英美文学知识点小总结

2011级英美文学专题试题

I. Define the following terms with example

1. Ballad stanza

2. Frame-work story

3. Humanism

4. Eco-criticism

5. Dramatic monologue

6. Realism

II. Answer the following questions briefly

1.What are the major functions of literature?

Literature is artistic representation of human experiences through language.

Artistic representation.

Served as a mirror and lamp

A mirror: mimetic function---- imitation of the world, reflection of the universe

A Lamp: instructive function ----- teaching people to be better human beings

Moral assessments and judgments

Aesthetic function: beauty and enjoyments.

2.How do you appreciate English poetry?

3.What are the key elements of a novel?

场景（Setting）情节（Plot）人物（Character）叙事者（Narrator）主题（Theme）语言（Language）世界观World View

4. What is the major classification of characters according to E.M. Forster?

5. Do you think Hamlet’s delay in action is the matter of cowardice? Why or why not?

6.What are the main differences between William Wordsworth and Wang Wei in term of the theme of “life and death” respectively in “She Dwelt among the Un-trodden Ways”and “Xinyi Wu”？

1.Ballad stanza

In poetry, a Ballad stanza is the four-line stanza, known as a quatrain, most often found in the folk ballad. This form consists of alternating four- and three-stress lines. Usually only the second and fourth lines rhyme (in an a/b/c/b pattern). Assonance in place of rhyme is common. Samuel Taylor Coleridge adopted the ballad stanza in The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, alternating eight and six syllable lines.

All in a hot and copper sky!

The bloody Sun, at noon,

Right up above the mast did stand,

No bigger than the Moon.

Coleridge, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, lines 111 –

114

The longer first and third lines are rarely rhymed, although at times poets may use internal rhyme in these lines.

In mist or cloud, on mast or shroud,

It perched for vespers nine;

Whiles all the night, through fog-smoke white,

Glimmered the white Moon-shine.

Coleridge, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, lines 75 –

78

2.frame-work study

A frame story (also frame tale, frame narrative, etc.) employs a narrative technique whereby an introductory main story is composed, at least in part, for the purpose of setting the stage for a fictive narrative or organizing a set of shorter stories, each of which is a story within a story. The frame story leads readers from the first story into the smaller one within it.The General Prologue

The Knight's Tale

The Miller's Prologue and Tale

The Reeve's Prologue and Tale

The Cook's Prologue and Tale

3.Humanism

is the essence of the renaissance文艺复兴. In Greek and Roman civilization,

man is the measure of all things. Contrary to the medieval philosophy, the humanists

believed that it was justified to praise human nature and that human beings are

glorious creatures capable of development in the direction of perfection. the world

was theirs not to dislike but to question,explore and enjoy. Thus, by emphasizing the

value of human beings and the important of the present life, the emphasized that man

not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life, but have the ability to perfect

themselves and create wonders. Such as William Shakespeare hamlet

4.ECO-criticism

Eco criticism is the study of literature and environment from an interdisciplinary point of view where all sciences come together to analyze the environment and brainstorm possible solutions for the correction of the contemporary environmental situation.

生态批评是一个言人人殊的话语体。大多数人认同彻丽尔·格罗特费尔蒂的定义：“生态批评是探讨文学与自然环境之关系的批评。”一般认为，“生态批评”这一概念由美国学者威廉·鲁克尔曼1978年首次提出，他的《文学与生态学：一次生态批评实验》文章在《衣阿华评论》1978冬季号上刊出，以“生态批评”概念明确地将“文学与生态学结合起来”。1992年，“文学与环境研究会”在美国内华达大学成立。1994年，克洛伯尔出版专著《生态批评：浪漫的想象与生态意识》，提倡“生态学的文学批评”(ecological literary criti cism)或“生态学取向的批评”(ecological oriented criticism)。1995年在科罗拉多大学召开了首次研讨会，会议部分论文以《阅读大地：文学与环境研究的新走向》为书名正式出版（1998）。其后，生态批评的著作有如雨后春笋般地充斥文论界。Jack London The Call of the Wild

5.dramatic monologue

M.H. Abrams notes the following three features of the dramatic monologue as it applies to poetry:

1 A single person, who is patently not the poet, utters the speech

that makes up the whole of the poem, in a specific situation at a critical moment […].

2This person addresses and interacts with one or more other people;

but we know of the auditors' presence, and what they say and do, only from clues in the discourse of the single speaker.

3The main principle controlling the poet's choice and formulation of what the lyric speaker says is to reveal to the reader, in a way that enhances its interest, the speaker's temperament and character.

Types of dramatic monologue[edit]

One of the most important influences on the development of the dramatic monologue is the Romantic poets. The long, personal lyrics typical of the Romantic period are not dramatic monologues, in the sense that they do not, for the most part, imply a concentrated narrative. However, poems such as William Wordsworth's Abbey and Percy Bysshe Shelley's Mont Blanc, to name two famous examples, offered a model of close psychological observation and philosophical or pseudo-philosophical inquiry described in a specific setting.

The novel and plays have also been important influences on the dramatic monologue, particularly as a means of characterization. Dramatic monologues are a way of expressing the views of a character and offeringthe audience greater insight into that character's feelings. Dramatic monologues can also be used in novels to tell stories, as in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, and to implicate the audience in moral judgements, as in Albert Camus' The Fall and Mohsin Hamid's The Reluctant Fundamentalist.

Monologues are also linked with soliloquies- Such as in Macbeth, when Lady Macbeth reads a letter to herself and then speaks her thoughts as though she is thinking.

6.Realism

realism 即现实主义。

现实主义：即否定一切的理想精神，立足于实际，根据需要，不需要理想指导的唯物主义论[1]Realism(or naturalism) in the arts is the attempt to represent subject matter truthfully, without artificiality and avoiding artistic conventions, implausible, exotic and supernatural elements.

Realism has been prevalent in the arts at many periods, and is in large part a matter of technique and training, and the avoidance of stylization. In the visual arts, illusionistic realism is the accurate depiction of lifeforms, perspective, and the details of light and colour. Realist works of art may emphasize the ugly or sordid, such as works of social realism, regionalism, or Kitchen sink realism.Broadly defined as "the faithful representation of reality",[14] Realism as a movement in literature was based on "objective reality", and focused on showing everyday, quotidian activities and life, primarily among the middle or lower class society, without romantic idealization or dramatization.[15] It may be regarded as the general attempt to depict subjects as they are considered to exist in third person objective reality, without embellishment or interpretation and "in accordance with secular, empirical rules."[16] As such, the approach inherently implies a belief that such reality is ontologically independent of man's conceptual schemes, linguistic practices and beliefs, and thus can be known (or knowable) to the artist, who can in turn represent this 'reality' faithfully. As Ian Watt states, modern realism "begins from the position that truth can be discovered by the individual through the senses" and as such "it has its origins in Descartes and Locke, and received its first full formulation by Thomas Reid in the middle of the eighteenth century."[17]

While the preceding Romantic era was also a reaction against the values of the Industrial Revolution, realism was in its turn a reaction to

romanticism, and for this reason it is also commonly derogatorily referred as "traditional" "bourgeois realism".[18]Some writers of Victorian literature produced works of realism.[19]The rigidities, conventions, and other limitations of "bourgeois realism," prompted in their turn the revolt later labeled as modernism; starting around 1900, the driving motive of modernist literature was the criticism of the 19th-century bourgeois social orderand world view, which was countered with an antirationalist, antirealist and antibourgeois program.

Literary realism is the trend, beginning with mid nineteenth-century French literature and extending to late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century authors, toward depictions of contemporary life and society as it was, or is. In the spirit of general "realism," realist authors opted for depictions of everyday and banal activities and experiences, instead of a romanticized or similarly stylized presentation

Jane Eyre Charlotte Bronte

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英语专八英美文学常识汇总

英语专八英美文学常识汇总

3专八人文知识:英国地理概况 the english channel: the channel is a narrow sea passage which separates england and france and connects the atlantic ocean and north sea. 英吉利海峡：英吉利海峡是一道狭长的海峡，分割英法两国，连接大西洋和北海。 the dee estuary: a small sea ( in irish sea) where the dee river enters. 迪河河口：是迪河流入的一个小海。 "the act of union of 1801": in 1801 the english parliament passed an act by which scotland, wales and the kingdom of england were constitutionally joined as the kingdom of great britain. 1801合并法：1801年英国议会通过法令，规定英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士根据宪法合并成为大不列颠王国。 gaelic: it is one of the celtic language, and is spoken in parts of the highlands. 盖尔语：是盖尔特语言的一种，在高地地区仍有人说这种语言。 the "backbone of england": it refers to the pennies, the board ridge of hills.

英美文学论文(英文)

A Analysis of the Women Characters in David Copperfield Class:09商务Name: 唐东No.0907030044 Abstract:David Copperfield was written by Charles Dickens,who is the greatest representative of English critical realism in the nineteenth century. One of Dickens's favorite novels,David Copperfield is known all over the world for the well-portrayed characters based on the writer's own life.In David Copperfield,dozens of women characters are portrayed ranging from rich women to poor servants.This paper analyzes some of the women characters in the novel,through which Dickens reveals his attitude toward marriage. . Key words:women characters love family marriage Ⅰ、The goddess The representative figure of The goddess are Peggotty,the loyal maidservant and David’aunt Miss Betsey Trotwood. Peggotty is Dav id’s first goddess,she is not beautiful and fat.But she is loyal.She treated David as her own son,and David regards her as his mother or maybe his father.She treats David full of sympathy and cherish.She see through Mr Murdstone’s conspiracy,and give David help and protect when he was in danger.In an other hands,Peggotty was lack of culture so she only tell David in emotional .Let David know there also love in the world althought his mother was died. ‘Master David ,my love. But don't forget，I'll take care of your mother. She needs her cross old Peggotty！I'll stay with her，although I hate these Murdstones. And remember，David, I love you as much as I love your mother，and more. And I'll Write to you.’ Miss Betsey Trotwood,David’s aunt is another goddess in his life.She meet David’s mother at the night which David born,but go away never look back.Maybe she is a little eccentric. ‘You were talking about the baby．I'm sure it'll be a girl．Now，as soon as she’ s born…’ ‘He，perhaps，’ said my mo ther bravely．‘Don’ t be stupid，of course it’

howtogrowold英美文学欣赏赏析

How to grow old Russell (1872-1970) is a philosopher lived nearly 100 years biggest charm, however, is not philosophy, but ,once won the Nobel Prize for literature, vividly tells you how to have a successful old age with his simplistic and beautiful to grow old is his another masterpiece. According to the first sentence,the topic is how to grow old,but the article’s true purpose is telling people the best way to overcome the fear of death as you get the first place,Russell drolly came up with his first advice:we should carefully selected our listing his great ancestors,I couldn’t agree any more----This, I think, is the proper recipe for remaining young. If you have wide and keen i nterests and activities in which you can still be effective, you will have no reason to think about the me rely statistical fact of the number of years you have already lived, still less of the probable brevity of yo ur future. Sure it ,Russell clearly describe the opinions of a series of healthy,growing old and pointed that in old age we should mentally be vigilant to two is undue absorption in the past, and the other is clinging to youth in the hope if sucking vigor fro m its vitality. Russell thinks that the best way to conquer the fear of death is to make your interests gradually wider and more impersonal, until bit by bit the walls of the ego recede, and your life becomes increasingly merged in the universal. If one person in old age can regard his life as a river,he will not feel the fear of the the cause he devoted to will continue forever. And in my point of view, it entirely depends on your attitude to life. Everyone was born to death. We h ave no means to avoid it but to face it. Faced with death, what we only can do is to go for what we wa nt, what we need, and what we like. At the end of this article, Russell expressed his wish----I should wish to die while still at work, knowing that others will carry on what I can no longer do, and content in the thought that what was possible has been done. I cannot help but feel

英美文学考试复习点重点整理

1.现实主义、批判现实主义（代表人物、作品，以及每部作品讲了什么故事）P276—比如《匹克威克外传》主要讲什么？P281 《双城记》主要讲什么？P298 《大卫科波菲尔》主要讲什么？P292 2.其中自传体形式的作品有哪些？ 3.傲慢与偏见的第一个名字：first impression(Pride and prejudice现) 4.三姐妹指的是？ 5.19世纪有名小说名利场副标题：“A Novel Without a Hero”作者：William Makepeace Thackeray P303 6.18th浪漫主义作家、代表作P211 反对什么,反抗什么思想？ 7.Pop代表作有哪些？P134 剪发记？ 8.玄学诗派有哪些人物组成？Leading Feature? P116 9.乌托邦is written in form of ?P33 10.Universal Wicks大学才子是谁？P50 11.中世纪文学流行的是? 主题特征骑马精神P8？ 12.最著名作家：乔叟P19 13.对于三次征服的概念（1）罗马征服P1 （2）英国人征服P2（3）诺曼征服P5 14.人民大宪章什么时候出现？时间：1837年

1.John Milton He was born in London in 1608. He is a master of the blank verse, and a great stylist. And he is famous for his grand style.But his style is never exactly natural. He devoted almost twenty years of his best life to the fight for political, religious and personal liberty as a writer. His famous works are Paradise lost, Paradise Regained, and Samson Agonistes. 2.Romance Romance was the most prevailing kind of literature of the upper class in feudal England in the Medieval Ages. It is a long composition in verse or in prose which describes the life and chivalric adventures of a noble hero. The central character of romances is the knight, a man of noble birth skilled in the use of weapon. The theme of loyalty to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized in romances. 3.the Enlightenment It is the philosophical and artistic movement growing out of the Renaissance and continuing until the nineteenth century. It was an optimistic belief that humanity could improve itself by applying logic and reasons to all things. Typically, these enlightenment writers would use satire to ridicule what they felt illogical errors in government, social

英美文学总结Word 文档

Early and Medieval English Literature Three famouse Conquests: The Roman Conquest (55BC- 410AD) The Anglo-Saxon Conquest (449-1066) The Norman Conquest (1066-1485) The Anglo-Saxon Poetry: Pagan Poetry (Beowulf) Religious Poetry (Caedmon and Cynewulf) The Anglo-Saxon Prose: (Prose appeared in the 8th century ) Venerable Bede (The Ecclesiastical History of the English People) Alfred the Great Medieval Literature 1066: Anglo-Saxon Period bagan 1200: Middle English Literature bagan Raman Cycles: "Matters of Rome" "Matters of France" "Matters of Britain"(Sir Gawain and the Green Knight) Geoffrey Chaucer (14th century): 1.The Romance of the Rose （translation from French) 2.The House of Fame 3.Trolius and Criseide 4.The Canterbury Tales John Wycliffe (14th century): the first attempt to translate the latin version of the Bible into Middle English English Renaissance literature ( the late 15th century -middle 17th century) Wars and Refromation Thomas More (the first English humanist) Utopia Edmund Spencer: The Shepherds Calendar The Faerie Queene Epithalamion 1595 Bacon: the first English essayist Advancement of Learning <<论学术的进展>>