西方文化导论 考试复习
西方文化导论
选择题10道
填空题10道
概念题4道
问答题2道（课后题）
一、概念题
1.Da Vinci
Leonardo di ser Piero Da Vinci was an Italian Renaissance polymath: painter, sculptor, architect, musician, scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist and writer. Leonardo has often been described as the archetype of the Renaissance Man, a man of "unquenchable curiosity" and "feverishly inventive imagination". He is widely considered to be one of the greatest painters of all time and perhaps the most diversely talented person ever to have lived. According to art historian Helen Gardner, the scope and depth of his interests were without precedent and "his mind and personality seem to us superhuman, the man himself mysterious and remote". Marco Rosci points out, however, that while there is much speculation about Leonardo, his vision of the world is essentially logical rather than mysterious, and that the empirical methods he employed were
unusual for his time.
2. Shakespeare
William Shakespeare was an English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon". His surviving works, including some collaborations, consist of about 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and several other poems. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright.
3.black humor
The definition of black humor is problematic; it has been argued that it corresponds to the earlier concept of gallows humor; and that, as humor has been defined since Freud as a comedic act that anesthetizes an emotion, all humor is "black humor," and that there is no such thing as "non-black humor".
二、填空题
1. Pindar is best known for his odes celebrating the victories at the athletic games, such as the 14 Olympic odes.
2. The three great tragic dramatists of ancient Greece are Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides.
3. Aeschylus wrote such plays as Prometheus Bound, Persians and
Agamemnon.
4. Euripides（欧里庇得斯） wrote mainly about women in such plays as Andromache, Medea, and Trojan Women.
5. Comedy also flourished in the 5th century B. C.. Its best writer was Aristophanes, who has left eleven plays, including Frogs, Clouds, Wasps and Birds.
6. Euripides _ is the first writer of "problem plays".
7.Herodotus（希罗多德）is often called “Father of History”. He wrote about the wars between Greeks and Persians.
8. Thucydides（修西得底斯） described the war between Athens and Sparta and between Athens and Syracuse, a Greek state on the Island of Sicily.
9.Pythagoras（毕达哥拉斯） was a bold thinker who had the idea that all things were numbers.
10. Pythagoras was the founder of scientific mathematics.
11. She-wolf is the statue which illustrates the legend of creation of Roman.
12. The dividing range in the Roman history refers to 27 B.C.
13. “I came, I saw, I conquered.” is said by Julius Caesar.
14. Jesus went with his disciples to Jerusalem for the Passover, but was betrayed by Judas.
15. In 313 the Edict of Milan(米兰敕令)was issued by
Constantine I and granted religious freedom to all and made Christianity legal.
16. In 392 A.D, Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religions of the empire and outlawed all other religions.
17.Charlemagne,who temporarily restored order in western and central Europe, was perhaps the most important figure of the medieval period.
18. Charlemagne was crowed “Emperor of the Romans” by the Pope in 800.
19. The Summa Theologica（《神学大全》） by St. Thomas Aquinas （forms an enormous system and sums up all the knowledge of medieval theology.
20. In 18th-century England, two writers must be mentioned as far as the periodical essay is concerned: Addison and Steele.
21. Both Addison and Steele contributed to The Tatler and The Spectator, two series of periodical essays.
22. In 1492the Moors（摩尔人） that had ruled Spain for four centuries were driven out from their last stronghold.
23. In 1492Columbus discovered American and claimed America for Spain.
24. The most important contributions to the musical world by
Beethoven were in those musical forms associated with the growth of the sonata).
25. Swan Lake was composed by Tchaikovsky.
三、选择题
1. Where did the Renaissance start with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture?
A. in Greece and Rome
B. in Florence and Venice
C. in Milan and Florence
D. in Italy and Germany
2. When did the Renaissance reach its height with its center moving to Milan, then to Rome, and created High Renaissance?
A. in the 11th century
B. in the 15th century th
C. in the 16 century
D. in the 17th century
3. Which of the following works is written by Boccaccio?
A. Decameron
B. Canzoniers
C. David
D. Moses
4. Which of the following High Renaissance artists is the father of the modern mode of painting?
A. Raphael
B. Titian
C. da Vinci
D. Michelangelo
5. Which of the following High Renaissance artists was best known for his Madonna (Virgin Mary)?
A. Titian
B. da Vinci
C. Michelangelo
D. Raphael
6. Who took up the translation of the Bible into English for the first time?
A. Jan Hus
B. John Wyliff
C. Martin Luther
D. John Calvin
9. Who is the author Institutes of the Christian Religion?
A. John Wycliff
B. Jan Hus
C. John Calvin
D. Erasmus
10. By which year the Moslems had taken over the last Christian stronghold and won the crusades and ruled all the territory in Palestine that the crusaders had fought to control?
A. 1270
B. 1254
C. 1096
D. 1291
11. Which of the following was crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by the Pope in 800? A. St. Thomas Aquinas B. Charlemagne C. Constantine D. King James
12. Who was the ruler of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex and contributed greatly to the medieval European culture?
A. Charles I
B. Constantine I
C. Alfred the Great
D. Charles the Great
13. Does Song of Roland belong to which country’s epic?
A. English
B. Germanic
C. Hebrew
D. French
14. Who is the author of the Opus Maius（《新工具论》）?
A. Roger Bacon
B. Dante Alighieri
C. Chaucer
D. St. Thomas Aquinas
15. Which of the following is NOT the greatest tragic dramatist of ancient Greece? A. Aristophanes B. Euripides C. Sophocles D. Aeschylus
西方文化导论复习综合题库(I)
《西方文化导论》综合复习 第一章西方文化的起源 一、填空 1 、希腊历史的第一页是 ___非洲_____ 文明的历史。爱琴海文明指的是爱琴海地区的青铜文化，先后形成了两大中心： ________ 和 ________ ，因此又通称克里特岛—迈锡尼文化。 2 、公元前 ________ 年期间，是克里特文化最为繁盛的时代。克里特文化的中心是 ________ ，传说中的 ________ 国王建立了海上霸权，控制了整个爱琴海地区。克里特的文字经历了象形文字和线形文字两大发展阶段，在它的繁盛期，线形文字全岛通用，这种文字又称 ________ ，以区别迈锡尼的 ________ 。 3 、迈锡尼文化以 ________ 而得名，但它实际上是希腊本土文化青铜文化的通称，是 ________ 的继续，只不过又加上了希腊民族文化的一些要素。 4 、荷马时代的艺术主要表现为 ________ ，陶器表面多用 ________ 来装饰，所以荷马时代的考古文化通称为 ________ 风格文化。 5 、爱琴海文明经历了一个盛极而衰的过程。随着希腊文化中心的北移，希腊文化也越来越摆脱了 ________ 和 ________ 文明的巨大影响，形成了具有特色的希腊民族文化。奠定了日后 ________ 的根基。 二、名词解释 1 、迈锡尼文化 2 、荷马史诗 三、问答题： 1 、荷马史诗的成就是什么？ 第二章希腊古典时代的文化 一、填空 1 、在古希腊史上，通常把公元前 8 世纪—前 6 世纪称为 ________ ，这是古希腊文化发展和形成的重要时期；公元前 6 世纪以后直至马其顿征服希腊，称为 ________ ，是上古希腊文化发展的鼎盛时期；古典时代以后到奥古斯都打败安东尼这一时期，为 ________ ，是上古希腊文化广泛传播于 _______ 、 ________ 、 ________ 三大洲许多地区的时代，同时也是希腊文化没落的时代。
西方文化导论论文
12级工商管理一班 201210168134 宋建 马克思教育思想的评论 [摘要]马克思教育思想产生于近代工业社会，但思想的实质已超越了近代，对当代的教育理论与实践亦具有重要的指导意义。马克思以现实社会中的人为出发点来揭示教育的实质，指出教育应在指导人构建、协调与世界的关系中获得超越和创新。时下正处在更新教育理念与变革教育实践时期，本文试在当代语境下解读马克思的教育思想，对照近代教育思想的局限性，寻求其对现代教育的借鉴价值。 [关键词]马克思、教育思想、现代教育、改革、借鉴 一、马克思生平教育介绍 卡尔?马克思（1818—1883年），人类历史上最伟大的革命家，科学家，全世界无产阶级和被剥削被压迫群众的伟大导师，科学共产主义的奠基人。马克思，1818年5月5日生于普鲁士莱茵省特里尔城。父亲是一个持自由主义观点的律师，后当司法参事。马克思在本城受中等教育。1835年进波恩大学，次年10月转入柏林大学。他学的是法学，但主要精力放在学习历史和哲学上。在大学阶段，他参加了倾向进步的“青年黑格尔派”的活动，吸取了黑格尔的辩证法思想；在政治上是一个革命民主主义者，坚决反对普鲁士封建专制制度。1841年4月，马克思以题为《德谟克利特的自然哲学和伊壁鸠鲁的自然哲学的区别》的论文，获得了哲学博士学位。1844年2月，马克思在该杂志创刊号上发表《<黑格尔法哲学批判>导言》和《论犹太人问题》两篇文章，论述了科学共产主义的许多重要原理。文章主张对一切剥削制度进行无情的批判，尤其是“武器的批判”；第一次指出无产阶级是实现社会主义革命的社会力量，公齐声明自己的哲学是为无产阶级服务的。 1867年，他的不朽名著《资本沦》第一卷在汉堡出版（第二、三、四卷在他逝世后出版）。贫穷、疾病和长期过度的劳累，严重地损害了马克思的健康。1833年3月14日，马克思在伦敦寓所与世长辞。 二、马克思教育思想介绍 （1）马克思恩格斯的教育思想是马克思主义的组成部分，是运用马克思主义
西方文化导论
西方文化 Greek Culture 1. A war was fought between Greece and Troy: 1200BC 2.Marked the high point of development in Greek culture in the 5th B.C: (1)The successful repulse of the Persian invasion early in the 5th century B.C. (2)The establishment of democracy and (3)The flourishing of science , philosophy, literature , art and historical writing in Athens Roman culture 1. 与Greek相同之处：1. The Romans had a lot in common with Greeks (P13) 2.Both the …. 3.4.5 2. Architecture : The pantheon, Pont du Gard, The Colosseum 1. Patheon is the best preserved Rom antemple. 2.Pont du Gard is an exceptionally well-preserved aqueduct (P16-17) 3.Colosseum is an enormous amphitheatre. The bible and Christianity 1.Christianity is the most influential in the West. 2.Judaism and Christianity 的关系(P17) （1）It was the Jewish tradition which gave birth to Christianity （2）Both Judaism and Christianity originated in Palestine 3.The old Testament: (1) The old Testament+ the New Testament = The Bible (P18) (2)The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God (3)The New Testament is the doctrine of Jesus Christ The middle Ages general introduction 1.The middle Ages 年份, A.D 476-1453 (P28) 2.In A.D. 476 Germanic general killed the last Roman emperor and took control 3.Eastern Roman Empire continued, the power of ancient Rome was gone 4. A great many Germanic kingdoms grow into England, France, Spain, Italy and Germany. 5.In 5th and 11th centuries, western Europe was frequent wars and invasions. Why is the MA called “Age of Faith”(p29) 1.During the Medieval Times there was no central government to keep order. The only
西方文化导论第一次测验Test_1
Test 1 1．Two of the elements in European culture are considered to be more enduring and they are the __Greco-Roman__element and the _Judeo-Christian____ element. 2．In a more remote period of Greek history，probably around__1200 B. C.____, a war was fought between Greece and Troy． 3．Greek culture reached a high point of development in the__5th___ century B．C． 4．The 5th century B．C．closed with civil war between__Athens___ and ___Sparta___ in Greece．5．In the second half of the _4th____ century B. C., all Greece was brought under the rule of__Alexander___, King of Macedon. 6．In___146___B．C．the Romans conquered Greece. 7. Athens was a democracy，where only the adult ___male___ citizens had the rights. 8. The economy of Athens rested on an immense amount of___slave____ labour. 9. The Greeks loved sports. Once every four years，they had a big festival on _Olympus Mount_____ which included contests of sports 10. Revised in___1896___, the Games have become the world’S foremost ameteur sports competition. 11. Ancient Greeks considered__Homer___ to be the author of their epics：the Iliad. 12. Homer probably lived around__700 B. C.___. 13.The Iliad deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece, led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of__Troy___. 14. The heroes are Hector on the__Troy___side and and Achilles and Odysseus on the__Greek_____. 15. In the final battle, Hector was killed by Achilles and Troy was sacked and burned by the ___Greeks___. 16. The Odyssey deals with the __return___of Odysseus after the Trojan war to his home island Ithaca. 17. The Odyssey describes many adventures Odysseus ran into on his long voyage and how he was reunited with his faithful __wife____Penelope. 18.Countless writers have quoted, adapted, borrowed from and otherwise used __Homer’s____epics. 19. In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets (Byron, Shelley and Keats) expressed their _admiration____ of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics. 20 In the 20th century, there are _Homeric____parallels in the Irishman James Joyce's modernist masterpiece Ulysses. 21. Early in their remote past，the Greeks started to perform plays at__religious___ Festivals. 22. Out of these origins a powerful drama developed in the _____ century B.C. 23. P erformances were given in__open-air___ theaters，with the audience sitting on _stone____ ___Euripides____.
西方文化导论课后习题答案
(1) Give a brief account of the major achievements of Greek culture, such as those in religion, philosophy, l i t e r a t u r e a n d s c i e n c e. Greek religion really took shape during the Homeric Age and featured polytheism with gods taking human form and feeling. Greek religion made a great contribution to Greek literature, philosophy and art. It is an important origin of Greek mythology which was fully developed by the religious tales of the Homeric epic and thus affected the later development of all kinds of Greek culture. Greek philosophy started with Thales (640 BC–547 BC) who believed that the material world originated in water. His philosophy was materialism. He was followed by Pythagoras who assumed that the key to the understanding of the world is numbers, on the opposition of the spokesman for idealism. The core Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates had scant regard for material wealth, but was keen on probing into the definition of some ethical and behavioral issues, such as “friendship”and “courage”. Plato established the Academy －the first Greek institution of higher learning. His contributions included his theory of ideas and his arguments on “republic”which was supposed to embrace his ideals about a future state where humans could enjoy a happy life. Aristotle is also a learned man and his work covers wide-ranging areas. His reputation as a philosopher largely depends on his argument on metaphysics which he tried to achieve a compromise between matter and divinity. Literary representation centred round the two epic poems of the Iliad and the Odyssey, lyrical poetry by Sappho and Pindar and drama by Aeschylus, Euripides and Aristophanes. Their works combined Greek myths and social life and won much appreciation and enthusiasm from the public. In science the mathematician Euclid established plane geometry and Archimedes discovered the ratio of radius of a circle and the relationship between the volume and surface of a sphere. (2) What do you think of the influence Greek culture has exerted on Western civilization as a whole Give examples. Greek culture is often termed the cradle of the Western civilization and has had an enormous impact on Western culture. The specific contributions are found in the areas of philosophy, politics, literature, art, science and architecture. Greek politics was one of the greatest influences on the Western civilization. The Greeks were the first to successfully create a government based on the consensus of the people and thus provided a foundation for Western democracy. The second significant influence was that of philosophy. The Socratic idea about ethics and knowledge helped the Westerners care more for the effect of knowledge and value of morality, both of which give sound guidance to people in the later years to improve and change the world outside themselves, ., human society and the natural world. Later generations of Westerners have benefited a lot from Greek culture, such as those in painting, sculpture, architecture, drama, poetry and historical works. Classicism had Greek culture as one of the crucial sources, and this has helped Westerners so much that they ascribed the origin of the Renaissance to it. This changed the intellectual conditions of the later medieval period and opened the way to the modern era in the West. Chapter 2 1. Tell briefly the major characteristics and contributions of Roman culture, as are demonstrated in religion, poetry, history and architecture. In the early period, Roman culture often depended heavily on the introduction and imitation of other cultures, particularly, Greek culture. Thus Romans created their own powerful culture, laying the foundation for subsequent
西方文化导论考试范围
木星(Jupiter) Zeus the god of justice。海王星(Neptune) 代表神Poseidon 海神冥王星(Pluto) 代表神普鲁陀Hades(冥府之神) 太阳(Sun)// 代表神阿波罗Apollo(太阳神) 金星(Venus) 代表神维纳斯Venus(爱与美之神Aphrodite) Athena雅典娜智慧女神月球(Moon) 露娜Luna，希腊人称之为瑟丽妮Selene和阿蒂蜜丝Artemis火星(Mars) 代表神马尔斯Ares(战神)水星(Mercury)// 代表神摩丘力Hermes(商业、旅行与偷窃之神)土星(Saturn) 代表神克隆纳斯(kronus)天王星(Uranus)-天王星是古希腊传说中的天界之神，最早的天神。他也是克罗那斯（Cronus,土星）、独眼巨人（Cyclopes）和泰坦巨神（Titans，奥林匹亚众神的始祖）的父亲，妻子则是大地之母盖娅（Gaia）。 Athens Sparta polis城邦ruled by the leader owning aristocrat or the slave-turned king. archons首席执政官solon梭伦Cleisthenes 克里斯提尼Draco德拉古。。Socrates苏格拉底Plato 柏拉图The School of Athens 。 Apology辩解篇padres理想国Aristotle亚里士多德science logic。Cynics 犬儒主义 Epic poetry长篇史诗Homer Iliad Odyssey 奥德赛--Trojan war Lyric poetry Callimachus— Hymns Theocritus—The Syracusan Woman The Graces Drama 戏剧Aeschylus—Prometheus Bound，Agamemnon，the Persians Sophocles----Oedipus the king，Oedipus Complex恋母情结Electra，Antigone Euripides ----Medea ，Trojan Women Electra Complex恋父情结 Parthenon帕特农神殿Pantheon 万神庙Discobolis ，Disous Thrower 掷铁饼者Laocoon Group拉奥孔人物组雕Venus De Mile断臂维纳斯Julius Caesar 凯撒---Commentaries on the Gallic War ，The Civil War。civil rights。Octavian屋大维Virgil维基尔---Aeneid Colosseum罗马角斗场The Sabbath安息日for rest and worship，Chanukah or Hanuka灯节the Jewish festival of light。8days Passover逾越节，摩西五书（Genesis，Exodus，Leviticus，Numbers ，Deuteronomy。） 1，Genesis ，Noah’s Ark ，the dove, the raven and the rainbow The Babel Tower confusion different languages in the world ,2，Exodus Moses led the people of Israel out of Egypt in the 13th or 14th centuries BC. the meaning of Exodus in the Bible and today’s English Moses‘ Ten commandments。 Canaan-a land flowing with milk and honey, the promised land 。The Passover 3.The Birth of Jesus Christ ，the shepherds candy cane，the Three Wise Men from the east The Star of Bethlehem 三个分支Christianity---three parts----the Roman Catholic Church, the Orthodox Eastern Church and Protestantism. 中世纪Middle Ages, from the collapse of the Roman Civilization in the 5th century AD to the period of the Renaissance in the 14th century. The Humanists were engaged in a revival of classical learning and culture. Darkness and ignorance. 文艺复兴三杰three towering figures：Leonardo da Vinci----The Virgin of the Rocks, Mona Lisa, The Last Supper Michelangelo---Sistine Chapel, Genesis, Final Judgment, David Raphael---The School of Athens(50 figures altogether)Vatican 梵蒂冈, the Virgin Mary 4. The Last Supper the Lord’s Supper bread and wine the Holy Grail The Death of Jesus and the Resurrection Judas Peter The Good Friday Easter 7. Pygmalion George Bernard Shaw My Fair Lady 8. The Golden/ Midas Touch greed 9. The Golden Fleece symbol of wealth, spirit of adventure and the pursuit of ideals and happiness 10. Pandora’s Box curiosity temptation hope 11. Endymion-the perpetual sleeper, Diana’s Beloved Keats’ Endymion 12. Adonis, Venus’s Beloved Wind Flower13. Daphne, the first love of Apollo laurel tree 14. The Roman Conquest Christianity came to England The Norman Conquest French came into the English language. 15. Knights and the Crusades a series of holy wars launched by _Roman Catholic____ to fight against _Muslims_. Today we use the word to refer to _________________________________. the Code of Chivalry the Dubbing Ceremony
《西方文化导论》练习题
Chapter One Greek Culture I. Fill in the blanks: 1. 1.European culture is made up of many elements, two of these elements are considered to be more enduring and they are the Greco-Roman（希腊罗马的）element and the Judeo-Christian （犹太教与基督教的）element. 2. 2.Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century. 3. 3.In the second half of the 4th century B. C., all Greece was brought under the rule of Alexander, king of Macedon. 4. 4.In 146 B. C. the Romans conquered Greece. 5. 5.Revived in 1896, the Olympic Games have become the world’s foremost amateur sports competition. 6. 6.Ancient Greeks considered Homer to be the author of their epics. 7.7.The Homer's epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey . 8.8.The Iliad deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece, led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy. 9.9.The Odyssey deals with the return of Odysseus after the Trojan war to his home, island of Ithaca. 10.10.The representation form of Greek Democracy is citizen-assembly.（公民大会） 11.11.Of the many lyric poets of ancient Greece, two are still admired by readers today: Sappho and Pindar. 12.12.Sappho was considered the most important lyric poet of ancient Greece. 13.13.Pindar is best known for his odes celebrating the victories at the athletic games, such as the 14 Olympic odes. 14.14.The three great tragic dramatists of ancient Greece are Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. 15.15.Aeschylus wrote such plays as Prometheus Bound, Persians and Agamemnon. 16.16.Sophocles wrote such tragic plays as Oedipus the King（《俄狄浦斯王》）, Electra（《伊莱克特拉》(谋杀其母及其情人者), and Antigone. Oedipus complex（恋母情结）and Electra complex(恋父情结) derived from Sophocles’ plays. 17.17.Euripides (欧里庇得斯) wrote mainly about women in such plays as Andromache, Medea, and Trojan Women. https://www.sodocs.net/doc/f511153446.html,edy also flourished in the 5th century B. C.. Its best writer was Aristophanes, who has left eleven plays, including Frogs, Clouds, Wasps and Birds. 19.19.Euripides _ is the first writer of "problem plays". 20.20.Herodotus（希罗多德）is often called ―Father of History‖. He wro te about the wars between Greeks and Persians. 21.21.Thucydides（修西得底斯）described the war between Athens and Sparta and between Athens and Syracuse, a Greek state on the Island of Sicily. 22.22.Pythagoras（毕达哥拉斯）was a bold thinker who had the idea that all things were numbers. 23.23.Pythagoras was the founder of scientific mathematics. 24.24.Heracleitus(赫拉克利特) believed fire to the primary element of the universe, out of which everything else had arisen. 25.25.The greatest names in European philosophy are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. 26.26.In the 4th century B. C., four schools of philosophers often argued with each other, they are the Cynics（犬儒学派）, the Sceptics（怀疑论学派）, the Epicureans （伊壁鸠鲁学派）, and the Stoics（斯多葛学派）.
西方文化导论 复习版
1. What do you think of the influence Greek culture has exerted on Western Civilization as a whole? Give examples. Greek culture is the cradle of Western civilization and has an enormous impact on Western culture. (The specific contributions are found in the areas of philosophy, politics, literature, art, science and architecture.)①Greek politics was one of the greatest influences on Western Civilization. The Greeks were the first to successfully create a government based on the consensus of the people and thus provided a foundation for Western democracy.②The second significant influence was that of philosophy. The Socratic idea about ethics and knowledge helped the Westerners care more for the effect of knowledge and value of morality, both of which give sound guidance to people to improve and change the world outside themselves, i.e. human society and the natural world.③Later generations of Westerners have benefited a lot from Greek culture, such as painting, sculpture, drama, (architecture, poetry and historical works). Classicism had Greek culture as one of the crucial sources, which helped Westerners so much that they ascribed the origin of the Renaissance to it. This changed the intellectual conditions of the later medieval period and opened the way to the modern era in the West. 2. What are the major features and achievements of the Renaissance? Give examples. The Renaissance is characterized by seeking ideological emancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved. The achievements were seen principally in six areas, namely, painting, sculpture, poetry, fiction, drama and religious reformation. Instances can be found in these areas , such as the huge change of subjects and styles in painting. The medieval painting used to center on depicting Jesus Christ and other Christian subjects, not only effecting similar and limited subjects but also depicting typical facial expressions and manners. The great artists in the Renaissance started to focus on the images with individualistic temperament, highlighting humanity instead of divinity, thus breaking away from stereotyped medieval models. 3. Say something about the features and contributions of utilitarianism, utopian socialism and classical economics. Utilitarianism is the idea that the moral worth of an action is determined by its contribution to overall utility, That is, its contribution to the calculation of pleasure and gain one can have as a result of that action. The calculation is not just material, but spiritual or moral. Utilitarianism provides the motivation and condition for an action of any kind, either individual or collective, and offers the principle for making laws to ensure justice and equality required of a society. Utopian socialism refers to the beliefs held by early socialists, who created hypothetical visions of perfect egalitarian and communalist societies without practical consideration of actual conditions of the capitalist society they lived in and thus could not carry out their ideals due to the powerful hindrance. However some of the Utopian