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考博英语各个题型的备考方法和特点

1、考博英语题型由于考博英语试题由各招生单位自己独立命题，所以不同院校的考博英语试题题型风格不尽相同。就题型而言，一般都含有词汇结构、完形填空、阅读理解、汉英互译、作文题。很多院校初试不再考听力，而在复试通过口语形式考查。但有些院校仍在初试考查听力，甚至很重视听力分数。有些学校还有改错题，应用文，甚至其他题型。少数院校不考作文，但翻译比较长。很多院校主观题的分数所占比重都较高，占1/3甚至1/2比重。

2、难度考博英语重视考查翻译、写作等与攻读博士学位相关的应用能力，所以其难度不能简单与其他考试比较。但一般来说，考博英语试题的难度约相当于大学英语六级，但少数院校比六级难，有些院校甚至只相当于四级水平，甚至同一院校不同年份的难易程度也迥异。这是由于考博英语试题的命制没有其他英语水平考试、选拔考试规范，往往因出题人不同而有区别。所以，报考相应院校的考生一定要看一看该院校近年的考博英语真题。

3、词汇保守估计，考博英语需要掌握7000~8000单词，900常用动词短语。当然，一般掌握了六级及硕士研究生入学考试的词汇，通过考博英语也没有多大问题，只是词汇题可能失去少数分数。长期关注和研究考博英语试题，反对有些所谓考博英语词汇书所讲的考博需要掌握1万甚至1万以上词汇的观点。事实上，背诵那么多词汇是没有多大意义的，考博英语考查的重点不是考生掌握了多少词汇，而如上文所述，是阅读、翻译、写作能力。所以，词汇够用即可，建议复习自己当年很熟悉的考研词汇、六级词汇，然后略加拓展，如可看看公共英语等级考试五级词汇、新托福词汇、部分GRE词汇。有些院校公布了词汇表或参考词汇表，但实际出题人并不怎么按大纲出题。英语说到底还是个水平问题。

4、语法大部分院校考博英语试题都不直接考查语法，但语法有必要全

面复习一下。这也不怎么花费时间。

5、阅读可以做一做对应院校的考题，也可做一做考研阅读真题、大学英语六级真题，有些院校考博英语试题选自考研真题原题、六级真题原题。

6、翻译英译汉相对来说比较好做，但不好得分。相反，汉译英虽然看起来难，但往往容易得分。所以应该多准备。

7、作文一般都是命题作文，即给定题目写一篇200~250词的议论文。作文应当认真准备。这是容易得分也容易失分的项目。

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2017年上海交通大学博士入学测试英语试题回忆阅读理解Passage One Rent control is the system whereby the local government tells building owners how much they can charge their tenants in rent. In the United States, rent controls date back to at least World War II. In 1943 the federal government imposed rent controls to help solve the problem of housing shortages during wartime. The federal program ended after the war, but in some locations, including New York City, controls continued. Under New York's controls, a landlord generally cannot raise rents on apartments as long as the tenants continue to renew their leases. In places such as Santa Monica, California, rent controls are more recent. They were spurred by the inflation of the 1970's, which, combined with California's rapid population growth, pushed housing prices, as well as rents, to record levels. In 1979 Santa Monica's municipal government ordered landlords to roll back their rents to the levels charged in 1978. Future rents could only go up by two-thirds as much as any increase in the overall price level. In any housing market, rental prices perform three functions: (1) promoting the efficient maintenance of existing housing and stimulating the construction of new housing, (2) allocating existing scarce housing among competing claimants, and (3) rationing use of existing housing by potential renters. One result of rent control is a decrease in the construction of new rental units. Rent controls have artificially depressed the most important long-term determinant of profitability —rents. Consider some examples. In a recent year in Dallas, Texas, with a 16 percent rental vacancy rate but no rent control laws, 11,000 new housing units were built. In the same year, in San Francisco, California, only 2,000 units were built. The major difference? San Francisco has only a 1.6 percent vacancy rate but stringent rent control laws. In New York City, except for government-subsidized construction, the only rental units being built are luxury units, which are exempt from controls. In Santa Monica, California, new apartments are not being constructed. New office rental space and commercial developments are, however. They are exempt from rent controls. 1. What does the passage mainly discuss? (A) The construction of apartments in the United States. (B) Causes and effects of rent control (C) The fluctuations of rental prices (D) The shortage of affordable housing in the United States. 2. Which of the following was NOT a reason for the introduction of rent controls in Santa Monica, California? (A) rapid population growth (B) inflation (C) economic conditions during wartime (D) record-high housing prices 3. It can be inferred that the purpose of rent control is to (A) protect tenants