramatic composition: a) The experimental period

b) The period of comedies and histories c) The period of tragedies d) The period of

dramatic romance

2) Chief Achievements and Features of Shakespeare’s Drama

Shakespeare’s successes as a great playwright chiefly rest on the following five aspects: a) The progressive significance of his themes. Living in the transitional period from feudal-ism to capitalism, Shakespeare paints in his drama a faithful panorama of the decline of old feudal nobility and the rise of the Tudor monarchy, which represented the interests of the English bourgeoisie. Moreover, he distilled into his drama the humanistic spirit of the Renaissance, and his drama becomes an expression, a monument of the English Renaissance.

b) Lifelike characters--his successful character portrayal c) His masterhand in constructing plays d) The ingenuity of his poetry e) His mastery of English language

3) Sample Reading of Shakespeare’s ―Sonnet 18‖

a) Historical Approach: ―The 16th century in England was a period of the breaking up of feudal relations and the establishing of the foundations of capitalism.”(Wu Weiren)

b) Character study--- Analysis of Hamlet (Analysis of Hamlet’s melancholy and delay)

?―Hamlet is one of the several idealists (or Renaissance humanists as some critics

would have it ) created by Shakespeare as an embodiment of the poet’s own ideals.”

(Chen Jia)

?―Hamlet is a humanist, a man who is free from medieval prejudices and

superstitions.‖

c) Analysis of the soliloquy:ⅰHamlet is in a serious conflict or contradiction, (to be or not to be; that is the question);ⅱHamlet is in a great melancholy and he is sensitive and alert; ⅲHamlet believes more in the life than the afterlife; ⅳHamlet is very cautious and thoughtful; ⅴHamlet has a very perceptive mind at the cruelty and hardships of the life or the society.

5. Francis Bacon: 1) Francis Bacon and his essays The founder of English materialist philosophy. The founder of modern science in England . “Essays”have won popularity for their precision, clearness, brevity and force. 2) Sample reading : Of Studies ( partial analysis)

6. John Donne (1573-1631) and his Metaphysical Poetry

1) Metaphysical Poets: This is a term applied to a group of seventeenth century poets, such as John Donne, George Herbert and Andrew Marvell. They shared some features in writing, for example, they favored using conceits and hyperboles, they liked to develop some peculiar themes but didn’t like to be restrained by strict rhythm.

2) Reading and analysis (A V alediction: Forbidding Mourning)

?Valediction - a farewell, but a stronger meaning than that: Valedictions for people

are read at funerals, etc, and ties in with the first stanza.

3) Features of the metaphysical poetry

?a) The original images and conceits.

?Conceit: Usually refers to a startling, ingenious, perhaps even far-fetched, metaphor

establishing an analogy or comparison between two apparently incongruous things.

?b) Skillful use of colloquial speech or language;

?c) Flexible meter and rhythm;

?d) Extravagant hyperboles;

?e) Complex and even peculiar themes.

7. John Milton (1608-1674)

1)Literary achievements: ―…a revolutionary and writer, …‖

Poetic works: Paradise Lost(1665 ) Paradise Regained(1667 ) Samson Agonistes (1671 )

Prose (mainly concerned with revolutionary propaganda and defence): Areopagitica (1644 )

8. John Bunyan(1628-1688)

?The Pilgrim’s Progress (1678 ) is an allegorical story in the form of dream and in

the style of the Bible.

?---―Life is a journey.‖

?Allegory:（style of a ) story, painting or description in which the characters and

events are meant as symbols of purity , truth, patience, etc.

?Three great allegories

?Spenser’s The Faerie Queen

?Dante’s La Divina Commdia (the Divine Comedy)

?Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress

?As I walked through the wilderness of this world, I lighted on a certain place

where was a den, and laid me down in that place to sleep; and as I slept, I dreamed a

dream. I dreamed, and behold, I saw a man clothed with rags, standing in a certain place, with his face from his own house, a book in his hand, and a great burden upon his back. I looked and saw him open the book, and read therein; and as he read, he wept and trembled; and not being able longer to contain, he brake out with a lamentable cry, saying, "What shall I do?"

Part Three The Restoration And The Enlightenment (1660-1798)

…in contrast with Classicism during the Renaissance, the writers in this period had a great respect for the classical authors, especially the ancient Romans, among whom Horace ( 65—8 BC ) was the favorite ; …they thought that Reason and Judge were the most admirable faculties of the human beings; in the third place, they cared about the painstaking craftsmanship in practice than about the theme or spirit of their writings. It is also called, therefore, the Age of Reason.

ⅠPolitical, Social and Cultural Background Information

1. Politically, 1) The Glorious Revolution (1688) 2) Two-Party Politics 3) The

American War of Independence (1775-1781) and The French Revolution(1789-1794)

2. Economically, 1) Industrialization: Industrial Revolution: the mechanization of

industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th century. 2) Territory Expansion

3. Culturally, 1) REASON 2) Politics and Literature 3) Enlightenment

1) The Humanist Views and the Rational Rules: The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. They held that rationality or reason should be the only cause of any human thought and activities. They called for a reference to order, reason and rules.

2) Politics and Literature

The pen seemed mightier than the sword.

3) Enlightenment: …an progressive intellectual movement , an expression of the struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudice, dogma and other feudal survivals. (Wang,155)

…Its central idea was the need for (and capacity of) human reason to clear away ancient superstition, prejudice, dogma, and injustice. Enlightenment thinking encouraged rational scientific inquiry, humanitarian tolerance, and the idea of universal human rights…--- Oxford Concise Dictionary of Literary Terms

In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism.

1. Neoclassicism 1) Neoclassicist ideas or concepts became the dominant belief, that is, literature must follow the example made by ancient Greek and Roman writers such as Homer, Virgil, Horace, Ovid and so on to take order, logic and accuracy as the most and first concern, simply, it must be judged by Reason and its service to human society.

…This belief led writers to seek proportion, unity, harmony and grace in literary expressions in order to delight, instruct and correct human beings. With this motivation, condense and witty language in graceful and polite manner became a popular vogue. In this group we can take Dryden, Pope, Johnson, Richardson as representatives. --- Oxford Concise Dictionary of Literary Terms

2. Some Main Writers

1) John Dryden (1631-1700 ) Dryden was esteemed as “the father of English prose”, “the father of English literary criticism”, and consequently the Restoration is often called “the Age of Dryden‖. He was authorized the poet laureate. His main contributions to English literature lie in two aspects: in prose and in literary criticism.

In prose a new tradition was established with his direction and efforts, that is, a tradition of simplicity, brevity, order and grace in style; in literary criticism, his main ideas can be found in the essay “An Essay On Dramatic Poesy‖ (1668) which set an example to have specific and condense analysis rather than theoretical illustration.

2) Alexander Pope (1688-1744 )

?a) To err is human, to forgive, divine.

?b) All nature is but art, unknown to thee;

?（一切自然之物皆为艺术，只是你未领悟）

?All chance , direction, which thou canst see;

?（一切偶然之事皆有主宰，只是你未看清，）

?All discord, harmony, not understood;

?(一切杂乱之绪皆成和谐，只是你未理解；)

?All partial evil, universal good;

?(一切局部丑陋之物，整体察之皆为美；)

?One truth is clear, whatever is , is right.

?(一条道理很清楚：凡存在的都是合理的。)

?（Quoted from An Essay on Man ）

?4) A little learning is a dangerous thing;

?(求学最忌讳一知半解，)

?There shallow drafts intoxicate the brain.

?( 浅尝辄止，使人头昏目眩，)

?（Quoted from An Essay on Criticism）

3) Samuel Johnson (1709—1784)--- a poet, dramatist, prose romancer, biographer, essayist, critic, lexicographer and publicist.

?Lives of the Poets (1779—1781)

?The preface of Shakespeare (1765)

? A Dictionary of the English Language (1755)

?Letter To Lord Chesterfield

?---“the declaration of independence of intellects of Europe‖

?Analysis of the tone----seemingly or superficially humble but virtually self-confident.

4) Jonathan Swift (1667-1745) -- a master of satire who devoted much of his writing to the struggle for Ireland against the English hegemony.

?Major Works:

?The Tale of Tub (1704)

?Gulliver’s Travels (1726 ) : a fascinating tale of travel in wonderland, and virtually a bitter satire at various depraved and vicious situations of England in a very successful tone of caricature.

? A Modest Proposal —for Preventing the Children of poor People in Ireland from being a Burden to their Parents or Country; and for making them beneficial to the Public (1729) which satirizes the poverty stricken situation under the suppression of

English rulers and landlords by suggesting to take the children as goods of food in a very serious and horribly cool tone.

?Sample reading: A Modest Proposal--an example of early modern western satire

?Outline (4 parts)Part 1: Para1-7 (the present situation in Ireland ) Part 2: Para 8-17 (detailing his proposal) Part 3: Para 18-25 (illustrating the advantages of his proposal) Part 4: Para 26-30 (supposing an objection to his proposal ) ?In indignation, Swift in the guise of an economic ―projector‖ wrote this pa mphlet, quietly recommending that it would be more humane to breed up the poor’s children as food for the rich.

?With the utmost gravity, he set out statistics to show the revenue that would come if this idea were adopted.

?The pamphlet showed Swift’s strong sympathy for the poor, his condemnation on the ruling class and the landlords, as well as his masterhand in writing satires. Swift’s Concerns in his Works

–Moral attributes

?Swift had a deep hatred for all the rich oppressors and a deep sympathy for all the poor and oppressed.

–Human nature

?His understanding of human nature is profound. In his opinion, human nature is seriously and permanently flawed. To better human life, enlightenment is needed. He intends not to condemn but to reform and improve human nature and human institutions.

?Satire(讽刺文学)

? A kind of literature that ridicules human folly or vice with the purpose of bringing about reform or of keeping others from falling into similar folly or vice.

?Irony(反语) refers to some contrast or discrepancy between appearance and reality.

3. The Rise of the Realistic Novel and Some Novelists

?5) Daniel Defoe ( 1660—1731) Robinson Crusoe ( The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe ). The adventures of Robinson Crusoe on the island is a song of his courage, his wisdom, and his struggle against the hostile natural environment. As the very prototype of empire builder and the pioneer colonist, Robinson Crusoe can be seen as an individualistic man who carries human labor and the Puritan fortitude to their greatest effect.

?6) Samuel Richardson ( 1689-1761 ) ---an epistolary novelist.

?Works:

?Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded

?Clarissa

?7) Henry Fielding ( 1707-1754)--―the father of the English novel.‖

?Henry Fielding was the first of all the 18th century English novelists to write“a comic epic in prose‖, and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.

?In form, Fielding retains a grand epic style and keeps to a realistic representation of common life as it is.

?The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling

8) Laurence Sterne (1713—1768 ) ---“a representative of sentimentalism in the 18th century‖

-- “the true father of the postmodernist novel‖

?Works:

?Tristram Shandy ( The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman) (《项狄传》）? A Sentimental Journey (《感伤的旅行》)

?Novel 1) Novel:

–First, the novel is a new genre or form. It is new because it greatly differs from those already established, namely, poetry.

–Second, the content of an novel is of fictitious nature.

–Third, the first purpose of a novel is to entertain.

?Merely telling stories is no novel. The novel is art and art means style.

?Novels tell made-up stories, but they tell truth.

?The faithfulness of a novel is not to the details of real life, but to the meaning or essence of life.

?2) Elements of Novel: Story; Character, Plot; Theme; Setting; Narrative Point of View

a) Story: is a series of happenings arranged in the natural temporal order as

they occur. Story is the basis of the novel. To read novel for story is nothing

wrong, but nothing professional either.

?b) Character: Kinds of characters: By their roles: heroes (heroine)/protagonist ;

main characters; minor characters ;foils

?By the degrees of their development (E.M.Forster): round characters; flat characters

?c) Plot

–d) Theme: the theme of a novel is its controlling idea or its central insight.

–e) Setting: the particular time and place.

–Setting is the background against which a character is depicted or an event narrated.

Its purpose is to provide an imaginary link between what happens in the novel and what the reader takes to be reality.

–f) Narrative Point of View: is the attitude or outlook of a narrator or character in a piece of literature, or it is the relationship between the narrator and the narrated.

–Narrator: a narrator is one who tells the story, often called the storyteller.

–narrator ≠writer

Part four Romanticism (1798-1832)

The Enlightenment remains the age of reason while Romanticism remains the period of emotions. The former is the age of prose, whereas, the latter the age of poetry.

I. Background Information

1. French Revolution --the storming of the Bastille,14 July 1789

--Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity

--Jean-Jacques Rousseau: glorify human nature; claim for social democracy

2. Industrial Revolution

?--increasing mechanization; development of industry

?--economic depression

?--disparity between the rich and the poor

?---Luddite riots: workers’ disturbances

The Industrial Revolution serves as a key to the origins of modern Western society. As Harold Perkin has observed, "the Industrial Revolution was no mere sequence of changes in industrial techniques and production, but a social revolution with social causes as well as profound social effects.

Ⅱ.Main Literary Achievements

1. Romanticism: Its chief emphasis was upon freedom of individual self-expression:

sincerity, spontaneity, and originality became the new standards in literature,…

?Rejecting the ordered rationality of the Enlightenment as mechanical, impersonal, and artificial, the Romantics turned to the emotional directness of personal experience and to the boundlessness of individual imagination and aspiration.

?Increasingly independent of the declining system of aristocratic patronage, they saw themselves as free spirits expressing their own imaginative truths; ... almost all showed a new interest in the irrational realms of dream and delirium or of folk superstition and legend. The creative imagination occupied the centre of Romantic views of art…. ----Oxford Concise Dictionary of Literary Terms

?The special qualities of Romanticism:

?The spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings

?Imagination

?Coleridge: ―Kubla Khan‖

?William Blake: ―The Tyger‖

?S. T. Coleridge: ―The Rime of the Ancient Mariner‖

?Idealization of Nature

?William Wordsworth: ―I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud‖

?Individualism

?Glorification of the commonplace

?Wordsworth: ―The Solitary Reaper‖

? A sense of melancholy and loneliness

?Thomas Gray: ―Elegy ‖

?The lure of the exotic

?Coleridge: ―Kubla Khan‖

?The rebellious spirit

?Some Main Figures:

I. Pre-Romantics 1). Thomas Gray(1716-1771) 2). Robert Burns(1759-1796) 3).

William Blake (1757-1827)

II.The First Generation of Romantics --The Passive Romantic School (The Lakers)

4). William Wordsworth (1770-1850) 5). Samuel Taylor Coleridge ( 1772-1834)

Ⅲ.The Younger Generation of Romantics --The Active Romantic School (The Revolutionary Romantic Poets)

6). George Gordon Byron (1788—1824) 7). Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792—1822) 8).John Keats ( 1795—1821)

2. Thomas Gray (1716-1771) Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard

?The poem was written at the end of the Augustan Age and at the beginning of the Romantic period, and the poem has characteristics associated with both literary periods. ?On the one hand, it has the ordered, balanced phrasing and rational sentiments of

Neoclassical poetry. On the other hand, it tends toward the emotionalism and individualism of the Romantic poets; most importantly, it idealizes and elevates the common man.

Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard Technical analysis

1) Image presentation

?a) The color of images suggests a melancholy tone.

?b) The situation or landscapes of the images also suggest a melancholy air.

?c) The sounds of different things suggest a melancholy tune.

2) Implications of sensations

?Declination Weariness darkness Loneliness Stillness drowsiness

Fretfulness Solitariness Ancientness decay Mortality Swiftness of pleasantness, happiness and strength but unescaped mortality

3)Theme

? A profound melancholy about the nature and the world;

? A deep reflection on the mortality of life and inequality of the society.

Sentimentalism: It refers to a trend in English literature in the second half of the 18th century. This trend made itself felt in many aspects in literature, for example, in fiction and in poetry. In fiction, it demonstrated its features mainly in Sterne’s writing, while in poetry in Thomas Gray’s and Edward Young’s poems. Most writers of this trend showed their sympathy for the poor and the virtuous, and interest in nature. In common they appealed to sentiment in tone. This trend became a transition from neoclassicism to romanticism.

Graveyard poets / poetry / school: It is applied to a group of poets who wrote a type of mournfully reflective poetry with emphasis on the brevity of life and the sepulchral atmosphere in the latter half of the 18th century. The best known works are Edward Young’s Night Thought(1742) and Robert Blair’s The Grave ( 1743 ). Thomas Gray’s Elegy ( 1750 ) is also included.

3. Robert Burns (1759-1796) －“Scottish national poet”

1) Main contribution

?He collected and compiled a lot of Scottish songs or ballads and made them into publication.

?He put Scottish dialect and Scottish songs into practice with various subjects which contributed much to develop Scottish tradition of songs.

2)Classification of Burns’ Poetry

?Scottish ballads: John Barleycorn

?Patriotic poems: My Heart is in the Highland

?The Tree of Liberty

? A Man’s a Man for A’That

?Lyrics of love & friendship: A Red, Red Rose

John Anderson My Jo

Ae Fond Kiss

Auld Lang Syne

2 )Comments on Robert Burns

? a. Burns was one of the most famous poets of the peasants in the world.

? b. He obtain the characteristic of all old Scottish songs: simplicity, humor, directness and optimism.

? c. As a poet of the laboring people, he pours out the sentiment of the people.

? d. In his poems, he sings of his hometown, his people, love, nature, etc.

? e.His vivid dialects advanced colloquial language expression of his new poems.

? f.He created a kind of symphonic meter of all his own, and lots of his poems have been set to music.

The Lakers/ Lake Poets: It is a term applied to a group of poets during Romanticism in English Literature. They are William Wordsworth, Samuel Coleridge and Robert Southey.

Sonnet: It is applied to a traditional form in poetry, which often consists of 14 lines usually in iambic pentameters with considerable variations in rhyme. It was developed from Italian song or lyrical poem during the Renaissance. The most popular sonnets are Petrarchan, Shakespearean and Spenserian.

Heroic couplet: It is applied to a traditional form in poetry, which consists of two succeeding rhymed lines usually in iambic pentameter. It is characteristic of being neat in pattern and grand in style. It is generally thought that it is Geoffrey Chaucer who was the first poet to make extensive and successful use of the couplet, for example, in Canterbury Tales. But it is John Dryden, Alexander Pope and Samuel Johnson who made the greatest achievements in this field, and Pope polished and refined it to near perfection.

大三_英国文学史(绝对标准中文版)

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法国文学史笔记整理

法国文学史 一、十六世纪法国文学—文艺复兴时期15-16 La renaissance 七星诗社Le pléiade 修辞学派les Grandes Rhétoriques ●弗朗索瓦·拉伯雷 Francois Rebelais 《巨人传》Gargantua et Pantagruel长篇小说 ●杜贝莱Joachim du Bellay 《橄榄集》Olive ●龙沙Pierre de Ronsard（十四行诗） ●蒙田Michel Eyquem Montaigne 《随笔集》Les Essais 二、十七世纪的法国文学—古典主义17 Classicisme ●笛卡尔René Descartes 古典主义哲学自然与理性 《方法论》 Discours De La Méthode ●高乃依 Pierre Corneille 古典主义悲剧 《熙德》 Le cid ●莫里哀Molière 古典主义喜剧 《伪君子》Tartuffe ou l’imposteur ●拉封丹 Jean de La Fontaine 寓言《寓言诗》 Les fables ●拉辛 Jean Racine 《费德尔》Phèdre古典主义悲剧 《安德洛玛克》Andromaque ●布瓦洛 Nicolas Boileau 《诗的艺术》L’art poétique 三、十八世纪的法国文学（启蒙时代 Le siècle des Lumières） ●勒萨日 Le sage 《杜卡雷》Turcaret 《瘸腿魔鬼》Le diable

●马里沃 Pierre Carlet de Marivaux 《爱情与偶然游戏》Le jeu de l’amour et du hasard ..... ●孟德斯鸠 Montesquieu 《波斯人信札》Les lettres persanes 《论法精神》l'esprit des lois三权分立 ●伏尔泰 Voltaire 《哲学通信》Les lettres philosophiques 《中国孤儿》l’orphelin de la Chine 《老实人》Candide ●狄德罗 Denis Diderot 《百科全书》Encyclopédie ●卢梭 JeanJacques Rousseau 《忏悔录》Les Confessions 《新爱洛依丝》La nouvelle Hélo?se ●博马舍 Beaumarchais 《回忆录》Mémoires 《费加罗的婚礼》Le mariage de Figaro ●布封Buffon 《博物史》Histoire naturelle ●尼埃AndréChénier 《颂歌集》odes ●拉克洛 Laclos 《危险关系》les liaisons dangereuses ....... 五、十九世纪法国浪漫主义文学 Le Romantisme ●斯塔尔夫人 Madame de Sta?l

王守仁《英国文学选读》译文汇总.

Unit 1 Geoffrey Chaucer 1343-1400 夏雨给大地带来了喜悦送走了土壤干裂的三月沐浴着草木的丝丝经络顿时百花盛开生机勃勃西风轻吹留下清香缕缕田野复苏吐出芳草绿绿碧蓝的天空腾起一轮红日青春的太阳洒下万道金辉小鸟的歌喉多么清脆优美迷人的夏夜怎好安然入睡美丽的自然撩拨万物的心弦多情的鸟儿歌唱爱情的欣欢香客盼望膜拜圣徒的灵台僧侣立愿云游陌生的滨海信徒来自全国东西南北众人结伴奔向坎特伯雷去朝谢医病救世的恩主以缅怀大恩大德的圣徒那是个初夏方临的日子我到泰巴旅店投宿歇息怀着一颗虔诚的赤子心我准备翌日出发去朝圣黄昏前后华灯初上时分旅店院里涌入很多客人二十九人来自各行各业不期而遇都到旅店过夜这些香客人人虔心诚意次日要骑马去坎特伯雷客房与马厩宽敞又洁净店主的招待周到而殷勤夕阳刚从地平线上消失众人同我已经相互结识大家约好不等鸡鸣就起床迎着熹微晨光干燥把路上可是在我叙述故事之前让我占用诸位一点时间依我之见似乎还很必要把每人的情况作些介绍谈谈他们从事什么行业社会地位属于哪个阶层容貌衣着举止又是如何那么我就先把骑士说说骑士的人品出众而且高尚自从军以来就驰骋于疆场待人彬彬有礼大度而豪爽珍惜荣誉节操和骑士风尚为君主效命创辉煌战绩所到国家之远无人能比转战于基督和异教之邦因功勋卓著缕缕受表彰他攻打过亚历山大利亚在普鲁士庆功宴上有他这位佼佼者多次坐首席从立陶宛直打到俄罗斯同级的骑士都大为逊色攻克阿给西勒有他一个还出征到过柏尔玛利亚夺取烈亚斯和萨塔利亚他还

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考试课程：英国文学史及选读考核类型：A 卷 考试方式：闭卷出卷教师: XXX 考试专业：英语考试班级：英语xx班 I.Multiple choice (30 points, 1 point for each) select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement. 1._____，a typical example of old English poetry ,is regarded today as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. A.The Canterbury Tales B.The Ballad of Robin Hood C.The Song of Beowulf D.Sir Gawain and the Green Kinght 2._____is the most common foot in English poetry. A.The anapest B.The trochee C.The iamb D.The dactyl 3.The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, which one of the following is NOT such an event? A.The rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture. B.England’s domestic rest C.New discovery in geography and astrology D.The religious reformation and the economic expansion 4._____is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. A.The Pilgrims Progress B.Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners C.The Life and Death of Mr.Badman D.The Holy War 5.Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries, its essence is _____. A.science B.philosophy C.arts D.humanism 6.“So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,/So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.”(Shakespeare, Sonnets18)What does“this”refer to ? A.Lover. B.Time. C.Summer. D.Poetry. 7.“O prince, O chief of my throned powers, /That led th’ embattled seraphim to war/Under thy conduct, and in dreadful deeds/Fearless, endangered Heaven’s perpetual king”In the third line of the above passage quoted from Milton’s Paradise Los t, the phrase“thy conduct”refers to _____conduct. A.God’s B.Satan’s C.Adam’s D.Eve’s

英国文学选读一考试大题必备 重点题目分析(人物分析 诗歌分析 三大主义)

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英国文学笔记

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