经典译文赏析
01 The Language of Music
A painter hangs his or her finished picture on a wall, and everyone can see it. A composer writes a work, but no one can hear it until it is performed. Professional singers and players have great responsibilities, for the composer is utterly dependent on them. A student of music needs as long and as arduous a training to become a performer as a medical student needs to become a doctor. Most training is concerned with technique, for musicians have to have the muscular proficiency of an athlete or a ballet dancer. Singers practice breathing every day, as their vocal chords would be inadequate without controlled muscular support. String players practice moving the fingers of the left hand up and down, while drawing the bow to and fro with the right arm -- two entirely different movements.Singers and instrumentalists have to be able to get every note perfectly in tune. Pianists are spared this particular anxiety, for the notes are already there, waiting for them, and it is the piano tuner's responsibility to tune the instrument for them. But they have their own difficulties: the hammers that hit the strings have to be coaxed not to sound like percussion, and each overlapping tone has to sound clear.This problem of getting clear texture is one that confronts student conductors: they have to learn to know every note of the music and how it should sound, and they have to aim at controlling these sounds with fanatical but selfless
authority.Technique is of no use unless it is combined with musical knowledge and understanding. Great artists are those who are so thoroughly at home in the language of music that they can enjoy performing works written in any century.
01 音乐的语言
画家将已完成的作品挂在墙上，每个人都可以观赏到。作曲家写完了一部作品，得由演奏者将其演奏出来，其他人才能得以欣赏。因为作曲家是如此完全地依赖于职业歌手和职业演奏者，所以职业歌手和职业演奏者肩上的担子可谓不轻。一名学音乐的学生要想成为一名演奏者，需要经受长期的、严格的训练，就象一名医科的学生要成为一名医生一样。绝大多数的训练是技巧性的。音乐家们控制肌肉的熟练程度，必须达到与运动员或巴蕾舞演员相当的水平。歌手们每天都练习吊嗓子，因为如果不能有效地控制肌肉的话，他们的声带将不能满足演唱的要求。弦乐器的演奏者练习的则是在左手的手指上下滑动的同时，用右手前后拉动琴弓--两个截然不同的动作。歌手和乐器演奏者必须使所有的音符完全相同协调。钢琴家们则不用操这份心，因为每个音符都已在那里等待着他们了。给钢琴调音是调音师的职责。但调音师们也有他们的难处：他们必须耐心地调理敲击琴弦的音锤，不能让音锤发出的声音象是打击乐器，而且每个交叠的音都必须要清晰。如何得到乐章清晰的纹理是学生指挥们所面临的难题：他们必须学会了解音乐中的每一个音及其发音之道。他们还必须致力于以热忱而又客观的权威去控制这些音符。除非是和音乐方面的知识和悟性结合起来，单纯的技巧没有任何用处。艺术家之所以伟大在于他们对音乐
语言驾轻就熟，以致于可以满怀喜悦地演出写于任何时代的作品。
02 Schooling and Education
It is commonly believed in the United States that school is where people go to get an education. Nevertheless, it has been said that today children interrupt their education to go to school. The distinction between schooling and education implied by this remark is important. Education is much more open-ended and all-inclusive than schooling. Education knows no bounds. It can take place anywhere, whether in the shower or in the job, whether in a kitchen or on a tractor. It includes both the formal learning that takes place in schools and the whole universe of informal learning. The agents of education can range from a revered grandparent to thepeople debating politics on the radio, from a child to a distinguished scientist.Whereas schooling has a certain predictability, education quite often produces surprises. A chance conversation with a stranger may lead a person to discover how little is known of other religions. People are engaged in education from infancy on. Education, then, is a very broad, inclusive term. It is a lifelong process, a process that starts long before the start of school, and one that should be an integral part of one's entire life.Schooling, on the other hand, is a specific, formalized process, whose general pattern varies little from one setting to the next. Throughout a country,
children arrive at school at approximately the same time, take assigned seats, are taught by an adult, use similar textbooks, do homework, take exams, and so on. The slices of reality that are to be learned, whether they are the alphabet or an understanding of the workings of government, have usually been limited by the boundaries of the subject being taught. For example, high school students know that they are not likely to find out in their classes the truth about political problems in their communities or what the newest filmmakers are experimenting with. There are definite conditions surrounding the formalized process of schooling.
02 上学与受教育
在美国，人们通常认为上学是为了受教育。而现在却有人认为孩子们上学打断了他们受教育的过程。这种观念中的上学与受教育之间的区别非常重要。与上学相比，教育更具开放性，内容更广泛。教育不受任何限制。它可以在任何场合下进行，在淋浴时，在工作时，在厨房里或拖拉机上。它既包括在学校所受的正规教育，也包括一切非正规教育。传授知识的人可以是德高望重的老者，可以是收音机里进行政治辩论的人们，可以是小孩子，也可以是知名的科学家。上学读书多少有点可预见性，而教育往往能带来意外的发现。与陌生人的一次随意谈话可能会使人认识到自己对其它宗教其实所知甚少。人们从幼时起就开始受教育。因此，教育是一个内涵很丰富的词，它自始至终伴随人的一生，早在人们上学之前就开始了。教育应成为人生命中不可缺少的一部分。然而，上学却是一个特定的形式化了的过程。在不同场合下，它的基
本形式大同小异。在全国各地，孩子们几乎在同一时刻到达学校，坐在指定的座位上，由一位成年人传授知识，使用大致相同的教材，做作业，考试等等。他们所学的现实生活中的一些片断，如字母表或政府的运作，往往受到科目范围的限制。例如，高中生们知道，在课堂上他们没法弄清楚他们社区里政治问题的真情，也不会了解到最新潮的电影制片人在做哪些尝试。学校教育这一形式化的过程是有特定的限制的。
03 The Definition of "Price"
Prices determine how resources are to be used. They are also the means by which products and services that are in limited supply are rationed among buyers. The price system of the United States is a complex network composed of the prices of all the products bought and sold in the economy as well as those of a myriad of services, including labor, professional, transportation, and public-utility services. The interrelationships of all these prices make up the"system" of prices. The price of any particular product or service is linked to a broad, complicated system of prices in which everything seems to depend more or less upon everything else. If one were to ask a group of randomly selected individuals to define "price", many would reply that price is an amount of money paid by the buyer to the seller of a product or service or, in other words, that price is the money value of a product or service as agreed upon in a market transaction. This definition is, of course, valid as far as it
goes. For a complete understanding of a price in any particular transaction, much more than the amount of money involved must be known. Both the buyer and the seller should be familiar with not only the money amount, but with the amount and quality of the product or service to be exchanged, the time and place at which the exchange will take place and payment will be made, the form of money to be used, the credit terms and discounts that apply to the transaction, guarantees on the product or service, delivery terms, return privileges, and other factors. In other words, both buyer and seller should be fully aware of all the factors that comprise the total "package" being exchanged for the asked-for amount of money in order that they may evaluate a given price.
03 "价格"的定义
价格决定资源的使用方式。价格也是有限的产品与服务在买方中的配给手段。美国的价格系统是复杂的网状系统，包括经济生活中一切产品买卖的价格，也包括名目繁多的各种服务，诸如劳动力、专职人员、交通运输、公共事业等服务的价格。所有这些价格的内在联系构成了价格系统。任何一种个别产品或服务的价格都与这个庞大而复杂的系统密切相关，而且或多或少地受到系统中其它成份的制约。如果随机挑选一群人，问问他们如何定义"价格"，许多人会回答价格就是根据卖方提供的产品或服务，买方向其付出的钱数。换句话说，价格就是市场交易中大家认同的产品或服务的货币量。该定义就其本身来说自有其道理。但要获得对价格在任何一桩交易中的完整认识，就必须考虑到大
量" 非货币"因素的影响。买卖双方不但要清楚交易中的钱数，而且要非常熟悉交易物的质量和数量，交易的时间、地点，采用哪种形式付款，有怎样的缓付和优惠，对交易物的质量保证、交货条款、退赔权利等等。也就是说，为了能估算索价，买卖双方必须通晓构成交易物价格的通盘细节。
04 Electricity
The modern age is an age of electricity. People are so used to electric lights, radio, televisions, and telephones that it is hard to imagine what life would be like without them. When there is a power failure, people grope about in flickering candlelight, cars hesitate in the streets because there are no traffic lights to guide them, and food spoils in silent refrigerators.Yet, people began to understand how electricity works only a little more than two centuriesago. Nature has apparently been experimenting in this field for millions of years. Scientists are discovering more and more that the living world may hold many interesting secrets of electricity that could benefit humanity.All living cells send out tiny pulses of electricity. As the heart beats, it sends out pulses of record; they form an electrocardiogram, which a doctor can study to determine how well the heart is working. The brain, too, sends out brain waves of electricity, which can be recorded in an electroencephalogram. The electric currents generated by most living cells are extremely small -- often so small that sensitive instruments are needed to record them.
But in some animals, certain muscle cells have become so specialized as electrical generators that they do not work as muscle cells at all. When large numbers of these cells are linked together, the effects can be astonishing.The electric eel is an amazing storage battery. It can send a jolt of as much as eight hundred volts of electricity through the water in which it lives. (An electric house current is only one hundred twenty volts.) As many as four-fifths of all the cells in the electric eel's body are specialized for generating electricity, and the strength of the shock it can deliver corresponds roughly to the length of its body.
04 电
当今时代是电气时代。人们对电灯、收音机、电视和电话早已司空见惯以致很难想象没有它们生活会变成什么样。当停电时，人们在摇曳不定的烛光下暗中摸索；因没有红绿灯的指示，汽车在道路上迟疑不前；冰箱也停止工作，导致食物变质。人们只是在两个世纪前一点才开始了解电的使用原理，自然界却显然在这方面经历过了数百万年。科学家不断发现许多生物世界里可能有益于人类的关于电的有趣秘密。所有生物细胞都会发出微小的电脉冲。当心脏跳动时，把它发出的脉冲记录下来就成了心电图，这可让医生了解心脏的工作状况。大脑也发出脑电波，这可在脑电图上记录下来。许多生物细胞发出的电流都是极微小的，小到要用灵敏仪器才能记录和测量。但一些动物的某些肌肉细胞能转化成一个个发电机，以致完全失去肌肉细胞的功能。这种细胞大量地连接在一起时产生的效果将是非常令人吃惊的。电鳗就是一种令人惊异的蓄电池。它可以在水中发出相当于 800 伏特电压电流(家庭用户的电压只
有 120 伏特)。在电鳗的身体里，多至五分之四的细胞都专门用来发电，而且发出的电流的强度大约和它身体的长度成正比。
05 The Beginning of Drama
There are many theories about the beginning of drama in ancient Greece. The one most widely accepted today is based on the assumption that drama evolved from ritual. The argument for this view goes as follows. In the beginning, human beings viewed the natural forces of the world - even the seasonal changes - as unpredictable, and they sought through various means to control these unknown and feared powers. Those measures which appeared to bring the desired results were then retained and repeated until they hardened into fixed rituals. Eventually stories arose which explained or veiled the mysteries of the rites. As time passed some rituals were abandoned, but the stories, later called myths, persisted and provided material for art and drama.Those who believe that drama evolved out of ritual also argue that those rites contained the seed of theater because music, dance, masks, and costumes were almost always used. Furthermore, a suitable site had to be provided for performances and when the entire communitydid not participate, a clear division was usually made between the "acting area" and the"auditorium." In addition, there were performers, and, since considerable importance was attached to avoiding mistakes in the enactment of rites, religious leaders usually
assumed that task. Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mimed the desired effect -- success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun -- as an actor might. Eventually such dramatic representations were separated from religious activities.Another theory traces the theater's origin from the human interest in storytelling. According to this view tales (about the hunt, war, or other feats) are gradually elaborated, at first through the use of impersonation, action, and dialogue by a narrator and then through the assumption of each of the roles by a different person. A closely related theory traces theater to those dances that are primarily rhythmical and gymnastic or that are imitations of animal movements and sounds.
05 戏剧的起源
关于古希腊戏剧的起源存在着多种理论，其中一个最普遍为人接受的理论假设认为戏剧从仪式演化而来。这个观点是这样进行论证的：一开始，人类把世界上的自然力量，甚至季节的变化都看成是不可预料的。他们试图通过各种方式去控制这些未知的、令人恐惧的力量。那些似乎带来了满意结果的手段就被保留下来并且重复直到这些手段固化为不变的仪式，最后产生了能够解释或者掩盖这些仪式神秘性的故事。随着时间的推移，一些仪式被废弃了，但这些后来被称作神话的故事流传下来并且为艺术和戏剧提供了素材。认为戏剧从仪式演化而来的人们还认为那些仪式包含了戏剧的基本因素，因为音乐、舞蹈、
面具和服装几乎经常被使用，而且，必须为演出提供一个合适的地点；如果不是整个社区共同参加演出，经常在"演出区"和"观众席"之间划分出明显的分界。另外，仪式中还有演员，而且宗教领袖通常承担演出任务，因为在仪式的执行中避免错误的发生被认为有相当大的重要性；他们经常带着面具，穿着服装象演员那样扮演其它人、动物或超自然的生灵，用动作来表演以达到所需要的效果，比如打猎的成功或战斗的胜利、将至的雨、太阳的复活。最后这些戏剧性的表演从宗教活动中分离了出来。另一个追溯戏剧起源的理论认为它来自人们对叙述故事的兴趣。根据这个观点，故事(关于狩猎、战争或者其它伟绩)是逐渐丰富起来的。首先通过一个讲解人来运用模仿、表演和对话，然后再由不同的人扮演各自的角色；另一个与之紧密相关的理论将戏剧的起源追溯至舞蹈，这些舞蹈大体上是有节奏感的和体操式的那一类，或者是对动物动作和声音的模仿。
06 Television
Television -- the most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies, marked by rapid change and growth -- is moving into a new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility, which promises to reshape our lives and our world. It is an electronic revolution of sorts, made possible by the marriage of television and computer technologies.The word "television", derived from its Greek (tele: distant) and Latin (visio: sight) roots, can literally be interpreted as sight from a distance. Very simply put, it works in this way: through
a sophisticated system of electronics, television provides the capability of converting an image(focused on a special photoconductive plate within a camera) into electronic impulses, which can be sent through a wire or cable. These impulses, when fed into a receiver (television set), can then be electronically reconstituted into that same image.Television is more than just an electronic system, however. It is a means of expression, as well as a vehicle for communication, and as such becomes a powerful tool for reaching other human beings.The field of television can be divided into two categories determined by its means of transmission. First, there is broadcast television, which reaches the masses through broad-based airwave transmission of television signals. Second, there is nonbroadcast television, which provides for the needs of individuals or specific interest groups through controlled transmission techniques.Traditionally, television has been a medium of the masses. We are most familiar with broadcast television because it has been with us for about thirty-seven years in a form similar to what exists today. During those years, it has been controlled, for the most part, by the broadcast networks, ABC, NBC, and CBS, who have been the major purveyors of news, information, and entertainment. These giants of broadcasting have actually shaped not only television but our perception of it as well. We have come to look upon the picture tube as a source of entertainment, placing our role in this dynamic medium as the passive viewer.
06 电视
电视--以快速变化与发展为标志的最普遍、最具有影响力的一项现代技术，正在步入一个极端复杂化与多样化的新时代。这个时代承诺重新塑造我们的生活和我们的世界。这可以称得上是又一次电子革命，其关键在于电视技术与计算机技术的结合。"电视"这个词来源于希腊语词根(tele：远)和拉丁语词根(vision：景象)，可以从字面上理解为来自远处的景象。简单说来，电视是以这种方式工作的，通过一个复杂的电子系统，电视能够将一幅图像(这幅图像被聚焦在一部摄像机内的一块特殊的光导底片上)转换成能经过导线或电缆发送出去的电子脉冲信号。当这些电子脉冲信号被输入一部接收机(电视机)时，就可以用电子学的方法把脉冲信号重新恢复成同一幅图像。但是，电视不仅仅是一个电子系统，它还是一种表达工具和传播渠道。因此，电视成了一个对其他人发生影响的强大工具。电视这个领域可以根据其发射方式分为两类。第一类为广播电视，通过电视信号的宽带无线电波发射展现在大众面前；第二类为非广播电视，使用受控的发射技术来满足个人以及某些特殊利益群体的需要。电视早已成为大众媒介。我们熟悉广播电视，因为广播电视已经以类似目前的方式存在了大约 37 年。在那些年头中，电视绝大部分一直由 ABC、NBC、CBS 这些广播电视公司控制着，这些广播电视公司一直是新闻、信息和娱乐的主要提供者。这些广播业的巨头实际上不仅塑造了电视，而且也塑造了我们对电视的理解。我们渐渐把显像管看作是娱乐的来源，让自己成为这个生动的媒介的被动观众。
07 Andrew Carnegie
Andrew Carnegie, known as the King of Steel, built the steel industry in the United States, and, in the process, became one of the wealthiest men in America. His success resulted in part from his ability to sell the product and in part from his policy of expanding during periods of economic decline, when most of his competitors were reducing their investments.Carnegie believed that individuals should progress through hard work, but he also felt strongly that the wealthy should use their fortunes for the benefit of society. He opposed charity, preferring instead to provide educational opportunities that would allow others to help themselves. "He who dies rich, dies disgraced, " he often said.Among his more noteworthy contributions to society are those that bear his name, includingthe Carnegie Institute of Pittsburgh, which has a library, a museum of fine arts, and a museum of national history. He also founded a school of technology that is now part of Carnegie-Mellon University. Other philanthropic gifts are the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace to promote understanding between nations, the Carnegie Institute of Washington to fund scientific research, and Carnegie Hall to provide a center for the arts.Few Americans have been left untouched by Andrew Carnegie's generosity. His contributions of more than five million dollars established 2,500 libraries in small communities throughout the country and formed the nucleus of the public library system that we all enjoy today.
07 安德鲁卡内基
被称作钢铁大王的安德鲁卡内基在美国建立了钢铁工业。在这个过程中，他变成了美国最富有的人之一。他的成功，部分来自于他销售产品的能力，部分来自于经济萧条时期的扩充策略。在萧条时期，他的多数对手都在缩减投资。卡内基认为个人应该通过努力工作来获得进展，但他也强烈地感到有钱人应该运用他们的财富来为社会谋取福利。他反对施舍救济，更愿意提供教育机会，使别人自立。卡内基经常说："富有着死去的人死得可耻。"他对社会的较重要的贡献都以他的名字命名。这些贡献包括匹兹堡卡内基学校。这个学校有一个图书馆，一个美术馆和一个国家历史博物馆；他还创立了一所技术学校，这所学校现在是卡内基梅隆大学的一部分；其他的慈善捐赠有为促进国家间了解的"卡内基国际和平基金"，为科学研究提供经费的华盛顿卡内基学院以及给各种艺术活动提供活动中心的卡内基音乐厅。安德鲁?卡内基的慷慨大度几乎影响到每个美国人的生活。由于他超过五百万美元的捐款，2500 个图书馆得以建立起来，遍布在美国各地的小村镇，形成了我们今天还在享用的公共图书馆系统的核心。
08 American Revolution
The American Revolution was not a revolution in the sense of a radical or total change. It was not a sudden and violent overturning of the political and social framework, such as later occurred in France and Russia, when both were already independent nations. Significant changes
were ushered in, but they were not breathtaking. What happened was accelerated evolution rather than outright revolution. During the conflict itself people went on working and praying, marrying and playing. Most of them were not seriously disturbed by the actual fighting, and many of the more isolated communities scarcely knew that a war was on. America's War of Independence heralded the birth of three modern nations. One was Canada, which received its first large influx of English-speaking population from the thousands of loyalists who fled there from the United States. Another was Australia, which became a penal colony now that America was no longer available for prisoners and debtors. The third newcomer -- the United States -- based itself squarely on republican principles.Yet even the political overturn was not so revolutionary as one might suppose. In some states, notably Connecticut and Rhode Island, the war largely ratified a colonial self-rule already existing. British officials, everywhere ousted, were replaced by a home-grown governing class, which promptly sought a local substitute for king and Parliament.
08 美国革命
美国革命其实并不算是一场革命，因为它并未导致完全的和彻底的变化。这次革命并不是对政治和社会框架的一次突然和猛烈的颠覆，象后来在已经是独立国家的法国和俄国所爆发的革命那样。革命带来了重大的变化，但并非翻天覆地，所发生的只是进化的加速，而不是一场彻底的革命；在冲突期间，人们
仍然上班、做礼拜、结婚、玩耍。多数人并没有受到实际战斗的严重影响。许多较闭塞的社区对这场战争几乎一无所知。美国独立战争宣布了三个现代国家的诞生，其中一个是加拿大。加拿大的第一大批讲英语的流入人口来自于成千上万英王的效忠者，这些人从美国逃到了加拿大。另一个国家是澳大利亚，因为美国不再是容纳罪犯和欠债者的国度了，澳大利亚就变成了一个惩治罪犯的殖民地(注：独立战争前，英国政府将罪犯流放到美国)。第三个国家就是美国，它完全建立在共和原则基础上。即使政治上的颠覆也不如人们可能想象的那样具有革命性。在一些州，特别是康涅狄格和罗德岛，战争基本上只是承认了已经存在的殖民地的自治。四处被驱逐的英国官员都被本土的统治阶级所替代，这个统治阶级迅速地以地方权力机关来替代国王和议会。
09 Suburbanization
If by "suburb" is meant an urban margin that grows more rapidly than its already developed interior, the process of suburbanization began during the emergence of the industrial city in the second quarter of the nineteenth century. Before that period the city was a small highly compact cluster in which people moved about on foot and goods were conveyed by horse and cart. But the early factories built in the 1830's and 1840's were located along waterways and near railheads at the edges of cities, and housing was needed for the thousands of people drawn by the prospect of employment. In time, the factories were surrounded by proliferating mill towns of apartments and row houses that abutted the
older, main cities. As a defense against this encroachment and to enlarge their tax bases, the cities appropriated their industrial neighbors. In1854, for example, the city of Philadelphia annexed most of Philadelphia County. Similar municipal maneuvers took place in Chicago and in New York. Indeed, most great cities of the United States achieved such status only by incorporating the communities along their borders.With the acceleration of industrial growth came acute urban crowding and accompanying social stress -- conditions that began to approach disastrous proportions when, in 1888, the first commercially successful electric traction line was developed. Within a few years the horse-drawn trolleys were retired and electric streetcar networks crisscrossed and connected every major urban area, fostering a wave of suburbanization that transformed the compact industrial city into a dispersed metropolis.This first phase of mass-scale suburbanization was reinforced by the simultaneous emergence of the urban Middle Class, whose desires for homeownership in neighborhoods far from the aging inner city were satisfied by the developers of single-family housing tracts.
09 郊区的发展
如果"郊区"指的是比已建好的城市内部发展更为迅速的城市边缘地带，那么郊区化可以说始于 1825 年至 1850 年工业化城市出现期间。在这之前，城市只是高度密集的小聚居群。在其中，人们步行走动，商品靠马车来运送。但是
建于 18 世纪三四十年代的早期工厂位于城边的航道和铁路附近，被工作机会吸引到这里的成千上万的人们需要住房。渐渐地，在与旧有的主要城区相毗邻的地方，不断涌现出由排房和公寓楼组成的工人聚居区，包围了工厂。作为对这种侵蚀的自卫，也为了扩大它们收税的地域范围，城市吞并了工业化的临近地带，比如 1854 年费城的城区就兼并了费县的绝大部分地区。相似的城市化也发生在芝加哥和纽约。今天很多美国的大城市其实就是靠吞并它们附近的边缘地区而变成大都会的。随着工业化的加速发展，城市里出现了严重拥挤和相伴而来的社会压力。当1888 年第一条商业上成功的电气化铁轨被制造出来时，压力开始接近危机的程度。几年之内，马车就被废弃了，电车网相互交织连接着各个重要的城区，从而形成了一种郊区化的潮流，即密集的工业城市转变成了分散的都市。此时城市中产阶级的出现进一步加强了第一波大规模郊区化。这些中产阶级希望在远离老旧城市的地区拥有住宅，单一家庭住宅地区的开发者满足了他们的愿望。
莎翁经典作品翻译欣赏
?夏洛克经典台词欣赏 ?To bait fish withal: ?if it will feed nothing else, it will feed my revenge. ?He hath disgraced me, and hindered me half a million; laughed at my losses, mocked at my gains, scorned my nation, ?thwarted my bargains, cooled my friends, heated mine enemies; ?and what's his reason I am a Jew. ?Hath not a Jew eyes hath not a Jew hands, organs, ?dimensions, senses, affections, passions ?fed with the same food, hurt with the same weapons, ?subject to the same diseases, healed by the same means, ?warmed and cooled by the same winter and summer, as a Christi an is ?If you prick us, do we not bleed ?if you tickle us, do we not laugh ?if you poison us, do we not die ?and if you wrong us, shall we not revenge ?If we are like you in the rest, we will resemble you in tha t. ?If a Jew wrong a Christian, what is his humility Revenge. ?If a Christian wrong a Jew, what should his sufferance be by ?Christian example Why, revenge. ?The villainy you teach me, I will execute, ?and it shall go hard but I will better the instruction. ?拿来钓鱼也好；即使他的肉不中吃，至少也可以出出我这一口气。 ?他曾经羞辱过我，夺去我几十万块钱的生意，讥笑着我的亏蚀，挖苦着我的盈余，侮蔑我的民族，破坏我的买卖，离间我的朋友，煽动我的仇敌；他的理由是什么只因为我是一个犹太人。 ?难道犹太人没有眼睛吗难道犹太人没有五官四肢、没有知觉、没有感情、没有血气吗他不是吃着同样的食物，同样的武器可以伤害他，同样的医药可以疗治他，冬天同样会冷，夏天同样会热，就像一个基督徒一样吗你们要是用刀剑刺我们，我们不是也会出血的吗你们要是搔我们的痒，我们不是也会笑起来的吗 ?你们要是用毒药谋害我们，我们不是也会死的吗那么要是你们欺侮了我们，我们难道不会复仇吗要是在别的地方我们都跟你们一样，那么在这一点上也是彼此相同的。 要是一个犹太人欺侮了一个基督徒，那基督徒怎样表现他的谦逊报仇。要是一个基督徒欺侮了一个犹太人，那么照着基督徒的榜样，那犹太人应该怎样表现他的宽容报仇。你们已经把残虐的手段教给我，我一定会照着你们的教训实行，而且还要加
经典行经华阴原文翻译及赏析_崔颢简介
>行经华阴朝代：唐代 作者：崔颢 原文： 岧峣太华俯咸京，天外三峰削不成。 武帝祠前云欲散，仙人掌上雨初晴。 河山北枕秦关险，驿树西连汉畤平。 借问路傍名利客，无如此处学长生。写翻译写赏析分享评分：678910 很差相关翻译写翻译行经华阴译文及注释 在高峻华山上俯视京都长安，三峰伸向天外不是人工削成。在武帝祠前的乌云将要消散，雨过天晴仙人掌峰一片青葱。秦关北靠河山地势多么险要，驿路通过长安往西连着汉畤。借问路旁那些追名逐利 ... 相关赏析写赏析行经华阴赏析 崔颢写山水行旅、登临怀古诗，很善于将山水景色与神话古迹融合起来，使意境具有辽阔的空间感和悠久的时间感，更加瑰丽神奇。在名作《黄鹤楼》中，就以“昔人已乘黄鹤去，此地空余黄鹤楼。黄鹤一 ... 作者介绍崔颢崔颢唐开元年间进士，官至太仆寺丞，天宝中为司勋员外郎。最为人们津津乐道的是他那首《黄鹤楼》，据说李白为之搁笔，曾有“眼前有景道不得，崔颢题诗在上头”的赞叹。《全唐诗》存其诗四十二... 版权声明：本文内容由网友上传(或整理自网络)，原作者已无法考证，版权归原作者所有。古诗文网免费发布仅供学习参考，其观点不代表本站立场。 转载请注明：原文链接| https://www.sodocs.net/doc/de7258003.html,/view_3874.html
古诗大全古诗文网https://www.sodocs.net/doc/de7258003.html, KKD6BM 明茨伯格被称为管理学界的离经叛道者，在其《战略历程：纵览战略管理学派》中，他并没有给战略一个明确的定义，而是把战略理论归结为十个学派，并一一点评。他认为，简单从一个角度来解释战略就好比是盲人摸象：摸到鼻子的人说大象是一条蛇，摸到耳朵的人说大象是一把扇子，摸到膝盖的人说大象是一棵树，摸到尾巴的人说大象是一根绳子，摸到大象身躯的人说大象是一堵墙营销3.0版本，令人应接不暇。那么，营销的本质是什么？ 很多人觉得这是已经有定论的话题，不值得讨论，当然也有人说营销就是4P，或者4C，则是典型的一叶障目不见泰山。最初在美国，营销的含义是：若干市场因素的各种结合从而影响市场供给，这些因素包括促销、推销、有组织的销售活动。1967年，菲利普构建为出发点的产物非但对人们的工作无益，反而使人迷失。营销理论需要从本质上去解构。解构主义领袖人物雅克一个问题不可以一次性、终极性地解决，而只能是分步走，分时间、分空间、分不同的角度来解决。对营销的重建与深度认知，须先从各方面多视野地去看待营销，尽力地去勾勒出它的一个暂时性的全貌；然后再对这个全貌的每一侧面进行批判性的分析与吸收。 现在，就让我们解构营销本质，蒙上眼睛，一步步去摸
许渊冲翻译理论及作品分析
许渊冲翻译理论及作品分析 令狐采学 外国语学院 115班 3号 冯奕璇 许渊冲翻译理论及作品分析 在上了名家名篇赏析这门课之后，我们都知道了在中国古诗词翻译中，许渊冲有“诗译英法唯一人”的称号，同时他还总结了自己的诗词翻译理论。下面就让我们分析一下许渊冲先生的翻译理论以及他的作品。 首先是许先生所提出的“三美”理论，“三美”即意美、音美、形美。所谓意美，就是在翻译时要体现出原作的内容美；音美即要求译文押韵、顺口、好听；形美则是对诗的行数长短整齐，句子对仗工整的要求。以他翻译的《关雎》为例，“关关雎鸠，在河之洲。窈窕淑女，君子好逑”译文为“By riverside are cooing. A pair of turtledoves. A good young man is wooing. A fair maiden he loves”，先说意美，关关雎鸠的意思是“关关鸣叫的水鸟”，许先生的译文中用了“cooing”这个单词来表示水鸟，运用了“拟声”的修辞手法，将水鸟鸣叫这一景象描写的惟妙惟肖，“拟声”的手法同时也表现出了原文《关雎》的活泼的感觉，而
“turtledoves”既有斑鸠的意思，也有情人的意思，暗示了这首诗为一首情诗，符合原文的意境。许先生用“a good young man”而不是“gentleman”表现出了原文“民俗歌谣”的特点，洒脱，不拘泥于形式。再说音美，译文中第一句的词尾“cooing”和第三句的词尾“wooing”读音相似，第二句的词尾“turtledoves”和第四句词尾“loves”读音相似。在音节上，第一句为七个音节，第二句五个，第三句又是七个，第四句五个。一三句押韵，二四句押韵，读起来朗朗上口，符合“音美”这一特点。第三个特点是“形美”原诗中四字一句，对仗极其工整，译文中也维持在四到六词一句，共四行，和原诗相符。 以上就是我所认为的许渊冲先生的“三美”理论，除了“三美”理论之外，许先生还提出了另外一个著名的翻译理论“三化”理论。“三化”即“深化，等化，浅化”。“深化”就是原文为抽象、一般性的语言，译文则用形象、具体的语言对译，包括加词、分译等。“浅化”是原文为形象、具体的语言，译文则用抽象、一般性的语言对译，包括减词、“合译”等。“等化”基本上是采用直译的方法，原文为形象、具体的语言，译文也用相同形象、具体的语言。原文为抽象、一般性的语言，译文也保持相同抽象、一般性的语言，包括换词、“反译”等方法。以我们课上所学的许先生翻译的李商隐的《无题》为例。“相见时难别亦难，东风无力百花残”许先生译为“It’s difficult for us to meet and hard to part.
莎士比亚经典英文诗带翻译
莎士比亚经典英文诗带翻译 导读：我根据大家的需要整理了一份关于《莎士比亚经典英文诗带翻译》的内容，具体内容：莎士比亚是英国文学史上最杰出的戏剧家，也是西方文艺史上最杰出的作家之一，全世界最卓越的文学家之一。下面是我为大家带来，希望大家喜欢!莎士比亚经典英文诗1：Or I sh... 莎士比亚是英国文学史上最杰出的戏剧家，也是西方文艺史上最杰出的作家之一，全世界最卓越的文学家之一。下面是我为大家带来，希望大家喜欢! 莎士比亚经典英文诗1： Or I shall live your epitaph to make, 无论我将活着为你写墓志铭， Or you survive when I in earth am rotten; 或你未亡而我已在地下腐朽， From hence your memory death cannot take, 纵使我已被遗忘得一干二净， Although in me each part will be forgotten. 死神将不能把你的忆念夺走。 Your name from hence immortal life shall have, 你的名字将从这诗里得永生， Though I, once gone, to all the world must die: 虽然我，一去，对人间便等于死;
The earth can yield me but a common grave, 大地只能够给我一座乱葬坟， When you entombed in mens eyes shall lie. 而你却将长埋在人们眼睛里。 Your monument shall be my gentle verse, 我这些小诗便是你的纪念碑， Which eyes not yet created shall oer-read, 未来的眼睛固然要百读不厌， And tongues to be your being shall rehearse 未来的舌头也将要传诵不衰， When all the breathers of this world are dead; 当现在呼吸的人已瞑目长眠。 You still shall live--such virtue hath my pen-- 这强劲的笔将使你活在生气 Where breath most breathes, even in the mouths of men.最蓬勃的地方，在人们的嘴里。 莎士比亚经典英文诗2： So oft have I invoked thee for my Muse 我常常把你当诗神向你祷告， And found such fair assistance in my verse 在诗里找到那么有力的神助，
文言文《展喜犒师》原文翻译及作品欣赏
《展喜犒师》原文翻译及作品欣赏 【作品介绍】 《展喜犒师》记录了展喜成功地说服了攻打鲁国的齐国退兵的一次出色外交活动。齐大鲁小，齐强鲁弱，因此，齐国总想侵略鲁国。这次齐孝公本来是想要进攻鲁国的。但展喜的一番话，有理有据，大义凛然，而又委婉动听，说得齐孝公无话可答，只好收兵回去。 【原文】 《展喜犒师》 出处：《左传》 夏，齐孝公伐我北鄙。 公使展喜犒师（1），使受命于展禽（2）。齐侯未人竟（3），展喜从之，曰：“寡君闻君亲举玉趾（4），将辱于敝邑，使下臣犒执事（5）”齐侯曰：“鲁人恐乎？”对曰：“小人恐矣，君子则否。”齐侯曰：“室如县磐（6），野无青草（7），何恃而不恐？”对曰：“恃先王之命。昔周公、大公股肱周室（8），夹辅成王。成王劳之，而赐之盟，曰：‘世世子孙无相害也！’载在盟府（9），大师职之（10）。桓公是以纠合诸侯，而谋其不协，弥缝其阙（11），而匡救其灾，昭旧职也（12）。及君即位，诸侯之望曰：‘其率桓之功（13）！’我敝邑用是不敢保聚（14），曰：‘岂其嗣世九年，而弃命废职？其若先君何？君必
不然。’恃此而不恐。”齐侯乃还。 【注释】 （1）公：指鲁僖公。展喜：鲁国大夫,展禽的弟弟。犒：慰劳。 （2）受命：请教。指向展禽领受犒劳齐军的辞令。展禽：名获，鲁国大夫，因食邑于柳下，死后谥为“惠”，故又称柳下惠。 （3）齐侯：齐孝公，齐桓公之子。竟：同“境”。 （4）玉趾：表示礼节的套话，意思是贵足、亲劳大驾。 （5）执事：左右办事的官员，用作对方的敬称。 （6）县：同“悬”。磐：石制打击乐器。 （7）野无青草：指旱情严重。 （8）大公：太公，齐国始祖姜尚，又称姜大公。股肱（gong）：大腿和手臂。这里的意思是辅佐。 （9）载：盟约也叫载书，简称为载。 （10）大师：太师，当为太史，主管盟誓的官。职：掌管。 （11）弥缝：填满缝隙。这里的意思是补救。 （12）昭：发扬光大。旧职：指大公的旧职。 （13）率：遵循。桓：指齐桓公。 （14）保聚：保城聚众。 【白话翻译】 夏天，齐孝公领兵攻打我国北部边境。……
经典思母原文翻译及赏析_与恭简介
>思母朝代：宋代 作者：与恭 原文： 霜殒芦花泪湿衣，白头无复倚柴扉。 去年五月黄梅雨，曾典袈裟籴米归。写翻译写赏析分享评分：678910 很差相关翻译写翻译思母注释 ①霜殒芦花：寒霜把芦花摧残。芦花：典出《史记？仲尼弟子列传》。传载孔子弟子闵损字子骞，少时受后母虐待。冬天，后母将芦花塞入布中，给子骞穿。而以棉花制袄，给自己亲生儿子穿。子骞父得知 ... 相关赏析写赏析思母鉴赏 与恭出家之后未久，其父见背，唯留老母贫苦独守。恭公虽系出家之人，亦不能有负亲恩。虽然自己过的也是清贫淡泊的生活，仍时时接济老母。现在母亲也走了，留下的只是满腔怀念。这首诗并没有华美 ... 版权声明：本文内容由网友上传(或整理自网络)，原作者已无法考证，版权归原作者所有。古诗文网免费发布仅供学习参考，其观点不代表本站立场。 转载请注明：原文链接| https://www.sodocs.net/doc/de7258003.html,/view_3537.html 古诗大全古诗文网https://www.sodocs.net/doc/de7258003.html, KKD6BM 明茨伯格被称为管理学界的离经叛道者，在其《战略历程：纵览战略管理学派》中，他并没有给战略一个明确的定义，而是把战略理论归结为十个学派，并一一点评。他认为，
简单从一个角度来解释战略就好比是盲人摸象：摸到鼻子的人说大象是一条蛇，摸到耳朵的人说大象是一把扇子，摸到膝盖的人说大象是一棵树，摸到尾巴的人说大象是一根绳子，摸到大象身躯的人说大象是一堵墙营销3.0版本，令人应接不暇。那么，营销的本质是什么？ 很多人觉得这是已经有定论的话题，不值得讨论，当然也有人说营销就是4P，或者4C，则是典型的一叶障目不见泰山。最初在美国，营销的含义是：若干市场因素的各种结合从而影响市场供给，这些因素包括促销、推销、有组织的销售活动。1967年，菲利普构建为出发点的产物非但对人们的工作无益，反而使人迷失。营销理论需要从本质上去解构。解构主义领袖人物雅克一个问题不可以一次性、终极性地解决，而只能是分步走，分时间、分空间、分不同的角度来解决。对营销的重建与深度认知，须先从各方面多视野地去看待营销，尽力地去勾勒出它的一个暂时性的全貌；然后再对这个全貌的每一侧面进行批判性的分析与吸收。 现在，就让我们解构营销本质，蒙上眼睛，一步步去摸营销这头大象。 1流通说 1922年，美国学者弗莱德促使商品所有权转移和实体分销所做的努力。1960年，美国市场营销协会把营销定义为是引导货物和劳务从生产者流向消费者或用户所进行的
许渊冲经典诗句翻译[超级打印版]
关雎Cooing And Wooing 关关雎鸠, By riverside are cooing 在河之洲. A pair of turtledoves; 窈窕淑女, A good young man is wooing 君子好逑. A fair maiden he loves. 参差荇菜, Water flows left and right 左右流之. Of cress long here, short there; 窈窕淑女, The youth yearns day and night 寤寐求之. For the good maiden fair. 求之不得, His yearning grows so strong, 寤寐思服. He can not fall asleep, 悠哉悠哉，But tosses all night long, 辗转反侧. So deep in love, so deep! 参差荇菜, Now gather left and right 左右采之. Cress long or short and tender! 窈窕淑女, O lute, play music bright 琴瑟友之.For the bride sweet and slender! 参差荇菜, Feast friends at left and right 左右芼之. On cress cooked till tender! 窈窕淑女, O bells and drums, delight 钟鼓乐之. The bride so sweet and slender! 垓下歌XIANG YU’S LAST SONG 项羽XIANGYU 力拔山兮气盖世，I could pull mountains down, oh! With main and might 时不利兮骓不逝。But my good fortune wanes, oh! My steed won’t fight. 骓不逝兮可奈何！Whether my steed will fight, oh! I do not
William Shakespeare莎士比亚代表诗歌翻译及赏析
2011—2012第一学期 实践教学
William Shakespeare William Shakespeare (26 April 1564- 23 April 1616) was an English poet and playwright. He was widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. His surviving works, including some collaboration, consist of about 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and several other poems. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright. Shakespeare was born and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon. At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet and Judith. Between 1585 and 1592, he began a successful career in London as an actor, writer, and part owner of a playing company called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known as the King's Men. Shakespeare produced most of his known work between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were mainly comedies and histories, genres he raised to the peak of sophistication and artistry by the end of the 16th century. He then wrote mainly tragedies until about 1608, including Hamlet, King Lear, Othello, and Macbeth, considered some of the famous works. Shakespeare was a respected poet and playwright in his own day, but his reputation did not rise to its present heights until the 19th century. In the 20th century, his work was repeatedly adopted and rediscovered by new movements in scholarship and performance. His plays remain highly popular today and are constantly studied, performed and reinterpreted in diverse cultural and political contexts throughout the world. （Sonnet1 和sonnet5的相关资料由张文瑞提供） Sonnet 1
许渊冲翻译理论及作品分析
许渊冲翻译理论及作品分析 外国语学院 115班 3号 冯奕璇 许渊冲翻译理论及作品分析
在上了名家名篇赏析这门课之后，我们都知道了在中国古诗词翻译中，许渊冲有“诗译英法唯一人”的称号，同时他还总结了自己的诗词翻译理论。下面就让我们分析一下许渊冲先生的翻译理论以及他的作品。 首先是许先生所提出的“三美”理论，“三美”即意美、音美、形美。所谓意美，就是在翻译时要体现出原作的内容美；音美即要求译文押韵、顺口、好听；形美则是对诗的行数长短整齐，句子对仗工整的要求。以他翻译的《关雎》为例，“关关雎鸠，在河之洲。窈窕淑女，君子好逑”译文为“By riverside are cooing. A pair of turtledoves. A good young man is wooing. A fair maiden he loves”，先说意美，关关雎鸠的意思是“关关鸣叫的水鸟”，许先生的译文中用了“cooing”这个单词来表示水鸟，运用了“拟声”的修辞手法，将水鸟鸣叫这一景象描写的惟妙惟肖，“拟声”的手法同时也表现出了原文《关雎》的活泼的感觉，而“turtledoves”既有斑鸠的意思，也有情人的意思，暗示了这首诗为一首情诗，符合原文的意境。许先生用“a good young man”而不是“gentleman”表现出了原文“民俗歌谣”的特点，洒脱，不拘泥于形式。再说音美，译文中第一句的词尾“cooing”和第三句的词尾“wooing”读音相似，第二句的词尾“turtledoves”和第四句词尾“loves”读音相似。在音节上，第一句为七个音节，第二句五个，第三句又是七个，第四句五个。一三句押韵，二四句押韵，读起来朗朗上口，符合“音美”这一特点。第三个特点是“形美”原诗中四字一句，对仗极其工整，译文中也维持在四到六词一句，共四行，和原诗相符。 以上就是我所认为的许渊冲先生的“三美”理论，除了“三美”理论之外，许先生还提出了另外一个著名的翻译理论“三化”理论。“三化”即“深化，等化，浅化”。“深化”就是原文为抽象、一般性的语言，译文则用形象、具体的语言对译，包括加词、分译等。“浅化”是原文为形象、具体的语言，译文则用抽象、一般性的语言对译，包括减词、“合译”等。“等化”基本上是采用直译的方法，原文为形象、具体的语言，译文也用相同形象、具体的语言。原文为抽象、一般性的语言，译文也保持相同抽象、一般性的语言，包括换词、“反译”等方法。以我们课上所学的许先生翻译的李商隐的《无题》为例。“相见时难别亦难，
翻译经典的构建_以梁译_莎士比亚全集_为例
2010年1月第31卷第1期 外语教学 F oreign L anguage Educa tion Jan.2010 Vol.31No.1 翻译经典的构建———以梁译《莎士比亚全集》为例 王 静,兰 莉 (湖南科技大学外国语学院湖南湘潭411201) 摘 要:文学作品之所以能够成为世界经典很大原因是由于翻译的作用,翻译对文学经典的确立起着推动作用。翻译文本如果顺应代表权力关系的主流意识形态及诗学就能实现其经典的构建。本文以梁实秋翻译的《莎士比亚全集》为例,从内、外因素两个角度分析了莎士比亚作品在中国的经典构建。 关键词:翻译文本;经典构建;主流意识形态;诗学 中图分类号:H059 文献标识码:A 文章编号:100025544(2010)0120104205 Abstract:Many literary works of one country have become world2famous classics,in which translati on p lays a driving r ole.A translated text could win itself the canonical positi on when it positively accords t o the dom inant ideol ogy and poetics rep resen2 ting the power relati on of its ti m e.Thr ough the case study of L iang Shiqiu’s translati on of Shakes peare’s works,this paper an2 alyzes the canonical constructi on of Shakes peare’s works fr om external fact ors as well as internal ones. Key words:translated text;canonical constructi on;dom inant ideol ogy;poetics 1.经典及翻译经典 提到经典,人们脑海里也许会浮现这些作家的名字:但丁、乔叟、莎士比亚、狄更斯、艾略特,或是《神曲》、《坎特伯雷故事》、《汉姆雷特》等作品。那么,何为经典?“经”的本义是织物的纵线,后引申为经天纬地的宏大之义。“经”或“经典”一般用来指称宗教的主要典籍以及具有权威性的学术著作。经典,从编织的经纬引申至经天纬地的宏大涵义,这赋予了经典极高的地位,从而也创造了经典的权威性。T?S?艾略特对经典的解释是:“假如我们能找到这个词,它能最充分地表现我所说的‘经典’的含义,那就是成熟”(1989:284)。这里的成熟表现为心灵上的成熟,是指作家有能力表现人类的普遍性,能够经得起历史与空间的考验。 而始于20世纪70年代的对于文学和文学批评的重新审视,在很大程度上改变了人们对经典的认识,当代著名的文学评论家,美国耶鲁大学教授Har old B loo m认为“经典是具有宗教起源的词汇,如今已成了为生存而互相争斗的文本之间的选择,不管你认为这个选择是由谁做出:主流社会、教育体制、批评传统,或如我所主张的是由那些自认为被某些古代名家所选中的后期作者”(布鲁姆2005:14)。这一概念表明,对经典的理解方式和评判标准也并非一成不变的,它伴随着批评语汇的变化而产生新的诠释。而“能成为经典的往往是社会关系复杂斗争中的幸存者”(布鲁姆2005:27)。 “翻译是经典从地区走向世界,边缘走向中心的必经之途”(张中载2008:99)。翻译在文学进化过程中起着不可替代的作用。如,马丁?路德的《圣经》翻译,不但永远改变了整个欧洲的面貌,而且使《圣经》的译文成为经典。再如,美国作家埃德加?爱伦?坡(Edgar A llan Poe),他的唯美主义诗歌、怪诞恐怖的推理小说起初在美国文坛并没有引起多大注意,当法国象征主义诗人波德莱尔和马拉美把他的作品译成法文后,才使爱伦?坡的作品获得新生,从而也确立了他在美国文坛的重要地位。从一定意义上说,翻译是文学进化的原动力,因为原文能够通过翻译而获得再生。文学的经典在很大程度上取决于翻译的经典,可以说翻译是创造经典的范例和媒介。但并不是所有的译作都能成为经典,其中涉及译者水平、所采取的翻译策略、当时社会的主流意识形态、诗学观等诸多因素。本文试图探讨翻译如何在目的语文本中完成经典的构建。 2.翻译经典的构建 在多元系统论中,“经典性并非文本活动任何层次上的内在特征,某些特征在某些时期享有某种地位,并不等于这些特征的‘本质’决定了它们必然享有这种地位……历史学家只能将之视为一个时期的规范的证据”(Zohar 1990:15)。也就是说,经典并非是恒久不变的,而是一个不断建构的过程。在某个时代被认为是经典的文本,由于有非经典、非主流文学的挑战,随着时代的变迁,文学标准的变化,社会意识形态、主流诗学观的改变,以及维护与制定文学规则的文学赞助人的控制,所谓的经典在其它的时代里可能发生转变,从而遭遇去经典化,其经典的地位被原来的非经典的文本所取代,从而使文学从多元系统的“中心”向“边缘”发生变化。因为,“经典化的文化与非经
自考英美文学选读课文翻译 莎士比亚
威廉-莎士比亚 威廉-莎士比亚（1564-1616）是世界有史以来最著名的作剧家和诗人之一。凭着38部作品，154首十四行诗和2首长诗，他建立了他在世界文学史中的赫赫威名。他也被全世界各式各样的学者和评论家给予了最高的赞誉。在过去4百年间，关于莎士比亚的书籍和文章还不断大量出版。 莎士比亚可能出生于1564年4月23日埃文河畔斯特拉特福城的一户商人家庭。他的父亲的职业被传为是卖手套的、羊毛商人、农夫或者是屠夫，是一个镇上有点地位的人，并多次当选为镇委员会的成员。莎士比亚在哪个美丽的贸易小镇度过了他的童年并上了斯特拉特福语文小学。他真正的老师是大自然和周围的百姓。1587年，莎士比亚娶了大他几岁的安妮-哈撒韦为妻。妻子为他生了3个孩子，苏珊娜和双胞胎朱迪斯和哈姆尼特。也许由于要养活不断壮大的家庭，莎士比亚在1586或1587年离开斯特拉特福去了伦敦。 莎士比亚去了伦敦一处为戏剧发展提供了优越环境的地方。他既当演员又做作剧家，为张伯伦家族做事，张伯伦家族后来又成为了王族。莎士比亚的事业发展得如此的好以致被誉为‘大学才子’之一的罗伯特-格林气极败坏地地称呼他是只‘向上扑腾的乌鸦’。 大约从1591到1611年间，莎士比亚到达了他戏剧生涯的顶峰，他的作品一部又一部地不断问世。莎士比亚没有把他的天赋局限于戏院里，在1593和1954年，他发表了2篇叙事诗，《维纳斯与阿多尼斯》和《路易斯受辱记》，都是写给南安普顿伯爵的。1609年他也写了短诗并出版了。到1597年时莎士比亚已经很有钱了，他在斯特拉特福买套大宅子作为新居。大约于1610年莎士比亚从伦敦退隐回了斯特拉特福，即便如此他还是坚持写作了一段时间。他卒于1616年4月23日。 由于对莎士比亚的许多作品的创作准确时间仍然存有争议，评论家们对把莎士比亚戏生涯的戏剧作品划分阶段方面存有不同的观点。但总体来说他的戏剧生涯可以分为4个时期。 莎士比亚戏剧创作生涯的第一个阶段是创作早期。他写了5部历史剧：《亨利六世》的第一、二、三部，和《泰特斯·安特洛尼克斯》；4部戏剧：《错误的戏剧》，《维罗纳的2位绅士》，《驯悍记》和《爱的徒劳》。 第二个阶段，莎士比亚的创作风格和方式变得极具个性。在不同的人物之间、现象和现实之间，莎士比亚构造了复杂的典范，他对人类各种缺点进行了精妙的诠释。在这个时期他写了5部历史剧：《理查二世》，《约翰国王》，《亨利四世》第一、二部和《亨利五世》;6部戏剧：《仲夏夜之梦》，《威尼斯的商人》，《无事生非》，《皆大欢喜》，《第12夜》和《温莎的风流妇人》；2部悲剧：《罗密欧和朱丽叶》和《裘里斯凯撒》 莎士比亚的第三时期作品包括他最杰出的悲剧和所谓的黑色喜剧。这个时期的悲剧有：《哈姆雷特》，《奥赛罗》，《李尔王》，《麦克白》，《安东尼与克利奥帕特拉》，《特洛伊罗斯与克雷西达》和《科里奥兰纳斯》。2部喜剧是：《终成眷属》和《争锋相对》。 莎士比亚最后时期的作品包括他主要的烂漫悲喜剧：《伯利克里》，《辛白林》，《冬天的故事》和《暴风雨》；和他最后两部作品：《亨利八世》和《两个贵亲戚》。 莎士比亚真正的跟戏剧五官的是个主要是两首叙述长诗：《维纳斯和阿多尼斯》和《路易斯受辱记》，和他的154首系列短诗。莎士比亚的十四行诗都单是
莎翁经典语录中英文对照版
TO BE OR NOT TOBE ,THAT IS A QUESTION 生存还是死亡,这是一个问题 Better a witty fool than a foolish wit.-Shakespeare 宁为聪明的愚夫，不作愚蠢的才子。 A light heart lives long . 豁达者长寿。 Do not , for one repulse , give up the purpose that you resolved to effect . 不要只因一次失败，就放弃你原来决心想达到的目的。 In delay there lies no plenty , Then come kiss me , sweet and twenty , Youth’s a stuff that will not endure . 迁延蹉跎，来日无多，二十丽姝，请来吻我，衰草枯杨，青春易过。 The time of life is short ; to spend that shortness basely, it would be too long . 人生苦短，若虚度年华，则短暂的人生就太长了。 Do n’t gild the lily. 不要给百合花镀金/画蛇添足。 The empty vessels make the greatest sound . 满瓶不响，半瓶咣当。 The course of true love never did run smooth. 真诚的爱情之路永不会是平坦的。 Men are April when they woo,December when they wed;maids are May when they are maids,but the sky changes when they are wives. 男人求婚时像四月天，婚后像十二月天；女人少女时像五月天，为人妻后就变天。And when love speaks, the voice of all the gods makes heaven drowsy with the harmony. 当爱说话时，众神的声音是苍天沉浸在和谐的静寂中。 Better a witty fool than a foolish wit. 宁为聪明的愚夫，不作愚蠢的才子。 A light heart lives long . 豁达者长寿。 Love, and the same charcoal, burning, need to find ways to ask cooling. Allow an arbitrary, it is necessary to heart charred 爱，和炭相同，烧起来，得想办法叫它冷却。让它任意着，那就要把一颗心烧焦Laughter is the root of all evil. 笑是一切罪恶的根源 Love is the season Yizhenyin sigh; The eyes have it purified the lovers of Mars; Love it aroused waves of tears. It is the wisdom of madness, choking bitterness, it does not tip of honey. 爱情是叹息吹起的一阵烟；恋人的眼中有它净化了的火星；恋人的眼泪是它激起的波涛。它又是最智慧的疯狂，哽喉的苦味，吃不到嘴的蜜糖。 Love is like a game of tug-of-war competition not stop to the beginning 爱就像一场拔河比赛一开始就不能停下来 I would like now to seriously indifferent room of wonderful 我只想现在认真过的精采无所谓好与坏
翻译作品赏析
对《生命中不能承受之轻》的赏析心得 姓名：赵虞慧学号：030111223 作者米兰·昆德拉于1929年出生于捷克斯洛伐克的布拉格。年轻时的他是一个共产主义者，他参加了1968年“布拉格之春”运动，其口号是“带有韧性面孔的社会主义”但这场运动很快就被平息了。因为他尖刻，嘲讽的写作风格，昆德拉开始被认定为持不同政见的知识分子，随着迫害加深，他被迫离开了他任教的布拉格高级电影制片学院。他的书因此也被封杀，他本人的生活也像《生命中不能承受之轻》当中的男主人公托马斯一样因遭受迫害而令人无法承受。到了20世纪70年代，由于政策的原因，持不同政见的知识分子被“鼓励”离开捷克斯洛伐克并移民西方。昆德拉于1975年离开了他的祖国，并在其妻的陪同下在巴黎定居，并任教及创作至今。昆德拉的个人主义和精英主义气质贯穿其作品中的美学与政治内容，尤其是在《生命中不能承受之轻》当中宣泄得淋漓尽致。 我将要赏析的作品是许钧翻译的《生命中不能承受之轻》。我觉得他的翻译是最贴近原著的。首先，先介绍一下译者许钧，他出生于1954年9月，浙江龙游人，毕业于解放军南京外语学院法语专业，现任南京大学研究生院常务副院长。译著长篇小说《追忆似水年华》、《名土风流》([法]德·波伏瓦著)、《诉讼笔录》([法]勒克莱齐奥著)、《邦斯舅舅》([法]巴尔扎克著)等。 这部小说还被翻拍成电影，又名《布拉格之春》。电影高度概括了小说的主要内容，故事情节非常的精彩。我看过小说以后再看电影更加加深了对这部作品的印象。 故事发生在1968年。主人公托马斯是位出色的布拉格外科医生，他风流倜傥，做事大胆，显然信奉生命之轻的哲学。他曾经与一个女人草率地结了婚，但现在却过着单身汉的生活，既不见前妻也不见儿子。后来在一个小镇上碰见了餐厅服务员特丽莎。她认定托马斯是个有教养的人，是个梦想家，所以一下子就爱上了他。后来特丽莎追随托马斯来到布拉格，她愿“向他奉献一切”。虽然两个人生活在一起，但托马斯仍不愿放弃他的那些情人们，开始对特丽莎有所隐瞒，但最终承认了他对她的不忠，他声称他与其他女人发生性关系并不影响他对特丽莎的爱。但是特丽莎无法忍受他的行为，或者说接受他视性至轻的人生哲学，因此饱受梦靥，以致想到
经典著作翻译欣赏
汉语名著翻译欣赏 1.凤姐还欲问时，只听二门上传来云板，连叩四下，将凤姐惊醒。（《红楼梦》） Before Xifeng could ask more she was woken with a start by four blows in the chime bar at the second gate. 2. 这里宝玉悲恸了一会，忽然抬头不见了黛玉，便知黛玉看见他躲开了，自己也觉得无味，抖抖土起来，下山寻归旧路，往怡红院来。（《红楼梦》） By the time Baoyu’s weeping was over, Daiyu was no longer there. He realized that she must have seen him and have gone away in order to avoid him. Feeling rather foolish, he rose to his feet and brush the earth from his clothes. Then he descended from the rockery and began to retrace his steps in the direction of Green Delights. 3. 但今军中正缺箭用，敢烦先生监造十万支箭，以为应敌之具。（《三国演义》） But we’re rather short of arrows. Would you undertake to supply a hundred thousand for our next fight? 4.行者道：“嫂嫂休得推辞，我再送你个点心充饥！”又把头往上一顶。那罗刹心痛难禁，只在地上打滚，疼得她面黄唇白，只叫“孙叔叔饶命！”行者才收了手脚道：“你才认得叔叔么？我看牛大哥情上，且饶你性命！”（《西游记》） “Don’t try to say no, sister-in-law,” Monkey then said,” I’m giving you a pastry in case you’re hungry,” He butted upwards, causing such a violent heart pain that she could only roll around on the ground, her face sallow and her lips white from agony.”“Spare me, brother-in-law, spare me.”Was all she could say. Only then did Monkey stop hitting and kicking. “So you call me brother –in-law, do you?” he said. “I’ll spare your life for my brother’s sake.” 5.庄家们都动弹不得，被林冲赶打一顿，都走了。（《水浒传》） The others were paralyzed with fright. Lin drove them out with blows of the spear shaft. 6.“君子动口不动手！”阿Q歪着头说。（鲁迅《阿Q正传》） “The superior man moves only his mouth and not his hand!” protested Ah Q, his head on one side. 7.北京的冬季，地上还是积雪，灰黑色的图书只丫叉在晴朗的天空中，而远处有一、二风筝浮动，在我是一种惊异和悲哀。（鲁迅《风筝》） Often I feel deeply depressed to see the Peking winter scene when the thick snow banks up on the ground and the bare ashen tree branches thrust up against a blue sky, while in the distance one or two kites are floating casually. 8.老栓正在专心走路，忽地吃了一惊，远远地看着一条丁字街，明明白白地横着。他便退了几步，寻着一家关着门的铺子，蹩进门下，靠门立住了。（鲁迅《药》） Absorbed in his walking, Old Shuan was startled when he saw a crossroad lying distinctly ahead of him. He too a few steps backward, slipping himself in under the eaves of a closed shop, and stood against its door.