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翻译的定义及分类

翻译的定义及分类
翻译的定义及分类

翻译的定义及分类

翻译的定义

中国现代学者林汉达说:“(正确的翻译)就是尽可能地按照中国语文的习惯,忠实地表达原文中所有的意义”。

中国现代学者徐永煐说:“翻译——是译者用一种语言(归缩语言)来表达原作者用另一种语言(出发语言)表达的思想。”

中国当代学者王以铸说:“好的翻译决不是把原文的一字一句硬搬迁来,而主要的却是要传达原来文章的神韵”。

前苏联文艺学派翻译理论家索伯列夫说:“翻译的目的就是把一种语言中的内容和形式移植到另一种语言中去”。

前苏联语言学派翻译理论家费道罗夫说:“翻译就是用一种语言把另一种语言在内容和形式不可分割的统一中业已表达出来的东西,准确而完全地表达出来。”

苏联翻译理论家巴尔胡达罗夫说:“翻译是把一种语言的言语产物,在保持内容也就是意义不变的情况下,改变为另一种语言产物的过程”。

当代美国翻译理论家奈达说:“所谓翻译,是指从语义到文体在译语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息”。现在,我们尝试给翻译下一个比较完备的定义:翻译是两个语言社会(language-community)之间的交际过程和交际工具,它的目的是要促进本语言社会的政治、经济和文化进步,它的任务是要把原作品中包含的现实世界的逻辑映象或艺术映象,完好无损地从一种语言中移注到另一种语言中去。

翻译的分类

按语言分类:

语内翻译(intralingual translation)

语际翻译(interlingual translation)

按活动形式分类:

笔译(translation)

口译(oral interpretation):

交替传译(consecutive translation)

和同声传译(simultaneous translation)

按翻译材料的文体分类:

应用文体翻译

科技文体翻译

论述文体翻译

新闻文体翻译

艺术文体翻译

按处理方式分类:

全译

节译

摘译

编译

简述翻译的定义及其历史演变

1.简述翻译的定义及其历史演变 学者候林平将历史上人们对“翻译”定义为三个阶段,每个阶段有不同的定义: (1)第一阶段是传统语文研究阶段,这时候对翻译的定义是比喻式的,鸠摩罗什认为翻译“有似嚼饭与人,非徒失味,有令呕秽也”,傅雷认为翻译“如临画”“如伯乐相马” (2)第二阶段是现代语言学研究阶段。英国的翻译理论家卡特福德将翻译视为不同语言文本材料的替代。美国语言学家奈达,则如下定义:所谓翻译是指从语义到文体在译语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原文信息。 (3)第三阶段是当代多学科研究阶段: 在《翻译语言学》理论中,卡特福德开宗明义,翻译是一项对语言进行操作的工作:即用一种语言的文体代替另一种语言的文本过程。 关于翻译的定义中国较为熟悉的有以下几种: 1)翻译是用一种语言把另一种语言在内容与形式不可分割的统一中业已表达出来了的东西准确而完整的表达出来。 2)翻译是把一种语言的言语产物在保持内容也就是意义不变的情况下改变为另外一种语言的言语产物过程。 3)所谓翻译,是指从语义到文体在译语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息。 西方的翻译在历史上前后曾出现六次高潮或可分为六个阶段: 第一阶段是公元三世纪中叶罗马对希腊古典作品的翻译,这是欧洲也是整个西方历史上第一次大规模的翻译活动,它开创了翻译的局面。 第二个翻译高潮涌现于罗马帝国后期至中世纪初期,以形形色色的《圣经》译本的出现为标志。 第三阶段发生于中世纪中期,西方翻译家云集,西班牙的托莱多,把大批作品从阿拉伯语译成拉丁语,其中有大量用阿拉伯文翻译的希腊典籍。 第四阶段发生于文艺复兴时期,翻译活动达到前所未有的高峰,翻译活动深入到思想、政治、哲学、宗教等各个领域。 第五阶段发生于文艺复兴后,17世纪下半叶至20世纪上半叶,翻译家不仅翻译古典著作,而且对近代和当代作品也有很大兴趣,如莎士比亚等,东方文学译品也相继问世。 第六个大发展阶段在二战结束至今。二战后西方经济稳定为翻译事业提供物质基础,由于时代的演变翻译特点发生巨大变化,这一时期的翻译从范围规模作用直至形式都与过去任何时代大不相同,取得很大进展。机器翻译的出现是对几千年来传统手工翻译的挑战,也是人类翻译史上具有深远意义的革命。 翻译事业在我国也有着悠久的历史: 第一次翻译的高潮出现在东汉至北宋时期,这一时期的翻译活动以佛经为主,佛经的翻译开启了我国历史上第一次大规模的文字翻译活动。 第二次高潮出现在明朝后期至鸦片战争期间,翻译的内容主要涉及西欧各国的基督经籍、科技、哲学、文学等著作。 第三次高潮出现在五四运动至新中国成立时期,期间翻译活动促进了马克思主义理论在中国的广泛传播。 第四次高潮是新中国成立至今,新中国的成立,使得我国的翻译事业得到了大解放,翻译活动也进而进入一个最兴盛,最繁荣的发展新时期。

英语翻译的基本常识解析

翻译的基本知识 一、翻译的定义 奈达: Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. —— Eugene A. Nida 二、翻译的标准 奈达: The receptors of a translation should comprehend the translated text to such an extent that they can understand how the original receptor must have understood the original text. ——Eugene A. Nida Eugene A. Nida (November 11, 1914 – August 25, 2011) was the developer of the dynamic-equivalence Bible-translation theory. 四、翻译的方法 1 . 直译(Literal translation) 例子: C.O.D. (cash on delivery) 货到付现 blue chip 蓝筹股 一箭双雕hit two hawks with one arrow

意译(Free translation) 例子:WPA 水渍blue chip 绩优股一箭双雕kill two birds with one stone 一、广告的定义Advertising is the non-personal communication of information usually paid for and usually persuasive in nature about products, services or ideas by identified sponsors through the various media. —— American Marketing Association 二、广告的分类 1.理性广告(Rational ads)情感广告(Emotional ads) 三、广告的组成部分 1.Headline Subhead Text (body) Logo slogan I’m lovin’ it! (麦当劳)我就喜欢! Good to the last drop. (Maxwell coffee) 滴滴香浓,意犹未尽。 Just do it. (耐克运动鞋)只管去做。 We lead, others copy. (Ricoh 复印机)我们领先,别人模仿。Minolta, finest to put you finest. (美能达相机) 第一流的美能达,第一流的你。 I’m More satisfied. (摩尔香烟)摩尔香烟,令我更爱。Have a Break. Have a Kit-Kat. (奇巧巧克力)

2._翻译定义与标准

翻译练习: 1. Saddam Hussein pinn ed newly minted “Mother of All Battles” medals to their chests and showered them with gifts of land and autos. 2. He held that a man of learning, if he does not wish to degrade himself, must never cease to participate in public affairs. 3. So long, chicken. Hello! Tofu. Tofu and a host of other products made from the mighty soybean are pushing aside meat, milk and even ice cream on grocery store shelves these days as scientists rave about the health benefits of soy. 4. The governments at all levels are so competent, economical and efficient that nobody fails to speak well of them. 5. Tell him that he shall be punished if he does not take himself away. 6. Only objects struck by the light are visible. 7. I have read your articles. I expected to meet an older man. 8. It is now thought that the more work we give our brain, the more work they are able to do. 9. We shall all miss him, but we wish him a long and happy retirement. 10. The study found that non-smoking wives of men who smoke cigarettes face a much greater than normal danger of developing lung cancer. 11. Nothing is more futile and more self-defeating than the bitterness of spurned love, the vengeful feeling that someone else has “come between” oneself and a beloved. 12. Why should I quarrel with my bread and butter? 13. Mr. Wilson talks a lot but Mrs. Wilson wears the trousers in their house. 13. Add 15-30 minutes per night until you feel alert and rested each day. If you are a “night owl,” sleep a bit later; if you are a “lark”, go to bed earlier. 1

翻译定义

“Translate” means “turn (word, sentence, book, etc.) from one language into another, expressing sense of it in another form of words”. ---The Oxford Illustrated Dictionary , 1975, p903 to turn into one’s own or another language (转换成本族语或另一种语言) --- Webster’s third New International Dictionary of the English Language “Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. ” Translation may be defined as follows: The replacement of textural material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language. (TL). 翻译是“把一种语言已经表达出来的东西用另一种语言准确而完整地重新表达出来”。(范存忠:“漫谈翻译”《翻译理论与技巧》中国对外翻译出版公司,1985,p.80) 翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思想内容准确而完整的重新表达出来的语言活动。(张培基,《英汉翻译教程》上海外语教育出版社,1986:1) A: T ranslation is a rendering from one language into another, i.e., the faithful representation in one language of what is written or said in another language. B: T ranslating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Nida) Translation is science; (语言学派) 翻译是语言学的分支 Translation is art;(文艺学派) 翻译是文学再创作的过程 Translation is skill; Translation is cross-cultural communication

翻译的定义

翻译的定义 1词典定义: 1)Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. -------- From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 翻译,是指在准确通顺的基础上,把一种语言信息转变成另一种语言信息的活动。 2)《辞海》:把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来。 3)《牛津英语词典》:在保留意义的情况下从一种语言转变成另一种语言 4) Changing (speech or writing) from one language into another. -------------- Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English) 5) 2 国内学者下的定义: 老舍:翻译不是结结巴巴的学舌,而是漂漂亮亮的再创造 傅雷:翻译如临画, 如伯乐相马,'重神似, 不重形似',得其精而忘其粗, 再其内而忘其外 萧乾:翻译好象走钢丝,实在艰难…… 郭沫若:创作是处女, 翻译是媒婆。 ---------黄忠廉.翻译本质论〔M〕.武汉:华中师范大学出版社,2000.14 -15 . 茅盾: 文学的翻译是用另一种语言,把原作的艺术意境传达出来,使读者在读译文的时候能够像读原作一样得到启发、感动和美的感受”。(1954 年, 茅盾在当年全国文学翻译工作会议上所做的《为发展文学翻译事业和提高翻译译质量而奋斗》所作的报告) ------矛盾.为发展文学翻译事业和提高翻译质量而奋斗[A] .罗新璋.翻译论集[C] , 北京:商务印书馆, 1984. 朱维之: 翻译是一种艺术……这是一种难度较大的艺术工作, 不但要把原著的字句翻译出来, 更主要的是要把它的思想、精神传达出来, 还要把作者的特殊风格表露出来. ------翻译通讯编辑部.翻译研究论文集:1949 -1983[C]. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 1984. 许渊冲: 翻译的艺术就是通过原文的形式(或表层),理解原文的内容(或深层),再用译文的形式,把原文的内容再现出来。” ----《翻译的艺术》,五洲传播出版社,2006. 彭卓吾:

-翻译的定义

翻译的定义 (11级英语笔译张骁整理版) 一.通俗的定义 1.把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来。(《辞海》) 2. n. (1). the act or an instance of translating. (2). a written or spoken expresstion of the meaning of a word, speech, book, etc. in another language. ------ (The Concise Oxford English Dictionary) 3. An incredibly broad notion which can be understood in many different ways. For example, one may talk of translation as a process or a product, and identify such sub-types as literary translation, technical translation, subtitling and machine translation; moreover, while more typically it just refers to the transfer of written texts, the term sometimes also includes interpreting. ------ (Dictionary of Translation Studies, Shuttleworth and Cowie 1997:181) 4. Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. Whereas interpreting undoubtedly antedates writing, translation began only after the appearance of written literature. ------ From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 二.文艺学角度的定义 文学翻译是“传达作者的全部意图即通过艺术手法影响读者的思想、感情。 文学的翻译是用另一种语言,把原作的艺术意境传达出来,使读者在读译文的时候能够像读原作时一样得到启发、感动和美的感受。(茅盾.1984.10) 文学翻译并不是发生在真空中,当两种语言发生碰撞时,它们是在两种文化传统的背景下进行的。由于不同的文化会有不同的表达特色,所以每一种文化都存在于与另一种文化相互作用的环境中。(王宁,2006:46,48) 翻译是一种创造性的工作,好的翻译等于创作,甚至还可能超过创作。这不是一件平庸的工作,有时候翻译比创作还要困难。(郭沫若.学翻译工作[A].翻译研究论文集(1949-1983)[C].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1984. ) At its finest, translation has nothing to gain from the (mathematically) puerile diagrams and flow-charts put forward by would-be theoreticians. It is, it always will be, what Wittgenstein called “an exact art.” -----------George Steiner, 2001.After Babel: Aspects of Language and Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press 三.语言学角度的定义 1.卡特弗德:翻译是把一种语言(源语)的文本材料替成另一种语言(目标语)中对等的文本材料。 2. 巴尔胡达罗夫:翻译是把一种语言的言语产物(即话语)在保持内容方面也就是意义不变的情况下改变为另外一种语言的言语产物(区分语言(Langue)和言语(parole))。 3. 费道罗夫:翻译就是用一种语言把另一种语言在内容和形式不可分割的统一中所业已表达出来的东西准确而完全地表达出来。 4. 奈达:从语义到风格在译语中用最贴近的自然对等语再现源语信息。 5.Translation is a process of “deverbalizing” and “reverbalizin”; it leads from an SLT to a TLT which is as close an equivalent as possible and presupposes an understanding of the content an d

翻译的定义

翻译的定义 集团标准化小组:[VVOPPT-JOPP28-JPPTL98-LOPPNN]

翻译的定义 英国《牛津英语词典》给t r ans l ate下的定义是:t o turn from one lan g uag e in t o a no t her(从一种语言转 换成另一种语言); 美国《新编韦氏国际词典(第三版)》给tra nsl ate下 的定义:t o tu rn i nt o on e’s own o r an o the r language (转换成本族语或另一种语言)。 我国《辞海》和《汉语大词典》给翻译下的定义:“把 一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来。” 刘宓庆在他的《现代翻译理论》一书中,将“语际意 义”概括为六种:概念(主题)意义、语境意义、形式意义、风格意义、形象意义、文化意义。 美国翻译理论家奈达在给翻译所下的定义中,把翻译中 的“意义”概括成“语义”和“文体”,他说: Translating consi s ts i n r e pro du c ing in t he receptor language the eq u iva lent of the source- language message,fir s t i n te rm s of mean ing and secondly in terms of s tyl e.(所谓翻译,是指在译语中用最切近而又自然的对等语再现源语的信息,首先在语义上,其次是文体上。) 张今:“翻译是两个语言社会之间的交际过程和交际工具,它的目的是促进本语言社会的政治、经济和(或)文化进步,它的任务是要把原作中包含的现实世界的逻辑映象或艺术映象,完好无损地从一种语言移注到另一种语言中去。” 季羡林在谈到翻译对中国文化的重要意义时,提出了一 个十分精辟的观点。他说文化(文明)的发展可以分为五个阶段:诞生、成长、繁荣、衰竭、消逝。这是一个普遍规律,任何文化都不能永存。然而,中华文化似乎是个例外。五千年

翻译定义标准语义翻译2

第二讲:翻译的定义及标准、语义翻译(2) 一.什么是翻译? ---翻译是一门艺术,是语言艺术的再创作。如果把写作比成自由舞蹈,翻译就是带着手铐脚镣在跳舞,而且还要跳得优美。 ---翻译是技能,再现原文信息时,为避免信息的损失,力戒欠额翻译(undertranslation)和过载翻译(overtranslation),译者要采用增词,减词,引申,并句和分句等技巧。 ---翻译是在译语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现源语的信息,首先是意义对等,其次是文体对等。 二.翻译的教学标准 《高等学校英语专业高年级英语教学大纲》规定,英汉翻译的评估项目标为: A.忠实:“原文信息全部传达,语气和文体风格与原文相一致”60% B.通顺:“断句恰当,句式正确,选词妥贴”40% 三.翻译技巧(2): 语义翻译(2)---翻译时应当注意词义的褒贬。 翻译时,必须正确理解原作者的基本立场和观点,然后选用适当的语言手段译出。原文中词语的褒贬意义,要根据上下文恰如其分地表达出来,即使有些词语孤立起来看似乎是中性的。Eg. As a demanding boss, he expected total loyalty and dedication. She is a demanding teacher, yet she’s very kind to her students. John was an aggressive salesman who did his job quite well. Hitler pursued an aggressive policy after he seized power. 四.翻译练习(2) I. Translate the following sentences, paying attention to the choice of words. 1.She is fidgety and restless. 2.All the inventors have a restless mind. 3.They incited him to go into further investigation. 4.The plotters incited the soldiers to rise against their officers. 5.The general has the reputation of being courageous. 6.He was an honest man, but unfortunately he had a certain reputation. II. Improve the following translations based on the principle of faithfulness and fluency. 1.I have read your articles. I expected to meet an older man. 我拜读过你的文章,我期望可以找到一个年纪稍长的人。 2.They ran away as fast as their legs could carry them. 他们跑得像他们的腿所能载动他们那样的快。 3.I will go and attend the reception, if only to make some new friends. 我将去参加招待会,但只是为了交些新朋友。 4.When she and he met again, each had been married to another. 当再次相见时,每个人都结婚了。

翻译 基本概念理论汇编

翻译基本概念理论汇编 《翻译》课程理论汇编(基本概念) 1.1 翻译的概念 一般地,我们将翻译定义为:将一种语言(口语或笔语形式)(译出语)转换或创造为另一种语言(译入语)。翻译是一种非常复杂的 人类高级语言活动,这种活动的整个过程是很难以图示、语言等其他方式阐释清楚的。不同领域、不同派别的学者对翻译有着不同的定义。 1.1.1 语言学家对翻译的定义 语言学家将翻译视为一种语言活动,同时认为,翻译理论属于语言学的一个部分,即研究译出语和译入语的转换关系。解释如下: (1)Catford(1965:20)认为,翻译是译出语和译入语间的文本等效转换。 (2)Nida 和Taber(1969:12)认为,翻译是译出语和译入语间意义和形式上的最紧密联系转换。 (3)Newmark(1982/1988:5)认为,翻译理论源自于比较语言学,属于语义学的一部分,而所有语义学的研究课题都与翻译理论息 息相关。 1.1.2 文化角度对翻译的定义 从文化角度来看,翻译不仅仅是语言符号的转换,同时是文化的交流,尤其是“文化间交流”。通常我们把这一术语又改称为“文化 间合作”或“跨文化交际”等。 Shuttleworth 和Cowie(1997:35)认为,与其说翻译是两种语言之间的符号转换,不如说是两种语言所代表的两种文化间的转换。 译者在处理涉及语言文化方面的译务工作时,认为任何一种语言中都饱含着其文化中的相关元素(比如:语言中的问候语、固定搭配 等),任何文本都存在于特定的文化环境中,同时,由于各语言所代表的多元文化差异很大,语言间的转化和创造性生成模式千变万化。 Nida 认为,对于一个成功的翻译工作者而言,掌握两种文化比掌握两种语言更为重要,因为语言中的词汇只有在特定的语言文化环境 中才能具有正确的、合乎文化背景的义项。 王佐良先生指出(1989),翻译不仅涉及语言问题,也涉及文化问题。译者不仅要了解外国的文化,还要深入了解自己民族的文化。 不仅如此,还要不断的将两种文化加以比较,因为真正的对等应该是在各自文化中的含义、作用、范围、感情色彩、影响等等都是相当的。 翻译者必须是一个真正意义的文化人。人们会说:他必须掌握两种语言;确实如此,但是不了解语言当中的文化,谁也无法真正掌握语言。 1.1.3 文学角度对翻译的定义 持文学观点的翻译工作者认为,翻译是对语言的艺术性创造,或是一种善于创造的艺术。一些西方学者也认为,翻译是对“原文本的 艺术性改写”。 文学翻译的任务时要把原作中包含的一定社会生活的映像完好无损地从一种语言移注到另一种语言中,在翻译过程中追求语言的艺术 美,再现原作的艺术性。用矛盾的话说,是“使读者在读译文的时候能够像读原著一样得到启发、感动和美的感受。”

翻译的定义

Translating is the art of recomposing a work in another language without losing its original flavor. ----Columbia Encyclopedia Translating is the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL). ----J. C. Catford Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. ----Eugene A. Nida To translate is to change into another language, retaining as much of the sense as one can. ----Samuel Johnson Translating is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended the text. ----Peter Newmark Translation is an art that involves the re-creation of a work in another language for readers with a different background. ---- Malcolm Cowley 把已说出或写出的话的意思用另一张言语表达出来的活动。 ----《中国大百科全书. 语言文字卷》 翻译是一种跨文化的信息交流与交换活动,其本质是传播,是传播学中一个有特殊性质的领域。 ---- 吕俊 翻译是把具有某一文化背景的发送者用某种语言(文字)所表达的内容尽可能充分地、有效地传达给使用另一种语言(文字)、具有另一种文化背景的接受者。---- 沈苏儒 翻译是两个语言社会之间的交际过程和交际工具,它的目的是要促进本语言社会的政治、经济和文化进步,它的任务时要把原作中包含的现实世界的逻辑映像或艺术映像,完好无损地从一种语言译注到另一种语言中去。 ---- 张今 It is sometimes said that there is no task more complex than translation—a claim that can be readily believed when all the variables involved are taken into account. Translators not only needs to know their source language well; they must also have

部分翻译术语定义

SL (source language): the language in whi ch the text being translated i s wri tten. TL (target language): the language whi ch is bei ng translated into. ST (source text): the text (wri tten or spoken) whi ch provides the point of departure for a translation. TT (target text): a text whi ch has been produced by an act of translation. SL-oriented translation: a transl ati on whi ch puts its emphasi s on the cl ose transfer of the source text. TL-oriented translation: a translati on whi ch puts emphasi s on the response of the receptor of the TT. Back translation: a process in whi ch a text that has been translated i nto the target l anguage is retranslated into the source language. Coherence: the way i n whi ch the content of connected speech or text hangs together, or i s i nterpreted as hanging together, as distinct from that of random assembl ages of sentences. Cohesion: the connection between successive sentences i n texts, conversations, etc., in so far as it can be descri bed i n terms of speci fi c syntacti c units. Communi cati ve translation: a term used to refer to any approach whi ch views translation as a “communi cative process whi ch takes place within a soci al context”; i t will be generally oriented towards the needs of the TL reader or reci pient. Semanti c translation: a translation in whi ch the translator attempts, wi thin the bare syntacti c and semanti c constraints of the TL, to reproduce the preci se contextual meani ng of the author; it tends to stri ve to reproduce the form of the original as cl osely as TL norms will allow. Correspondence: a term used to refer to the relationshi p whi ch exi sts between elements of SL and TL that are in some way considered to be counterparts of each other. Equivalence: (see correspondence) Fai thfulness:A fai thful translation i s one whi ch bears a strong resemblance to i ts ST, usually in terms of ei ther i ts literal adherence to source meaning or i ts successful communi cation of the “spiri t” of the original. Fal se friend: a term used to descri be SL and TL i tems whi ch have the same or very similar form but different meani ngs. Formal equivalence: a term used to refer to a TL item whi ch represents the cl osest decontextualized counterpart to a word or phrase in SL. Functional equivalence: a term used to refer to the type of equivalence reflected in a TT whi ch seeks to adapt the function of the origi nal to suit the speci fi c context in and for whi ch it was produced. Literal translation: a translati on i n whi ch the SL grammati cal constructi ons are converted to thei r nearest TL equivalents, but the lexi cal words are transl ated si ngly, out of context. Free translation: a transl ati on whi ch reproduces the matter wi thout the manner, or the content wi thout the form of the original. Idi omati c transl ati on: a transl ati on whi ch reproduces the “message” of the ori ginal but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquiali sm and i dioms where there do not exi st in the original./ a translation strategy whi ch aims for a TT whi ch reads as naturally as possible. Overtranslation: A ccordi ng to Newmark, i f the loss of meaning in translati on entail s an increase in detail, i t i s termed overtranslation. Undertransl ati on: According to Newmark, i f the loss of meaning i n translation entail s an increase in generalization, it i s termed undertranslati on. Pragmati c translation: a term used to refer to translation whi ch pays attention not only to denotative meaning but al so to the way utterances are used in communi cative si tuations and the way we interpret them i n context. Sense-for-sense transl ati on:a translation whi ch emphasi zes transfer of the meaning or “spi rit”of an ST over accurate reproducti on of the origi nal wordi ng. Word-for-word translation: a translation i n whi ch the SL word-order i s preserved and the words are transl ated si ngly by their most common meanings, out of context. Simultaneous interpreting: one of the two basi c modes of i nterpreti ng i n whi ch the interpreter li stens to an SL speech and reformulates i t in TL as i t i s delivered. Consecuti ve interpreting: one of the two basi c modes of interpreting in whi ch the interpreter listens to a section of a speech delivered in SL and renders i t into TL when the speaker pauses. Transl atability & untranslatability: terms used to di scuss the extent to whi ch it i s possi ble to translate ei ther i ndi vidual words and phrases or entire texts from one language to another. Unit of translation: the linguisti c level at whi ch ST is recodi fied in TL./the mini mal stretch of language that has to be transl ated

翻译的定义

翻译的定义 英国《牛津英语词典》给translate下的定义是:to turn from one language into another (从一种语言转换成另一种语言); 美国《新编韦氏国际词典(第三版)》给translate下的定义:to turn into one’s ow n or another language(转换成本族语或另一种语言)。 我国《辞海》和《汉语大词典》给翻译下的定义:“把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来。” 刘宓庆在他的《现代翻译理论》一书中,将“语际意义”概括为六种:概念(主题)意义、语境意义、形式意义、风格意义、形象意义、文化意义。 美国翻译理论家奈达在给翻译所下的定义中,把翻译中的“意义”概括成“语义”和“文体”,他说:Translat ing consists in reproduc ing in the rec eptor language the equiva lent of the sourc e- language message, first in terms of mean ing and sec ondly in terms of style.(所谓翻译,是指在译语中用最切近而又自然的对等语再现源语的信息,首先在语义上,其次是文体上。) 张今:“翻译是两个语言社会之间的交际过程和交际工具,它的目的是促进本语言社会的政治、经济和(或)文化进步,它的任务是要把原作中包含的现实世界的逻辑映象或艺术映象,完好无损地从一种语言移注到另一种语言中去。” 季羡林在谈到翻译对中国文化的重要意义时,提出了一个十分精辟的观点。他说文化(文明)的发展可以分为五个阶段:诞生、成长、繁荣、衰竭、消逝。这是一个普遍规律,任何文化都不能永存。然而,中华文化似乎是个例外。五千年来,虽然经理了不少波折,走过了不少坎坷的道路,但是中华文化却一直没有消逝。原因何在呢?他的答复是:“倘若拿河流来作比,中华文化这一条长河,有水满的时候,也有水少的时候,但却从未枯竭。原因就是有新水注入。注入的次数大大小小是颇多的。最大的有两次,一次是从印度来的水,一次是从西方来的水。而这两次的大注入依靠的都是翻译。中华文化之所以能常葆青春,万应灵药就是翻译。翻译之为用大矣哉!”

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