英译汉解题技巧
第五部分：英译汉
英译汉部分要求翻译单句, 而不是段落或篇章。考生首先要读懂句子,了解句子的语法结构、使用的固定词组、习惯用法及词与词之间的语义关系, 然后, 再正确分析原文的语言现象和逻辑关系,进行透彻的理解, 最后, 力图用简洁明了的汉语表达出原文的意思。因此, 考生有必要掌握一些基本的翻译技巧。
一、翻译技巧一
一般的英译汉考题不会只是简单句。我们在做题时, 首先要从语法入手, 找寻和确定句子大的框架结构, 通过分析把句中的从句和插入部分先排除掉, 明确句子结构有助于我们正确理解整句话的意思。
(一)重点分析句子结构
其实, 就英语的句子结构而言, 是有规律可循的。除去省略句、倒装句、感叹句和一些特殊句子外, 英语句子的结构可归纳为三类:
1. to be句型: 主语+ be + 表语
Miss Jones is a manager. 琼斯小姐是位经理。
2. to do句型: 主语+ do + (宾语) + (状语)
He teaches English in this school. 他在这所学校教英语。
3. there be句型: There be + 主语+ 状语
There are beautiful wildflowers in the hills. 山中有美丽的野花。
(二)确定语法现象和惯用结构
英译汉考题中常见的重点语法有: 时态、语态、主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句、状语从句、动词不定式、动名词、分词、虚拟语气、倒装句、强调句等。考生要非常熟悉这些语法现象, 才不至于对句子产生误解。例如:
●Anyone who is interested in it can go with us.
对这事感兴趣的人可以跟我们去。(who引导定语从句修饰主语anyone)
●The problem discussed at yesterday’s meeting is very important.
昨天会上讨论过的那个问题非常重要。(过去分词短语作后置定语修饰主语the
problem)
●You could have done better if you had been more careful.
要是细心一点的话，你就会做得更好。(if 引导虚拟语气的条件状语从句)
●Hardly had I said that when she entered the room.
我刚说完，她就进来了。(倒装句, 否定词hardly位于句首, 助动词had 放在主语
I之前)
●It was not until last night that I noticed this matter.
直到昨晚我才注意到这件事。(强调句: It was not until+强调成分+that句子其余成分)
●The books were either works on travel or detective novels.
这些书要么是关于旅行的, 要么就是侦探小说。(连接词either… or…连接两个表语)
(三)熟悉固定搭配词组和习惯用法
英译汉考题中还常常会设计一个关键的考点–固定搭配的词组和习惯表达法, 旨在考查考生对词汇的掌握和运用情况。考生在理解这些习惯用语时会感到很困难, 这是
因为单从组成某个习惯用语的词的字面意思上来理解其含义, 往往会出偏差,必将影响到对整个句子的理解。例如:
●They came up with a cure for the disease at last.
他们最终发现了治疗这种疾病的方法 (短语动词,意为“提出;发现”)
●The news got around by word of mouth.
这一消息通过人们的口传播开来。(介词短语,意为“口头流传”)
●It’ll be cheaper in the long run to use real leather.
从长远的观点来看, 用真皮更便宜。(介词短语,意为“从长远的观点来看”)
●I’ll tell them the truth, regardless of what they want to hear.
不管他们愿不愿意听, 我要告诉他们真相。(形容词短语,意为“不管...”)
●Punishment had very little effect on him.
惩罚对他没有什么效果。(名词短语,意为“对…起作用”)
(四)熟练掌握过渡连接词
过渡连接词是使上下文的连接自然、紧凑的有效方法，使文章整体具有结构上的粘着性和意义上的连贯性。因此,熟练掌握过渡连接词能充分把握住原文的意图和出题思路。过渡连接词按语义划分为以下最常见的几种类型
表示增补: and , also , besides , what’s more , in addition , furthermore …
表示因果: for this reason, because of, since, as a result, thus, therefore, so, hence …
表示转折: however, still, but, otherwise, despite, nevertheless, though, in fact …
表示列举: firstly, secondly, for one thing…for another, to begin with, then, last …
表示解释: for example, for instance, that is, namely …
表示总结: in short, to sum up, in conclusion, briefly, on the whole …
例如:
●The railroad connects two cities, namely, New York and Chicago.
这铁路联接两个城市, 即纽约和芝加哥。 (表示解释)
●She was very tired, nevertheless, she kept on working.
她虽然很疲倦, 然而她却继续工作。(表示转折)
●He said that he could not find it and, furthermore, that nobody would ever find it.
他说他找不到它, 而且也没有人会找到它。(表示增补)
●He was ill, and therefore could not come. (表示结果)
他病了, 所以未能来。
二、翻译技巧二
每一种语言，在词意的运用，语句的铺排、句子的结构方面，都有其独特的方式，而每一词每一字所承载的文化信息亦各不相同。因此, 英译汉的表达方式总体上可以分成两大类:
(一)直译法：
一般来说, 在语言条件许可的情况下, 应该尽可能地用直译, 使译文既能保持原文的内容, 又能保持原文的形式和风格。例如:
●All roads lead to Roma.
条条大路通罗马。
●The soldier was as brave as a lion.
那个士兵像狮子一样勇敢。
●My brother is like a duck to water in the new job.
我哥哥在新的工作岗位上如鱼得水。
●It is he who has consistently offered fuel in snowy weather but never added flowers
to embroidery.
他这个人一向对人是雪中送炭，从来不是锦上添花。
(二)意译法:
为使译文得到和原文基本相同的文化信息，当翻译中遇到两种文化有差异，用直译无法使译文传达准确的信息时，就要在母语中寻找与其对应的表达方式，利用各种必要的转换手段进行意译。例如:
●He is down and out as if/though he lived a dog’s life.
他穷困, 潦倒，好像过着牛马一样的生活。（转译法-a dog’s life转换词义）
●He behaved politely while answering the interviewer’s questions.
他在回答采访者问题时, 很有礼貌。 (省略法–behaved 一词不译出)
●He is a stranger to the company’s business.
他对于该公司的经营业务是陌生的。(转换法–stranger 名词转换成形容词)
●All preparation must be done before you do experiments.
在做试验之前, 一切准备工作都必须做好。(增加法-preparatio n增加“工作”)
●Each country has its own customs.
各国有各国的风俗. (重复法- Each country重复使用“各国”)
英译汉专项练习:
1. Tom has taught English here since he graduated from Oxford University.
2. Visitors who come here like the beach and sunshine.
3. Please give this ticket to whoever comes first.
4. The higher the temperature of a body, the quicker the motion of its molecules.
5. Whether they will hold a meeting has not been decided.
6. Though it was late, we kept on working.
7. The child talks as if he were a man.
8. Never before in her life has Helen seen such beautiful and precious jewelry.
9. The bridge being built will be completed in May.
10. Mary was such a hardworking student that she soon came out first in the class.
11. Everything considered, their plan is still workable.
12. As is known to all, China is a developing country.
13. A lot of natural resources in the mountain area are to be exploited and used.
14. Everyone enjoys being praised instead of criticized.
15. Peter was too young to understand all that.
16. I got a decayed tooth pulled off yesterday.
17. If you invest all your money in one hotel, you'll have all your eggs in one basket.
18. We are very grateful to you for what you have done for us all these years.
19. He has made it clear that he has nothing to do with her.
20. Had the car gone over the cliff, they would have been killed .
21. With winter coming on, it’s time to buy warm clo thes.
22. Not only is this problem very important, but it is a difficult problem to be solved at once.
23. It was not until last night that I noticed this matter.
24. We are doing this for our company rather than for ourselves.
25. We have not yet won; however, we shall try again.
26. The football match was cancelled because of rain.
27. As a result, our personal income rose an average of 13 per cent last year alone.
28. The suit is quite satisfactory except for the color.
29. He remains modest despite his great achievements.
30. In some cultures people devote a lot of time to eating.
31. John will be back in a week, and you can talk to him then.
32. We tend to make mistakes when we are nervous.
33. H e failed to live up to his parents’ expectations.
34. These computers are small in size and light in weight.
35. Either you must improve your work, or I shall dismiss you.
36. He said that he preferred the country to the city.
37. We must take immediate measures to prevent such things from happening again.
38. Neither you nor I, nor anybody else knows the answer.
39. The door is out of proportion with the window.
40. The boy was lost. His parents were very concerned about his safety.
英译汉专项练习答案和注释
1. 汤姆从牛津大学毕业后就一直在这里教英语。
注释：这是一个由since引导的时间状语从句，表示“自从……以来”, 词组graduate from… 意为“从…毕业”。
2. 来这里的游客喜欢沙滩和阳光。
注释：句中的who引导定语从句, 修饰主语visitors。
3. 请把这张票给最先来的人。
注释：本句为祈使句, 词组give sth. to sb. 意为“把某物给某人”, 介词to后面接了一个由whoever 引导的宾语从句。
4. 物体的温度越高，其分子的运动就越快。
注释：这是一个由the more…, the more …引导的比较状语从句, 表示“越…, 越…”。
5. 要不要开会还没有决定。
注释：这是一个由whether引导的主语从句, 表示“是否…”, 词组hold a meeting 意为“举行一个会议” , 此句的谓语是has not been decided, 是现在完成时的被动语态。
6. 尽管已经很晚了，我们还在继续工作。
注释：这是一个由though 引导的让步状语从句, 表示“虽然…, 但是…”,词组keep on doing… 意为“继续做…”。
7. 那个孩子说起话来就好像是个大人似的。
注释：这是一个由as if 引导的方式状语从句, 表示“就好像…”, 状语从句一般用虚拟语气。
8. 海伦一生中从未见过如此漂亮和珍贵的珠宝。
注释：此句为倒装句, 否定词never位于句首, 助动词has 放在在主语Helen之前。9. 正在修建的那座桥将于5月完工。
注释：句中的being built是现在分词的被动语态作定语, 修饰主语the bridge, 表示“正在被建造的…” 。
10. 玛丽是一个学习十分用功的学生，不久她就成了班里学习最好的学生。
注释：此句结构为: such a + 名词+ that从句, that引出结果状语从句, 表示“如此…, 以致于…”。词组come out first 意为“成为第一名”。
11. 所有因素都考虑到，他们的计划仍是可行的。
注释：句中Everything + considered 是过去分词的独立结构, Everything 和considered之间是逻辑上的被动关系, 在句中作状语, 意为“所有因素都被考虑到了” 。
12. 众所周知，中国是一个发展中国家。
注释：这是一个由as 引导的非限定定语从句, 意为“众所周知”, as 在句中要充当成分, 指代后面的整句话。
13. 那个山区有许多自然资源有待于开发利用。
注释：本句的主语是A lot of natural resources, 后面的介词短语in the mountain area做后置定语修饰主语, 谓语是系动词is + to do 表示将来时, 而to be exploited and used是动词不定式的被动语态。
14. 每个人都喜欢被表扬而不是受到批评。
注释：谓语动词enjoy 要求后面接动名词, being praised是动名词的被动语态作宾语, 介词短语instead of…, 意为“而不是…”, 要求后面接的成分与前面并列成分being praised 一致, 而本句中把相同成分being省略了, 仅仅保留了过去分词criticized。
15. 皮特太年轻, 无法明白这一切。
注释：本句为动词不定式too… to…结构, 表示“…太…以致于不…”, 在句中作结
果状语。
16. 我昨天把一颗蛀牙拔了。
注释：此句结构为get sth. done, 过去分词短语pulled off 作宾语a decayed tooth的宾语补足语, 它们之间是逻辑上的被动关系, 词组pull off 意为“拔掉”。
17. 要是你把所有的钱都投资在一个宾馆里，你就是在孤注一掷。
注释：这是一个由if 引导的条件状语从句, 表示“如果…, 就…”, 词组
invest …in … 意为“在…投资”, 词组have all your eggs in one basket意为“孤注
一掷”。
18. 我们非常感谢这些年来你为我们所做的一切。
注释：本句中有一个形容词短语grateful to sb. for sth. 意为“感谢某人某事”, 句中介词for后面接了一个由what 引导的宾语从句。
19. 他已经表明了他与她无关。
注释：句中的it 作made 的形式宾语, clear 作宾语补足语, that 引导实际宾语从句, 词组have nothing to do with sb. 意为“与某人无关”.
20. 如果汽车当时翻到悬崖下, 他们早就丧命了。
注释：句中的Had 位于句首是虚拟语气过去时的倒装结构, 表示“如果…, 就…” 。
21. 冬天来了，该买保暖的衣服了。
注释：此句为介词with的独立结构, 在句中作状语: 介词with + 名词+ 现在分词短语, winter和coming on 之间是逻辑上的主动关系, it’ time + to do sth. 意为“该是做…的时候了”。
22 这个问题不仅重要,而且还是一个难于马上解决的问题。
注释：此句为倒装句, 否定词Not only位于句首, 把系动词is 放在主语this problem之前, to be solved 是动词不定式的被动语态做定语, 修饰前面的a difficult problem。23. 直到昨晚我才注意到这件事。
注释：此句为强调句结构: It was not until + 强调成分+ that + 句子的其余部分, 表示
“直到…才…”。
24. 我们是为了公司才这么做的，而不是为了我们自己。
注释：句中的连词rather than 表示“而不是”, 前后要连接相同的句子成分, 本句
是连接了两个介词短语for our company rather than for ourselves。
25. 我们还没有取胜, 不过, 我们还要再试一下。
注释：句中的连接副词however 意为“然而”, 表示语气“转折”。
26. 因为下雨足球比赛取消了。
注释：句中的连接词because of…意为“因为…”, 表示“原因”。
27. 结果, 仅去年一年我们人均收入平均增长13%。
注释：句中的连接词as a result 表示“结果”, 词组an average of… 意为“平均…”。28. 这套衣服，除了颜色以外，还是很令人满意的。
注释：句中的介词短语except for … 意为“除了…之外”。
29. 尽管他取得了伟大的功绩, 但是, 仍然保持谦虚。
注释：句中的介词despite … 意为“尽管…”, 表示“让步”, 动词remains可以用作系动词be , 因此后面接形容词modest, 意为“保持谦虚”。
30. 在有些文化中，人们在吃上要花很多时间。
注释：句中的词组devote… to… 意为“把...专用于…; 把...献给…”, 此处的to是
介词, 后面要接名词或动名词。
31. 约翰一周后就回来, 你到时可以直接与他谈。
注释：当介词短语in a week与将来时连用时表示“一周后”, 因此, 在翻译的时候, 一定要注意, 切不可译成“一周内”, 词组talk to… 意为“与…交谈”。
32. 我们紧张的时候就容易犯错误。
注释：句中的词组tend + to do 意为“趋向于…; 往往是…”, 句中的when引导了一个时间状语从句, 表示“当…时候”。
33. 他辜负了父母对他的期望。
注释：句中的动词fail + to do 意为“使…失望; 辜负某人” , 词组live up to…意为“做到…”, 这两个词组常常连用, 表示“辜负了…的期望”。
34. 这些计算机体积小，重量轻。
注释：句中的small in size and light in weight 意为“体积小, 重量轻” , 是习惯表达法。
35. 你必须改进工作, 否则, 我解雇你.
注释：本句由连接词either… or …连接了两个句子, 意为“或…或…”。
36. 他说城市和农村相比, 他更喜欢农村。
注释：句中的词组prefer … to … 意为“喜欢…胜于…; 更喜欢…”。
37. 我们必须立即采取措施防止这种事情再次发生。
注释：句中的词组take measures to do ... 意为“采取措施做…”, 词组prevent …
from… 意为“阻止...做…”。
38. 你, 我, 其他任何人都不知道这答案。
注释：句中的连接词neither… or … 意为“两者都不…; 既不...也不…”, 在句中连接了并列的三个主语you, I, anybody。
39. 这门和窗子不成比例。
注释：句中的词组out of proportion with…意为“…和...不成比例”。
40. 小男孩找不到了，他的父母对他的安全忧心忡忡。
注释：句中的形容词短语concerned about… 意为“十分挂念…”, 词组be lost 意为“丢失了, 迷路了” 。
英译汉-文体翻译(1)新闻
第六单元文体翻译 第一节新闻报道 一、新闻翻译的特点 1、翻译讲求实效 2、可以适当增减 ?翻译：遵循翻译标准进行全文翻译。 ?编译：紧扣原作主题思想，从原作选取最有价值的内容，遵循篇章构建的一般规律，基本按照原作的时间先后顺序和逻辑关系组织行文，再按照翻译的一般原则，将其译成目的语的过程。（王涛2004） ?摘译：摘取一些认为重要的或者说传达了重要信息的段落和内容。（俞建村2001）（注意：必须完整地翻译抽取的内容。） ?参见教材第十章“翻译的类型” p135. 3、符合写作要求 （1）手法： ?以尽可能有趣的方式将一定事实展现出来。 （2）结构： ?编年史法（chronological method ）： 依照事实发生先后按时间顺序叙述。 ?新闻导语法（news lead method ）： 依照事实的重要性来铺陈、排列事实。 （3）语言： ?具体、准确、简明、通俗、生动。 4、内容力求准确 二、新闻的翻译 ?标题的翻译 ?电头的翻译 ?导语的翻译 ?正文的翻译 ?了解背景知识 例： US Missile Targets Iraqi Radar Site W ASHINGTON: A United States Air Force F-16 fighter plane fired a missile at an Iraqi radar site after the jet was tracked electronically while in the “no-fly” zone over southern Iraq, the Pentagon said yesterday. But the White House, explaining a long delay in announcing the strike, said it was unclear whether Iraqi radar has “locked on” to the plane on Saturday. A Pentagon spokesman said the F-16 returned safely to its base in Saudi Arabia. It was not immediately known if the Iraqi site was damaged. The spokesman, confirming the strike about 18 hours after it occurred, said an investigation was under way. Iraq denied any such incident had taken place. 美导弹击中伊拉克雷达基地 华盛顿电：五角大楼昨日宣称：一架美空军F－16战斗机在伊拉克南部禁飞区被电子跟踪后，向伊一雷达基地发射了导弹。 但是白宫在解释拖延很久才公布这次打击行动的原因时称：星期六时尚不清楚伊雷达是否已“锁定”了这架飞机。 五角大楼的一位发言人说，该F—16战斗机已安全返回设在沙特阿拉伯的基地，伊雷
英译汉段落翻译1
Paradox of Our Times We have bigger houses and smaller families; more conveniences, but less time; we have more degrees, but less common sense; more knowledge, but less judgment; more experts, but more problems; more medicine, but less wellness. We have multiplied our possessions, but reduced our values. We talk too much, love too little and lie too often. We’ve learned how to make a living, but not a life; we’ve added years to life, not life to years. We have taller buildings, but shorter tempers; wider freeways, but narrow viewpoints. We spend more, but have less; we buy more, but enjoy it less. We’ve been all the way to the moon and back, but have trouble crossing the street to meet the new neighbor. We’ve conquered outer space, but not inner space. We’ve split the atom, but not our prejudice; we write more, but learn less; plan more, but accomplish less. We’ve learned to rush, but not to wait; we have higher incomes, but lower morals. We build more computers to hold more information, to produce more copies, but have less communication. We are long on quantity, but short on quality. These are the times of fast foods and slow digestion; tall men and short character; steep profits and shallow relationship. More leisure and less fun; more kinds of food, but less nutrition; two incomes but more divorce; fancier houses, but broken homes.
专八英译汉段落翻译完整版 中英文对照
My First Job When I reached the age of twelve I left the school for ever and got my first fulltime job, as a grocer’s boy. I spent my days carrying heavy loads, but I enjoyed it. It was only my capacity for hard work that saved me from early dismissal, for I could never stomach speaking to my “betters” with the deference my employer thought I should assume. But the limit was reached one Tuesday — my half holiday. On my way home on that day I used to carry a large basket of provisions to the home of my emplo yer’s sister-in-law. As her house was on my way home I never objected to this. On this particular Tuesday, however, just as we were putting the shutters up, a load of smoked hams was delivered at the shop. “Wait a minute,” said the boss, and he opened the load and took out a ham, which he started to bone and string up. I waited in growing impatience to get on my way, not for one minute but for a quite a considerable time. It was nearly half-past two when the boss finished. He then came to me with the ham, put it in the basket beside me, and instructed me to deliver it to a customer who had it on order. This meant going a long way out of my road home, so I looked up and said to the boss: “Do you know I finish at two on Tuesday?” I have never seen a man look m ore astonished than he did then. “What do you mean?” he gasped. I told him I meant that I would deliver the groceries as usual, but not the ham. He looked at me as if I were some unusual kind f insect and burst into a storm of abuse. But I stood firm. He gave me up as hopeless and tried new tactics. “Go out and get another boy,” he yelled at a shop-assistant. “Are you going to deliver them or not?” the boss turned to me and asked in a threatening tone. I repeated what I had said before. “Then, out of here,” he shouted. So I got out. This was the first time I had serious trouble with an employer.
英译汉篇章翻译2
英译汉篇章翻译练习（2） Proverbs are the popular sayings that brighten so much Latin American talk, the boiled-down wisdom that you are as apt to hear from professors as from peasants, from beggars as from elegances. Brief and colorful, they more often than not carry a sting. When a neighbor?s dismally unattractive daughter announced her engagement, Imelda remarked, “You know what they say, Senora: …There?s no pot so ugly it can?t find a lid.?” And when her son-in-law blustered about how he was going to get even with the boss who had docked his pay, Imelda fixed him with a cold eye and said, “Little fish does not eat big fish.” One afternoon, I heard Imelda and her daughter arguing in the kitchen. Her daughter had quarreled with her husband?s parents, and Imelda was in sisting that she apologized to them. Her daughter objected. “But, Mama, I just can?t swallow them, not even with honey. They talk so big until we need something; then they?re too poor. So today when they wouldn?t even lend us enough to pay for a new bed, a ll I did was say something that I?ve heard you say a hundred times: …If so grand, why so poor? If so poor, why so grand?” “Impertinent!” snorted Imelda. “Have I not also taught you, …What the tongue says, the neck pays for?? I will not have it said that I could never teach my daughter proper respect for her elders. And before you go to beg their pardon, change those trousers for a dress. You know how your mother-in-law feels about pants on a woman. She always says, …What was hatched a hen must not try to be a rooster!” Her daughter made one more try. “But Mama, you often say, …If the saint is annoyed, don?t pray to him until he gets over it.? Can?t I leave it for tomorrow?” “No, no and no! Remember: …If the dose is nasty, swallow it fast.? You know, my child, you did wrong. But, …A gift is the key to open the door closed against you.? I have a cake in the oven that I was making for the Senora?s dinner, I will explain to the Senora. Now, dear, hurry home and make yourself pretty in your pink dress. By the time you get back, I will have the cake ready for you to take to your mother-in-law. She will be so pleased that she may make your father-in-law pay for the bed. Remember: …One hand washes the other, but together they wash the face.?”
英译汉常用的方法和技巧(4-7)
第三章英译汉常用方法和技巧 （教学安排：6课时） 无论翻译的标准如何，翻译的目的都是要求译者最大程度地传递原文信息/再现原文风格，以求最大程度地“忠实”于原文。翻译标准只是给译者提供了翻译的大方向，在具体的翻译运作过程中，还会遇到种种问题，所以在翻译实践中，还要灵活运用相应的翻译方法和技巧，从原文和译文的整体出发，全面分析，透过现象，抓住本质。经过不断的翻译实践，翻译技巧一定会运用得越来越娴熟，翻译水平也会越来越高。合理有效地运用翻译技巧可以使译文生辉，有效地提高翻译质量。 常用的翻译方法和技巧： 直译和意译 词义的选择 省略法和增补法 词类转译法 重复法 正反、反正表达法 分译法和合译法 直译和意译 英汉两种语言的结构有相同的一面，也有不同的一面，因此翻译时有时使用直译，有时用意译，有时直译并举。无论使用哪种方法，其原则是在忠实原文内容和风格的前提下，摆脱原文结构的束缚，使译文符合汉语的规范 直译(metaphrase/literal translation) 在不影响译入语的自然流畅并保持原文信息的前提下，在译文中既保持原文的内容信息，又保持原文的形式结构，尤其要保持原文的修辞、文体和文化特质。 to kill two birds with one stone to shed crocodile tears 如果不破坏原文结构，译文也能通顺自然且忠实原意，这是最理想的直译，但逐字对等且保持原文结构和语义的情况微乎其微。 直译法的使用不仅极大丰富了汉语的词汇，而且及大地拓展了汉语的表达方式和表达范围。汉语中的外来语大都采用直译法或音译法。例如： lady-killer talk show mad cow disease bird flu chain reaction cat walk humor second-hand car tittup hippy yuppie shock 例1 原文：There are two types of electric current: alternating current in which the current flows first one way then the other in a forward and backward motion, and direct current which flows the same way all the time. 译文： 例2 原文：Losing one’s independence for Americans is a shameful thing.
经典英文段落翻译__英译汉15篇
1.意大利著名旅行家马可。波罗曾这样叙述他印象中的杭州：“这是世界上最美妙迷人的城市，它使人觉得自己社在天堂。”在中国，也流传着这样的话：“上有天堂，下有苏杭。”杭州的名气主要在于风景如画的西湖。西湖一年四季都美不胜收，宋代著名诗人苏东坡用“淡妆浓抹总相宜”的诗句来赞誉西湖。在杭州，您可以饱览西湖的秀色，也不妨漫步街头闹市，品尝一下杭州的名菜名点，还可购上几样名特土产。 The famous Italian traveler Marco Pole was so impressed by the beauty of Hangzhou that he described it as “the mist fascinating city in the world where one feels that one is in paradise.” In China, there has been a century-old popular saying praising the city: In Heaven there is Paradise; on Earth there are Suzhou and Hangz hou.” Hangzhou’s fame lies mainly in its picturesque West Lake. As it is beautiful all the year round, the West Lake was compared by Su Dongpo, a celebrated poet of the Song Dynasty, to a beauty “who is always charming in either light or heavy makeup.” In Hangzhou, you will not only find the lake a perfect delight to the eye but also find it a joy to stroll along the busy streets, taste famous Hangzhou dishes and buy some special local products. 2.在设备制造期间，雇主的代表有权对根据合同提供的全部工程设备的材料和工艺进行检查、研究和检验，同时检查其制造进度。这一切应在工作时间内于承包商的工厂里进行。如果工程设备正在其它第三方工厂制造，承包商应为卖方代表获得他能在该工厂进行此类检查、研究和检验的许可。此类检查、研究或检验不应解除承包商在合同中的任何义务。 The Employer’s representative shall be entitled during manufacture to inspect, examine and test the materials and workmanship and check the progress of manufacture of all Plants to be supplied under the Contract. This shall take place on the Contractor’s promises during working hours. If the plant is being manufactured on other premises, the Contractor shall obtain permission for the Employer’s representative to carry out such inspection, examination and testing on those premises. 3. 雇主或项目经理提交给承包商的雇主的图纸，技术规格以及其它资料仍应为雇主的财产。除非是为了合同的需要，未经雇主同意，承包商不得使用、复制这些材料或将之传递给第三方。 承包商应对承包商的图纸中的任何错误或遗漏负责，除非他们可归因与雇主或项目经理提供的不正确的雇主图纸或其它书面资料。项目经理对承包商的图纸的批准不应解除本款规定的承包商的任何责任。 The Employe r’s drawings, specification and other information submitted by the Employer or the Project Manager to the Contractor shall remain the property of the Employer. They shall not, without the consent of the Employer, be used, copied or communicated to a third party by the Contractor unless necessary for the purposes of the Contract. The Contractor shall be responsible for any errors or omissions in the Contractor’s Drawings unless they are due to incorrect Employer’s Drawings or other written information supplied by the Employer or the Project Manager. Approval by the Project Manager of the Contractor’s
英译汉翻译的基本程序
一、英译汉翻译的基本程序 1.通读并透彻理解原文。翻译之前仔细研读原文，解决好“翻译什么”的问题。边读边琢磨，确切理解原文所述事物本身的含义与之相关的外延联想，如原句的中心意思是什么，有没有褒贬义或寓意，对其中的修饰语的把握等。 2. 组织语言。考生要根据上下文的语境选择适当的词汇和表达手段。 3. 表达。考生要从内容和语言两方面来考虑译文，尤其注意不能扭曲原意，不能错译或漏译。 4. 审校。这是英汉翻译过程中必不可少的环节。考生将自己的译文与原文进行对照，看看译文是否忠实于原文，是否通顺易懂，是否符合汉语规范。 二、英汉翻译的基本方法 直译与意译 直译指基本保留原有句子结构，照字面意思翻译；意译是在不损害原文内容和精神的前提下，为了表达的需要，对原文做相应的调整。如： Good marriage doesn’t just happen. They take a lot of love and a lot of work. 直译：好的婚姻不会仅仅发生—它们需要大量的爱和大量的工作。 意译:幸福的婚姻不是凭空发生的---它需要你为它付出大量的爱和做大量的工作。 或：美满的婚姻不会从天上掉下来---你必须为它付出大量的爱，做大量的工作。很显然，本句话的意译要比直译更符合汉语表达习惯。当然，一句话并不限于一种译法，要根据具体需要而定。一般来说，在英汉翻译考试中，如果直译能达意就用直译，如果直译效果不好，就应该考虑意译。只要译文内容忠实，意思明白就行了。 顺译法（又名句型对应法） 顾名思义，顺译法（句型对应法）就是按原文句子结构的排列顺序进行翻译，这种译法适合于原文叙述层次与汉语相近的长句翻译，如只含名词性从句的复合句、前置的状语从句或从句在后的长复合句等等。 As an obedient son, I had to accept my parents’ decision that I was to be a doctor ,though the prospect interested in me not at all. 作为一个孝顺的儿子，我不得不接收父母的决定，去当大夫，虽然我对这样的前途毫无兴趣。 3.倒译法 倒译法就是颠倒原文句子结构的排列顺序来进行翻译。 例1： The moon is completely empty of water because the gravity on the moon is much less than on the earth. 因为月球的引力比地球小的多，所以月球上根本没有水。 例2：The football students can be removed from the university if they fail to pass their examination. 作为足球运动员的学生如果考试不及格就要被开除。 4.分译法 分译法，又称拆译法，也是一种基本的句法变通手段。从被分译成份的结构而言，分译大致可以分为单词的分译、短语的分译和从句的分译三种。 单词的分译即拆词，将难译的词从句子主干中拆离出来，另作处理，这种方法常常引起句式上的调整，英译汉中要拆译的词常常是形容词和副词。如： 1
《翻译英译汉》word版
翻译——英译汉 英译汉部分要求翻译单句, 而不是段落或篇章。考生首先要读懂句子,了解句子的语法结构、使用的固定词组、习惯用法及词与词之间的语义关系, 然后, 再正确分析原文的语言现象和逻辑关系,进行透彻的理解, 最后, 力图用简洁明了的汉语表达出原文的意思。因此, 考生有必要掌握一些基本的翻译技巧。 一、翻译技巧一 一般的英译汉考题不会只是简单句。我们在做题时, 首先要从语法入手, 找寻和确定句子大的框架结构, 通过分析把句中的从句和插入部分先排除掉, 明确句子结构有助于我们正确理解整句话的意思。 (一)重点分析句子结构 其实, 就英语的句子结构而言, 是有规律可循的。除去省略句、倒装句、感叹句和 一些特殊句子外, 英语句子的结构可归纳为三类: 1. to be句型: 主语 + be + 表语 Miss Jones is a manager. 琼斯小姐是位经理。 2. to do句型: 主语 + do + (宾语) + (状语) He teaches English in this school. 他在这所学校教英语。 3. there be句型: There be + 主语 + 状语 There are beautiful wildflowers in the hills. 山中有美丽的野花。 (二)确定语法现象和惯用结构 英译汉考题中常见的重点语法有: 时态、语态、主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、 同位语从句、定语从句、状语从句、动词不定式、动名词、分词、虚拟语气、倒装句、强调句等。考生要非常熟悉这些语法现象, 才不至于对句子产生误解。例如: ?Anyone who is interested in it can go with us. 对这事感兴趣的人可以跟我们去。(who引导定语从句修饰主语anyone) ?The problem discussed at yesterday’s meeting is very important. 昨天会上讨论过的那个问题非常重要。(过去分词短语作后置定语修饰主语the problem) ?You could have done better if you had been more careful. 要是细心一点的话，你就会做得更好。(if 引导虚拟语气的条件状语从句) ?Hardly had I said that when she entered the room. 我刚说完，她就进来了。(倒装句, 否定词hardly位于句首, 助动词had 放在主语I之前 ) ?It was not until last night that I noticed this matter. 直到昨晚我才注意到这件事。(强调句: It was not until+强调成分+that句子其 余成分)
英译汉-中文译文资料
运用故障树分析方法分析Schoharie小河桥梁垮塌事件Keary H. LeBeau, P.E., S.M.ASCE1; Sara J. Wadia-Fascetti, M.ASCE2 1作者联系方式：邮箱地址：klebeau@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/dd16955080.html, 摘要：美国已经发生了一些桥梁坍塌导致人员伤亡的事件。其中一个失败的例子就是什科哈里溪特大桥(1987年)，激发了对桥梁管理有关政策和程序的改善。本文运用事故树分析的方法对桥梁坍塌事件做了详细地审查。故障树是用图形描绘了各种导致恶果的故障的路径。它会将船舶碰撞到火灾等一系列灾难性的事件考虑进去。故障树还提供了定量评估和比较不同的失效机制。分析结果显示，在现实根源中冲刷是桥梁坍塌的根本原因。特别是在类似桥型的桥梁管理知识上，允许存在只专注关键环节的漏洞。对过去的桥坍塌事件的认识提醒着现在的做决策的桥梁工程师和管理人员，要促进公众的安全和结构的保护。吸取经验教训，有助于在未来避免类似的灾难性事件的发生。 CE数据库关键词：桥梁；故障；复原；坍塌 介绍 纵观历史，灾难性的桥梁坍塌事件已经发生，造成人类生命的损失，商业的中断，巨大的维修费用。桥梁是我们国家基础设施的重要环节，必须加以保护，以便为公众提供安全性和可维护性。桥梁的设计应不断提高，维护和复原方案应该保护这些宝贵的资产。对过去发生的桥梁坍塌事件的深入审查，为今天的结构工程师和桥梁管理者提供了宝贵的知识和见解。 本文是介绍使用故障树分析方法分析过去发生的Schoharie小河大桥坍塌事件。除了直观简化地将桥梁作为一个系统，故障树定性描述了导致故障发生的不同路径，对其逻辑关系进行对比分析。建立故障树并对其进行评估来替代故障场景。 故障树模型的桥梁垮塌 故障树提供了一种塑造复杂系统的方法(在这种情况下，该系统是一个桥)，考虑系统不同组成部分之间的相互作用，为建立系统水平的失效概率评价模型提供了一种方法(Sianipar 和Adams 1997；约翰逊1999)。它确定故障路径和关键要素，如桥墩基础。一个故障树的优点是它能够通过图形化描述和布尔代数推出桥梁系统相互的逻辑关系。这座桥可以塑造它的全部，包括元素的相互作用、冗余、恶化的机制，如腐蚀和疲劳，以及环境因素。表1提供了故障树中使用的符号解释。 对桥梁管理的需求和目标而言，关键故障的路径的知识是有用的。物理推理的桥梁设计师运用失效机理的相对重要的信息，能够提高恢复现在桥梁和未来的桥梁的设计。此外，对桥梁状况进行评估时，易出故障的元素对现场监察者来说是很重要的。故障树的状态评估信息也可以决定维修桥梁时的优先次序。 虽然Schoharie小河大桥坍塌事件发生的十分突然，但是桥梁灾难性的瞬间坍塌时没有办法的。下面应用故障树分析法分析Schoharie小河大桥的坍塌来说明事件的恶化，最终导
英译汉篇章翻译5
英译汉篇章翻译练习（5） From this motive I began to think seriously of matrimony, and choose my wife, as she did her wedding gown, not for a fine glossy surface, but such qualities as would wear well. To do her justice, she was a good-natured, notable woman; and as for breeding there were few country ladies who could show more. She could read any English book without much spelling; but for pickling, preserving, and cookery, none could excel her. She prided herself also upon being an excellent contriver in housekeeping, though I never could find that we grew richer with all her contrivances. However, we loved each other tenderly, and our fondness increased as we grew old. There was, in fact, nothing that could make us angry with the world or each other. We had an elegant house, situated in a fine country, and a good neighborhood. The year was spent in moral and rural amusements, in visiting our rich neighbors, and relieving such as were poor. We had no revolutions to fear, more fatigues to undergo; all our adventures were by the fireside, and all our migrations from the blue bed to the brown. As we lived near the road, we often had the traveler or stranger visit us to taste our gooseberry wine, for which we had great reputation; and I profess, with the veracity of an historian, that I never knew one of them to find fault with it. Our cousins, too, even to the fortieth remove; all remembered their affinity and come very frequently to see us. Some of them did us no great honor by these claims of kindred; as we had the blind, the maimed, and the halt amongst the number. However, my wife always insisted that as they were that same flesh and blood, they should sit with us at the same table. So that if we had not very rich, we generally had very happy friends about us; for this remark will hold good through life, that the poorer the guest, the better pleased he ever is with being treated; and as some men gaze with admiration at the colors of a tulip, or the wing of butterfly, so I was by nature an admirer of happy human faces. However, when any one of our relations was found to be a person of very bad character, a troublesome guest, or one we desired to get rid of, upon his leaving my house I ever took care to lend him a riding-coat or a pair of boots, or sometimes a horse of small value, and I always had the satisfaction of finding he never came back to return them. By this the house was cleared of such as we did not like; but never was the family of Wakefield known to turn the traveler or the poor dependant out of doors.
经典英译汉文章翻译赏析
英译汉文章翻译赏析 时间:2009年06月01日 【英译中选段六】原文（by Robert Frost） The Gift Outright The land was once ours before we were the land’s. She was our land more than a hundred years. Before we were her people. She was ours In Massachusetts, in Virginia; But we were England’s, still colonials, Possessing what we still were unpossessed by, Possessed by what we now no more possessed. Something we were withholding made us weak Until we found out that it was ourselves We were withholding from our land of living, And forthwith found salvation in surrender. Such as we were we gave ourselves outright (The deed of gift was many deeds of war) To the land vaguely realizing westward, But still unstoried, artless, unenhanced, Such as she was, such as she would become. (原载https://www.sodocs.net/doc/dd16955080.html, ) 译文（余光中译）： 全心的奉献 土地先属于我们，我们才属于土地。 她成为我们的土地历一百余年， 我们才成为她的人民。当时 她属于我们，在麻萨诸塞，在佛吉尼亚， 但我们属于英国，仍是殖民之身， 我们拥有的，我们仍漠不关心， 我们关心的，我们已不再拥有。 我们保留的一些什么使自己贫弱， 直到我们发现，原来是我们自己， 保留着，不肯给自己生息之地， 立刻，在献身之中找到了生机。 赤裸裸地，我们全心将自己奉献， （献身的事迹是多次的战迹） 献身与斯土，斯土正浑沦拓展，向西， 但迄未经人述说，朴实无华，未加渲染。 当时她如此，且预示她仍将如是。 （原载《余光中选集第五卷：译品集》，黄维樑、江弱水编选，安徽教育出版社，1999）【英译中选段七】 原文（by Fancis Bacon） Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of
英译汉段落翻译练习
Hollywood Hollywood suggests glamour, a place where the young starstruck teenagers could, with a bit of luck, fulfill their dreams. Hollywood suggests luxurious houses with vast palm-fringed swimming pools, cocktail bars and furnishings fit for a millionaire. And the big movie stars were millionaires. Many spent their fortunes on yachts, Rolls Royces and diamonds. A few of them lost their glamour quite suddenly and were left with nothing but emptiness and colossal debts. 好莱坞充满魅力。在这里，那些梦想当明星的少男少女们，若是有点儿运气，可以实现他们的梦想。好莱坞使人联想到棕榈树环绕的大游泳池、鸡尾酒吧和室内陈设时候百万富翁居住的豪华住宅。而大碗明星都是百万富翁。许多电影明星花巨资购买游艇、劳斯莱斯豪华轿车和钻石饰品。但也有少数的电影明星很快失去了光彩，剩下的只有空虚感和一屁股债。 Western (美国西部片) In those days Hollywood was like a magnet, drawing ambitious young men and women from all over the world. Most of them had only good looks to recommend them and had no acting experience —or ability— whatsoever. Occasionally they got jobs, if they were lucky enough to be noticed. Gary Cooper was one of the few who were noticed. He started as a stunt rider, and from there rose to be one of the great stars of the early Westerns.