英国文学史选读复习资料整理

Old English Period

— Anglo-Saxon Period

(450-1066)

1.The History

?From 55 BC to 410 AD, the Romans conquered the land and transplanted its civilization.

2.The Literature

Two divisions:

Pagan & Christian

Pagan

The Seafarer水手; The Fight at Finnisburg芬尼斯郡之战; The Wanderer流浪者; Waldhere瓦登希尔;The Battle of Maldom马尔登战役

Widsith(威德西斯); The complaint of Deor迪奥的抱怨

?The wife’s Lament妻子的哀歌; Ruin毁灭are good examples.

Beowulf, England’s national epic.

Writing features

not a Christian but a pagan poem of all advanced pagan civilization,

The use of the strong stress and the predominance of consonants are very notable in this poem. Each line is divided into two halves, and each half has two heavy stresses

The use of alliteration is another notable feature and makes the stresses more emphatic. There are a lot of metaphors and understatements in this poem

Anglo-Norman Period

(1066-1350)

The literature

?The Growth of the Arthurian Legends

?The legends of King Arthur and his knights had existed as an oral tradition since the time of the Celts.

The 17th Century

A Brief Introduction of the 17th century

?The contradictions between the feudal system and bourgeoisie

?James I：1603-1625 political and religious tyranny

?Charles I: 1625-1649

?Oliver Cromwell : commonwealth protector: 1653-1658

?Charles II: 1660-1688 the Restoration

?James II：1685-1688

?William of Oranges: 1688-1702 “Glorious Revolution”

?The Bill of Rights 权利法案：1689

John Donne

代表作：The Flea

Metaphysical Poetry

Holy Sonnet 10

Song

A Valediction:

Forbidding Mourning 别离辞：节哀

John Milton

?the early phase of reading and lyric writing

?the middle phase of service in the Puritan Revolution and the pamphleteering for it

?the last --- the greatest --- phase of epic writing

Paradise Lost

--- the great epic

Paradise Regained；Samson Agonistes

John Bunyan

The Pilgrim’s Progress（essay）

The 18th-century Literature

The Rise of English Novels

The historical background

Comparing with the 17th century, the 18th century is a period for peaceful development.

The constitutional monarchy has been set up by parliament in 1688.

England grew from a second rate country to a powerful naval country in this century.

With the ascent of the bourgeoisie cultural life had undergone remarkable changes.

The rise of the English novel.

代表作：

Daniel Defoe Robinson Crusoe

Jonathan Swift

The Battle of the Books; 《书籍之战》

The Tale of a Tub; 《一只桶的故事》

The Drapier’s Letter; 《布商来信》

A Modest Proposal; 《一个温和的建议》

Journal to Stella; 《给斯黛拉的日记》

Gulliver’s Travel. 《格列夫游记》

Satirical features

?Swift offered an opportunity of self-scrutiny.（自我审视）

?The Lilliputians （小人国居民）and their institutions were all about people and their

institutions of England.

?The Brobdingnagians were incredible Utopians.

?The scientists and philosophers represented the extremes of futile theorizing and

speculations in all areas of activity such as science, politics, and economics with their instinct-killing tendencies.

?The picture of the Yahoos made a clear statement about man and his nature.

Henry Fielding

Tom Johnson

Social significance

The writer shows his strong hatred for all the hypocrisy and treachery in the society of his age and his sympathy for the courageous young rebels in their righteous struggle

The 18th-century Literature (II)

The Age of Enlightenment in England

The rapid development of social life

?On the economic scene, the country became increasingly affluent.

?On the political scene, a fragile of balance between the monarch and the middle class existed.

?On the religious scene, deism came into existence

代表

Thomas Gray

Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard

● a masterpiece of lyric

●Theme: a sentimental meditation upon life and death, esp. of the common rural people,

whose life, though simple and crude, has been full of real happiness and meaning

●Poetic pattern: quatrains of iambic pentameter lines rhyming ABAB

●Mood: melancholy, calm, meditative

●Style: neoclassic

---vivid visual painting,

---musical/rhythmic,

---controlled and restrained,

---polished language

Section 1 It sets the scene for the poet’s visit to the churchyard. It is enveloped in gloom and grief, which is archetypal of graveyard, poets’fascination with night, graves, and death. The tone is echoed by the last part of the poem

●Section 2 It tells about the people entombed there and recalls their life experiences. When

the “rude forefathers of the hamlet”lived. They got up early at the twittering of swallows, or a rooster’s wake-up call or a hunter’s horn, enjoyed family bliss with wife and kids in the evening, or were happily busy with farm work in the fields, but now that they lie in their “narrow cells”, their “useful toil”and “homely joys”happen no more. The tone is one of melancholy and regret for the dead.

●Section 3 It warns the rich and powerful not to despise the poor since all are equal in face

of death and the grave levels off all distinction. All nobility, power, and wealth “await alike”the inevitable end and “the paths of glory lead but to the grave”. Nothing could

●ever bring anything back to life.

Section 4

●It expresses, on the one hand, the poet’s regret that their life had not been congenial to

the growth and full play of the poor farmers’native gifts and talents and, on the other, his feeling of “a blessing in disguise”for them in the sense that, because they did not commit any crimes to humankind nor have to play the obsequious social climber against one’s integrity.

Section 5

●It asserts the notion that, even though they lived a less eventful life, there is no reason to

forget these farmers.

Section 6

●It portrays the scenario that the poet envisions would happen after his own death. A

villager would say of him: he got up early to go uphill to the lawn and lay there meditating under the tree until noon. He would wander in the wood, smiling at one moment, muttering to himself at the next, sad and pale, like one “in hopeless love”. Then for a couple of days he did not show up, and on the third day he was buried in the churchyard.

Section 7

●As he shows sympathy for the poor, he gains the friendship of man and God. He asks the

passers-by not to get to know any more about his merits and weaknesses as he waits in his grave for God’s judgment.

●The poem touches the readers to the quick with its notable sadness

Oliver Goldsmith’s

《The Vicar of Wakefield》

?Pre-Romantic Poems (I)

William Blake

The Songs of Experience；THE LAMB；The Tyger；The Sick Rose

Robert Burns

?1) Political poems --- The Tree of Liberty;

?2) Satirical poems --- Holy Willie’s Prayer, Two Dogs

?3) Lyrics --- My Heart’s in the Highlands, A Red, Red Rose, Auld Lang Syne

Burns’s position and his features

? A great Scottish peasant poet; a national poet of Scotland

?Numerous are Burns’s songs of love and friendship.

?His great success was largely due to his comprehensive knowledge and excellent mastery

of the old song traditions.

?His poetry have a musical quality that helps to perpetuate the sentiment

Burns ushered a tendency that prevailed during the high time of Romanticism

The Romantic Period (I)

?“The Lakers”：湖畔诗人

William Wordsworth

Samuel Coleridge

Robert Southey

?William Wordsworth

?Lyrical Ballads；Lines Written in Early Spring；To the Cuckoo ；The Daffodils I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud；My Heart Leaps Up；Intimations of Immortality 不朽颂Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey

Comments on Wordsworth

Wordsworth’s poetry is distinguished by simplicity and purity of his language which was spoken by the peasants who convey their feelings and emotions in simple and unelaborated expressions.

?George Gordon Byron

?Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage；Don Juan

?What is Byronic hero?

?Byron’s chief contribution to English poetry.

?Such a hero is a proud, rebellious figure of noble origin. Passionate and powerful, he is right to all the wrongs in a corrupted society, and he would fight single--handedly against all the misdoings.

?Thus this figure is a rebellious individual against outworn social systems and conventions ?Byronic heroes

?heroic of noble birth

?passionate

?rebellious

?individual

?Summery

?This is a love poem about a beautiful woman and all of her features. Throughout the poem, Byron explains the depth of this woman’s beauty. Even in the darkness of death and mourning, her beauty shines through. Her innocence shows her pureness in heart and in love. The two forces involved in Byron’s poems are darkness and light --- at work in the woman’s beauty and also the two areas of her beauty --- the internal and the external ?The theme

?This poem shows that mourning does not necessarily imply melancholy or extreme sadness.

?Rhetorics

?Byron uses many antonyms to describe this woman --- face, eye, hair, cheek, brow, etc. to portray a perfect balance within her.

?He often uses opposites like darkness and light to create this balance.

? A simile was shown in line one which stated: “She walks in beauty, like the night”, which is also the basis of the poem.

?Rhyme and meter

?The poem follows a basic iambic tetrameter, with an “ababab cdcdcd efefef” rhyme. ?Percy Bysshe Shelley

?Comments on Shelley

? 1. Shelley is one of the first poets in Europe who sang for the working people. His political lyrics are among the best of their kind in the whole sphere of European romantic poetry. And he is also one of the leading Romantic poets, an intense and original lyrical poet in the English language.

? 2. Shelley loved the people and hated their oppressors and exploiters. He called on the people to overthrow the rule of tyranny and injustice and prophesied a happy and free life for mankind.

? 3. One of the first poets in Europe who sang for the working people. His political lyrics are among the best of their kind in the whole sphere of European romantic poetry.

? 4. He stood for this social and political ideal all his life.

? 5. He and Byron are justifiably (justly, rightly) regarded as the two great poets of the revolutionary romanticism in England.

? 6. Byron, his best friend, said of Shelley “the best and least selfish man I ever knew”.

?7. Wordsworth said, “Shelley is one of the best artists of us all”.

?Ode to the West Wind

?Stanza 1

?It describes the power of the west wind and its double role as both destroyer(ll.2-5) and preserver(ll.6-12).

?Line 14 sums up the wind’s two basic characteristics, which also constitute the thematic focus of the poem

?Stanza 2

?I t focuses on the adumbration of the wind’s power driving clouds before it and bringing storms with it (ll.15-23) with lightning, rain, fire and hail (ll. 23-28).

?It also describes its destructive aspect of “closing night” enveloping all under its dome of

a vast tom

b (ll. 24-25).

?Stanza 3

?It talks about the wind’s impact upon the sea, its first touching on the calm of the Mediterranean (ll. 29-36), and then on the turbulence of the Atlantic (ll.36-42).

?The Mediterranean sleeps in serenity in the summer but is waken up by the wind to see the quivering of the shadows of ancient palaces and towers (ll. 29-35) and the Atlantic cleaving asunder into gigantic chasms (ll. 35-38).

?Even the vegetation at the bottom of the sea “grow gray with fear./tremble and despo il themselves”.

?Stanza 4

?It expresses the poet’s emotional response to the west wind.

?The poet says to the wind (ll.43-47) that he wishes to be spirited away like the leaves, to dance like the clouds, to breathe like the waves, and enjoy a share of the win d’s strength like the storm though with a lesser degree of freedom of movement.

?The poet takes a nostalgic backward glance at his free, uncontrollable boyhood when he could fly like a swift could like the wind, and even outstrip it in speed (ll.47-51), and wishes for the wind to lift him up like a leaf or wave or a cloud (l. 54). But it is only a figment of his imagination.

?He has to face “the horns of life” that he has fallen upon, chained and weighed down, and no longer “tameless, swift, and proud” like the wind (ll.54-56).

?Stanza 5

?It expresses both the poet’s request for the wind to help spread the words of his poem

“among mankind” and wake it up from its deep stupor (ll. 66-69) and his prophecy that spring will come in the wake of winter (ll.69-70).

?The poem ends upon a note of confidence and hope.

?John Keats one of the greatest English poets and a major figure in the Romantic

movement

?Ode on a Grecian Urn The Eve of St. Agnes To a Nightingale

Walter Scott He is the creator and a great master of the historical novel

Jane Austen

Pride and Prejudice；Sense and Sensibility；Mansfield Park；Emma；Northanger Abbey；Persuasion

Critical Realism Victorian Period

Features of Dickens’s novels

?Charles Dickens’s novels offer a most complete and realistic picture of the English bourgeois society of his age. They reflect the protest of the people against capitalist exploitation; criticize the vices of capitalist society.

Charles Dickens is a petty bourgeois intellectual. He could not overstep the limits of his class. He believed in the moral self-perfection of the wicked propertied classes. He failed to see the necessity of a bitter struggle of the oppressed against their oppressors. There is a definite tendency for a reconciliation of the contradictions of capitalist society

?Charles Dickens is a great humorist. His novels are full of humor and laughter and tell much of the experiences of his childhood. Almost all his novels have happy endings.

The story of some major novels

?Oliver Twist

?David Copperfield

?Great Expectation

? A Tale of Two Cities

William Makepeace Thackeray

Vanity Fair

?The Bront? sisters

?Charlotte

?Jane eyre (1847)

?Shirley (1849)

?Villette (1853)

?The professor (1857)

?Emily

?Wuthering Heights (1847)

?Anne

?Agnes Grey (1847)

?The tenant of Wildfell Hall (1848) 《怀德菲尔庄园的房客》

Alfred Lord Tennyson

?the poet laureate after the death of Wordsworth in 1850

?The Princes (1847),

?In Memoriam (1850),

?Maud (1855),

?Enoch Arden (1864),

?The Idylls of the King (1869-1872) Break, Break, Break ；Ulysses；Crossing the Bar Robert Browning

My Last Duchess a dramatic monologue

The transition from 19th to 20th century in English literature

Thomas Hardy

◆Under the Greenwood Tree

◆Far from the Madding Crowd

◆The Return of the Native

◆The Mayor of Casterbridge

◆Tess of the D’Urbervilles

◆Jude the Obscure

Oscar Wilde

?The Picture of Dorian Gray

?Lady Windermere’s Fan

? A Woman of No Importance

?An Ideal Husband

?The Importance of Being Earnest

?Salome

?The Happy Prince and Other Tales

George Bernard Shaw

? a prolific writer;

?winning Nobel Prize in 1925

Mrs. Warren’s profession

D. H. Lawrence

?Novels

?Sons and Lovers

?The Rainbow

?Women in Love

?Lady Chatterley's Lover

?Novellas

?St Mawr

?The Virgin and the Gypsy

?The Escaped Cock

“stream of consciousness”意识流代表人物：1)、Virginia Woolf 《Mrs. Dalloway》《A Room of One’s Own》 Woolf was much concerned with the position of women. 非常重视妇女的地位 2)、James Joyce Araby

附

读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其傅彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节，然纵观统筹、全局策划，则舍好学深思者莫属。读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条文断事乃学究故态。读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不足，盖天生才干犹如自然花草，读书然后知如何修剪移接；而书中所示，如不以经验范之，则又大而无当。有一技之长者鄙读书，无知者羡读书，唯明智之士用读书，然书并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之。读书时不可存心诘难作者，不可尽信书上所言，亦不可只为寻章摘句，而应推敲细思。书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，有只须读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读，取其所作摘要，但只限题材较次或价值不高者，否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏、淡而无味矣。读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。因此不常作笔记者须记忆特强，不常讨论者须天生聪颖，不常读书者须欺世有术，始能无知而显有知。读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩：凡有所学，皆成性格。人之才智但有滞碍，无不可读适当之书使之顺畅，一如身体百病，皆可借相宜之运动除之。滚球利睾肾，射箭利胸肺，慢步利肠胃，骑术利头脑，诸如此类。如智力不集中，可令读数学，盖演题须全神贯注，稍有分散即须重演；如不能辨异，可令读经院哲学，盖是辈皆吹毛求疵之人；如不善求同，不善以一物阐证另一物，可令读律师之案卷。如此头脑中凡有缺陷，皆有特药可医。（王佐良先生译）

英国文学史及选读__期末试题及答案

考试课程：英国文学史及选读考核类型：A 卷 考试方式：闭卷出卷教师: XXX 考试专业：英语考试班级：英语xx班 I.Multiple choice (30 points, 1 point for each) select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement. 1._____，a typical example of old English poetry ,is regarded today as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. A.The Canterbury Tales B.The Ballad of Robin Hood C.The Song of Beowulf D.Sir Gawain and the Green Kinght 2._____is the most common foot in English poetry. A.The anapest B.The trochee C.The iamb D.The dactyl 3.The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, which one of the following is NOT such an event? A.The rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture. B.England’s domestic rest C.New discovery in geography and astrology D.The religious reformation and the economic expansion 4._____is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. A.The Pilgrims Progress B.Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners C.The Life and Death of Mr.Badman D.The Holy War 5.Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries, its essence is _____. A.science B.philosophy C.arts D.humanism 6.“So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,/So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.”(Shakespeare, Sonnets18)What does“this”refer to ? A.Lover. B.Time. C.Summer. D.Poetry. 7.“O prince, O chief of my throned powers, /That led th’ embattled seraphim to war/Under thy conduct, and in dreadful deeds/Fearless, endangered Heaven’s perpetual king”In the third line of the above passage quoted from Milton’s Paradise Los t, the phrase“thy conduct”refers to _____conduct. A.God’s B.Satan’s C.Adam’s D.Eve’s

英国文学史及选读 复习要点总结概要

《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点 1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements (此处可能会有填空,选择等小题 2. Romance (名词解释 3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’ s story 4. Ballad(名词解释 5. Character of Robin Hood 6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet 7. Heroic couplet (名词解释 8. Renaissance(名词解释 9.Thomas More—— Utopia 10. Sonnet(名词解释 11. Blank verse(名词解释12. Edmund Spenser “The Faerie Queene” 13. Francis Bacon “essays” esp. “Of Studies” (推荐阅读,学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照,本文用词正式优雅,多排比句和长句,语言造诣非常高,里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句,非常值得一读 14. William Shakespeare四大悲剧比较重要,此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了,这些剧的主题,背景,情节,人物形象都要熟悉,当然他最重要的是 Hamlet 这是肯定的。他的sonnet 也很重要,最重要属 sonnet18。 (其戏剧中著名对白和几首有名的十四行诗可能会出选读 15. John Milton 三大史诗非常重要,特别是 Paradise Lost 和 Samson Agonistes。对于 Paradise Lost 需要知道它是 blank verse写成的,故事情节来自 Old Testament,另外要知道此书 theme 和 Satan 的形象。

2014-2015英国文学史及选读期末试题B

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班级_________________学号姓名考试科目英美文学史及作品选读【（1）】B卷闭卷共 5 页 学生答题不得超过此线····································密························封························线································

班级_________________学号姓名考试科目英美文学史及作品选读【（1）】B卷闭卷共 5 页 学生答题不得超过此线····································密························封························线································

(完整word版)吴伟仁--英国文学史及选读--名词解释

①Beowulf: The national heroic epic of the English people. It has over 3,000 lines. It describes the battles between the two monsters and Beowulf, who won the battle finally and dead for the fatal wound. The poem ends with the funeral of the hero. The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use if alliteration. Other features of it are the use of metaphors(暗喻) and of understatements(含蓄). ②Alliteration: In alliterative verse, certain accented(重音) words in a line begin with the same consonant sound(辅音). There are generally 4accents in a line, 3 of which show alliteration, as can be seen from the above quotation. ③Romance: The most prevailing(流行的) kind of literature in feudal England was the Romance. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse(诗篇), sometimes in prose(散文), describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, usually a knight, as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournament(竞赛), or fighting for his lord in battle and the swearing of oaths. ④Epic: An epic is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significantly to a culture or nation. The first epics are known as primacy, or original epics. ⑤Ballad: The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad which is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas(诗节), with the second and fourth lines rhymed. The subjects of ballads are various in kind, as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal-minded families, the conflict between love and wealth, the cruelty of jealousy, the criticism of the civil war, and the matters and class struggle. The paramount(卓越的) important ballad is Robin Hood(《绿林好汉》). ⑥Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里.乔叟: He was an English author, poet, philosopher and diplomat. He is the founder of English poetry. He obtained a good knowledge of Latin, French and Italian. His best remembered narrative is the Canterbury Tales(《坎特伯雷故事集》), which the Prologue(序言) supplies a miniature(缩影) of the English society of Chaucer’s time. That is why Chaucer has been called “the founder of English realism”. Chaucer affirms men and women’s right to pursue their happiness on earth and opposes(反对) the dogma of asceticism(禁欲主义) preached(鼓吹) by the church. As a forerunner of humanism, he praises man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life. Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic(抑扬格) meter(the “heroic couplet”) to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse. ⑦【William Langland威廉.朗兰: Piers the Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》】

英国文学史及选读2017期末复习名词解释中英

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