英语语言学 术语英汉对照
英语语言学术语英汉对照
[在其他地方发现了这个帖子,特发到这里,以供考中南外院的同学借鉴
1. 语言的普遍特征:
任意性arbitrariness
双层结构duality 既由声音和意义结构
多产性productivity
移位性displacement:我们能用语言可以表达许多不在场的东西
文化传播性cultural transmission
2。语言的功能:
传达信息功能informative
人济功能:interpersonal
行事功能erformative
表情功能:Emotive
寒暄功能:Phatic
娱乐功能recreatinal
元语言功能 metalingual
3. 语言学linguistics:包括六个分支
语音学Phonetics
音位学 phonology
形态学 Morphology
句法学 syntax
语义学 semantics
语用学 pragmatics
4. 现代结构主义语言学创始人:Ferdinand de saussure
提出语言学中最重要的概念对之一:语言与言语language and parole ,语言之语言系统的整体,言语则只待某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出的具体话语
5. 语法创始人:Noam Chomsky
提出概念语言能力与语言运用competence and performance
1. Which of the following statements can be used to describe displacement. one of
the unique properties of language:
a. we can easily teach our children to learn a certain language
b. we can use both 'shu' and 'tree' to describe the same thing.
c. we can u se language to refer to something not present
d. we can produce sentences that have never been heard befor
e.
2.What is the most important function of language?
a. interpersonal
b. phatic
c. informative
d.metallingual
3.The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it ?"is __
a informative
b. phatic
c. directive
d. performative
4.The distinction between competence and performance is proposed by __
a saussure
b. halliday
c. chomsky
d. the prague school
5. Who put forward the distinction between language and parole?
a. saussure
b. chomsky
c. halliday
d anomymous
第二节语音学
1.发音器官由声带the vocal cords和三个回声腔组成
2.辅音consonant:there is an obstruction of the air stream at some point of the vocal
tract.
3.辅音的发音方式
爆破音 complete obstruction
鼻音 nasals
破裂音 plosives
部分阻塞辅音 partial obstruction
擦音 fricatives
破擦音 affricates等
4.辅音清浊特征voicing
辅音的送气特征 aspiration
5.元音vowel
分类标准舌翘位置,舌高和嘴唇的形状
6双元音 diphthongs,有元音过渡 vowel glides
1. Articulatory phonetics mainly studies __.
a. the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech
b. the perception of sounds
c. the combination of sounds
d. the production of sounds
2. The distinction between vowel s and consonants lies in __
a. the place of articulation
b.the obstruction f airstream
c. the position of the tongue
d. the shape of the lips
3. What is the common factor of the three sounds: p, k t
a. voiceless
b. spread
c.voiced
d.nasal
4. What phonetic feature distinguish the p in please and the p in speak?
a. voicing
b. aspiration
c.roundness
d. nasality
5.Which of the following is not a distinctive feature in English?
a. voicing
b.nasal
c. approximation
d. aspiration
6.The phonological features of the consonant k are __
a. voiced stop
b. voiceless stop
c. voiced fricative
d. voiceless fricative
7.p is divverent from k in __
a. the manner of articulation
b. the shape of the lips
c. the vibration of the vocal cords
d.the palce of articualtion
8.Vibration of the vocal cords results in __
a. aspiration
b.nasality
c. obstruction
d. voicing
第三节音位学 phonology
1.音位学与语音学的区别:语音学着重于语音的自然属性,主要关注所有语言中人可能发出的所有声音;音位学则强调语音的社会功能,其对象是某一种语言中可以用来组合成词句的
那些语音。
2.音位phoneme:最小语音单位
3.音位变体allophones:读音差别
4.对比性分布:如果两个音段出现在同一个语音环境中,而且产生了两个不同的单词,
5.互补性分布;如果两个基本相似的音段绝不会出现在相同的语音环境中,那么它们之间就
是互补性分布的关系,如送气p绝不会出现在s之后,不送气的p绝不会出现在词首
6.音节syllable,分为节首onset,节峰peak,节尾coda
7.辅音群:一般作为音节节首的辅音群不能超过三个福音,节尾不能超过4个
8.最小语音对minimal pairs
I. Introduction
1. What is Language
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
2. What is Linguistics(语言学)
Linguistics is the scientific study of language.
3.Some Basic Distinctions(区分) in Linguistics
3.1 Speech and Writing
One general principle(原则) of linguistic analysis is the primacy of speech over writing. Writing gives language new scope(范畴) and uses that speech does not have.
3.2 Descriptive(描述性) or Prescriptive(说明性)
A linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and analyses facts observed; it
is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for "correct" behavior.
3.3 Synchronic(共时) and Diachronic(历时) Studies
The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study and The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.
3.4 Langue(语言) and Parole(言语)
This is a distinction made by the Swiss linguist F.De Saussure (索绪尔)early last century. langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community and parole refers to the actualized(实际的) language, or
realization of langue.
3.5 Competence(能力)and Performance(行为)
Competence is the ideal language user's knowledge of the rules of his language. Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances(发声).
4. The Scope of Linguistics
General linguistics is the study of language as a whole. Phonetics(语音学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. Phonology(音韵学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of
languages.
Morphology(词法) is the branch of linguistics which studies the form of words. Syntax(句法) is the branch of linguistics which studies the rules governing the
combination of words into sentences.
Semantics(语义学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the meaning of language. Applied linguistics(应用语言学) is the study of the teaching of foreign and second
languages.
Sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and society. Psycholinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and the mind.
Historical Linguistics(历史语言学) is the study of language changes.
Anthropological linguistics(人文语言学) uses the theories and methods of anthropology to study language variation and language use in relation to the cultural
patterns and beliefs of man.
Neurolinguistics(神经语言学) studies the neurological basis of language
development and use in human beings.
Mathematical linguistics(数学语言学) studies the mathematical features of language, often employing models and concepts of mathematics.
Computational linguistics(计算语言学) is an approach to linguistics in which mathematical techniques and concepts are applied, often with the aid of a computer.
II. Phonetics(语音学)
1. scope of phonetics
Speech sounds may be studied from different angles, thus we have at least three
branches of phonetics:
Articulatory phonetics(发音语音学)we may examine the way in which a speech sound is produced to discover which vocal organs are involved and how they coordinate(协
调) in the process.
Auditory phonetics (听觉语音学)we may look into the impression a speaker makes on
the hearer as mediated(调节) by the ear, the auditory nerve(神经) and the brain. Acoustic phonetics (声学语音学) we study the physical properties of speech sounds, as transmitted(传送) between mouth and ear.
2. The vocal organs
The vocal organs may be viewed as consisting of three parts, the initiator of the air-stream,(气流发生器官) the producer of voice(声音发生器官) and the resonating
cavities.(声音共振器官)
3. Consonants(辅音)
Places of articulation(发音部位): bilabial,(双唇) Labiodentals,(唇齿) dental,(齿) alveolar,(齿龈) retroflex,(卷舌) palate-alveolar,(上齿龈)palatal,(上颚)
velar,(软腭) uvular,(小舌) glottal(声门)
Manners of articulation: plosive,(暴破) nasal,(鼻音) trill,(颤音)lateral,(边音) fricative,(摩擦) approximant,(近似音) affricate(破擦)
4. Vowels (元音)
The classification of vowels: the height of tongue raising (high, mid, low), the position of the highest part of the tongue(front, central, back), and the degree
of lip rounding(rounded, unrounded)
III. Phonology(音韵学)
1. phonemes(音素):a distinctive(有区别的) sound in a language.
2. Allophones(音位变体):The nondistinctive sounds are members of the same phoneme.
3. Minimal pairs(最小对立体): word forms which differ from each other only by one
sound.
4. Free variation (自由变异):If two sounds occurring in the same environment(环
境), they does not produce a different word form, but merely a different
pronunciation of the same word.
5. Complementary distribution(补充分类):Not all the speech sounds occur in the same
environment. When two sounds never occur in the same environment.
6.Suprasegmental phonology(超音段音位):the study of phonological properties( 性质) of units lager than the segment-phoneme. They are syllable(音节),stress,(重音) word stress, sentence stress. pitch (音调)and intonation(语调).
IV. Morphology(词法)
1. inflection(构形法):the grammatical relationships through the addition of
inflectional affixes.(屈折词缀)
2. Word-formation(构词):the processes(过程) of word variations signaling lexical
relationships.(表明词法关系) They are compound(合成)and derivation (派生). 3. Morpheme(词素): the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression
and content.
4. Allomorph(同质异象变体): some morphemes have considerable variation, for
instance, alternate shapes or phonetic forms.
5. Types of morphemes: They are roots,(词根) affix(词缀) and stem(词干).
6. Lexicon(语言词汇):in its most general sense, is synonymous with vocabulary.
7. Closed-class words(封闭性) and open-class words(开放性):the former whose membership is fixed or limited and the latter whose membership is in principle(实
际上) indefinite or unlimited.
8. Word class(词性):It displays a wider range of more precisely defined classes.
9. Lexeme(词位):the smallest unit in the meaning system of a language that can be
distinguished from other smaller units.
10. Idiom(习语,成语):Most phrasal lexemes are idioms. It is especially true for a sequence of words(词序) which is semantically(语义上) and often syntactically(句
法上) restricted.(限制)
11. Collocation(搭配): the habitual(习惯的) co-occurrences (同时出现)of individual
lexical items.
V. Syntax (句法)
1. Positional relation or word order(词序):the sequential(顺序)arrangement of words
in a language.
2. Construction or constituent (句子结构): the overall process of internal (内
部)organization of a grammatical unit .
3. Syntactic function(句法功能): the relationship between a linguistic form and other parts of the linguistic pattern in which it is used. The names of functions are expressed in terms of subjects, objects, predicates, modifiers,(修饰语)
complements(补语), etc.
4. Category(范畴):It refers to classes and functions in its narrow sense, e.g. noun, verb, subject, predicate, noun phrase, verb phrase, etc. The categories of the noun include number, gender, case and countability.
5. Phrase: a single element of structure containing more than one word, and lacking
the subject-predicate structure typical of clause.
6. Clause: a group of words with its own subject and predicate, if it is included
in a larger sentence.
7. Sentence: It is the minimum part of language that expresses a complete thought.
VI. Semantics
1. Conceptualism or mentalism (概念主义):Following F. De Saussure(索学尔)'s "sign"
theory, the linguistic sign is said to consist of a signifier
(所指)and signified(被指), i.e., a sound image and a concept, liked by a psychological(心理的) "associative" bond.(相关联系)
2. Mechanism(机械主义):Some linguists, Bloomfield,(布鲁费尔德) for example, turned to science to counter(反)-act the precious theories and this leads to what call the mechanistic approach(方法). The nature of this theory has nothing to do with the scientific study of mental phenomena.(智力现象)
3. Contextualism (语境主义):It is based on the presumption(假定)that one can derive
meaning from or reduce it to observable context.
4. Behaviorism (行为主义):Behaviorists attempt to define (定义)the meaning of a language form as "the situation(情景) in which the speaker utters(说话) it and the response(反应) it calls forth in the hearer."
5. functionalism (功能主义):functionalists as represented (代表)by the Prague school(布拉格学派) linguists and neo-Firthian (新弗斯)linguists, approach the problem from an entirely new orientation(方法). They argue(争辩) that meaning could only be interpreted(解释) from its use or function in social life.
6. Sense relationships: While reference deals with the relationship between the linguistic elements, words, sentences, etc., and the non-linguistic world of experience, sense relates to the complex system of relationships that hold between the linguistic elements themselves. They include synonymy(同义词), antonym(反义词),hyponymy(下层次)Polysemy(一词多义)and Homonymy (同音异义词)
7. Semantic analysis: It includes 1) componential(成分) analysis which defines the
meaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components.(意义成分)2) predication (表述)analysis in which the meaning of a sentence is not merely the sum of the meanings of the words which compose it. 3) relational components in which the semantic analysis of some words presents a complicated picture, because they show relations between two and perhaps more terms.
VII. Language variation (语言变化)
1. Lexical change(词汇的变化):changes in lexis.
2. Invention: (新造词)new entities.
3. Compounding 合成词)New words are sometimes constructed by combining two old words.
4. Blending: (混合词):It is a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two roots are blended by joining the initial part of the first root and the final part of the second root, or by joining the initial parts of the two roots.
5. Abbreviation or clipping缩写)A new word is created by cutting the final part
or cutting the initial part.
6. acronym:(取首字母的缩写词)It is made up from the first letters of the name of
an organization, which has a heavily modified (修饰) headword.
7. metanalysis:(再分化)It refers to a process through which a division is made where
there were note before.
8. Back-formation:(逆构词) It refers to an abnormal(非正常) type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting(去掉) an imagined affix from a longer
form already present in the language.
9. Analogical creation:(类比造词)It can account for(说明) the co-existence of two forms, regular and irregular, in the conjugation(结合) of some English verbs.
10. Borrowing(借用):English in its development has managed to widen her vocabulary
by borrowing words from other languages.
11. Phonological change(音变):It is related to language variation in the
phonological system of language. It includes loss,(省音) addition,(加音)
assimilation,( 同化)dissimilation.(异化)
12. Grammatical change: Changes in both morphology(词法) and syntax(句法)are listed
under this heading.
13. Semantic change:(语义变化)It includes broadening,(语义扩大) narrowing, (语义缩小) meaning shift,(意义转化) class shift(词性转换) and folk etymology.(词
源变化)
14. Orthographic change :(正字法)Changes can also be found at the graphitic level.
英语语言学名词解释(2)
现代语言学 一绪论 1. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language 2 Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistics communication is called phonetics. For example, vowels and consonants. 3 Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.For example,phone,phoneme,and allophone. 4 Morphology :The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.For example,boy and “ish”---boyish,teach---teacher. 5 Syntax : The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax.For esample,”John like linguistics.” 6 Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. For example,:The seal could not be found.The zoo keeper became worried.” The seal could not be found,The king became worried.” Here the word seal means different things. 7 Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.For example, “I do” The word do means different context. 8 Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.For example,regional dialects,social variation in language. 9Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to workings of mind is called psycholinguistics. 二音系学 1 Phonetics: The study of sounds that are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics. 2 Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. 3 Phone: Phone can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segement. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning; some do,some don’t. 4 Phoneme: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme;it is a unit that is of distinctive value. 5 allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme. 6 Complementary distribution: These two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in complementary distribution. 7 Minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segement which occurs in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair. 8 Stress: When a certain syllable of a word is stressed, it means that the syllable is prounced with great force than the other or others. 9 tones: Tones are pitch variation, which are caused by the different rates of vibration of the vocal cords. Pitch variations can distinguish meaning just like phoneme; therefore, the tone is a suprasegemental feature. 10 intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. Intonation plays an important role in conveying meaning in almost every language,especially in a language like English{$isbest} 三形态学 1 morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammer which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 2 inflectional morphology: Inflectional morphology studies the inflections of word-formation.
英语语言学词汇汇总
现代语言学术语总结 A abbreviation缩写法 acculturation语言文化移入 acoustic phonetics声学语言学 acronym词首字母缩略词 address term称谓语 addresser发话人 addressee受话人 adjacency毗邻 Adjacency Condition毗邻条件 Adjacency Parameter毗邻参数 Affix词缀 Affixation加词缀法 Affricate塞擦音 Afroasiatic非亚语系 agreement rule一致关系规则 allophone音位变体 alveolar齿龈音 alveolus齿龈 angular gyrus角形脑回 antonymy反义现象 antonym反以词 apocope词尾音脱落 aphasia失语症 aphasic失语症患者 applied linguistics应用语言学arbitrariness任意性 argument论元 articulatory phonetics发音语音学articulatory variable发音变项 aspiration送气 assimilation同化 approximation近似化 auditory phonetics听觉语音学Austronesian…语系 B Babbling咿呀学语 back-formation逆向构词法 back vowel后元音 Behaviorism行为主义 Behaviorist learning theory行为主义学习理论Behaviorist Psychology行为主义心理学
系统功能语言学英汉对照术语表
系统功能语言学英汉术语对照表 作者：翁素贤提供 转贴自：摘自《系统功能语言学多维思考》 您要打印的文件是：系统功能语言学英汉术语对照表 打印本文 系统功能语言学英汉术语对照表 ―――摘自《系统功能语言学多维思考》 A Abitliy 能力 Actor 施动者 Addressee 受话者 Addresser 发话者 Agent 施事 Anaphoric 指前的 Antonym 反义词 Antonymy 反义意义 Autonomy 自治性 B Behavior 行为 Behavioral process 行为过程 Beneficiary 受益者 C Cataphoric 指后的 Categorical 绝对的 Categorization 范畴化 Central token 中心标志 Chain 链 Channel 渠道 Choice 选择 Clause 小句 Clause as theme 句项主位 Cleft sentence 分裂句 Closed system 封闭系统 Coclassisfication 相互区分
Coextension相互扩展Coherence连贯 Cohesion链接 Cohesive chain链接链Cohesive tie链接纽带Cohyponym共同下义词Collocation搭配Collocational chain搭配链Comeronym共同局部关系词Command命令 Comment述题 Competence（语言）能力Complementarity互补性Congruence一致性Conjunction连接，连词Consonant辅音 Consonant grammar协和语法Constructivism构建主义Context语境，上下文Context of culture文化语境Context of situation情境语境Continuity连续体Continuum连续体Conventional meaning常规意义Coocurrence同现Cooperative principle合作原则Coordination并列Coreference相互对应Correspondence对应 Critical linguistics批评语言学Cross-coupling交互匹配 D Decategorization非范畴化Declarative陈述的 Delicacy精密度 Dialect方言 Dialectal variety方言变体Diatypic variety功能变体Didactic教导性的 Direct speech act直接言语行为Discontinuity脱节，间断性Discourse话语 Discourse analysis话语分析
英语语言学名词解释
Chapter 12 : Lan guage And Brain 1. n euroli nguistics: It is the study of relati on ship betwee n brain and Ian guage. It in eludes research into how the structure of the brain in flue nces Ian guage lear ning, how and in which parts of the brain Ian guage is stored, and how damage to the brain affects the ability to use Ian guage. 2. psycholinguistics: ____ t he study of Ian guage process in g. It is concerned with the processes of Ian guage acqisiti on, comprehe nsion and product ion. 3. brain lateralizati on: The localizatio n of cog nitive and perceptive fun cti ons in a particular hemisphere of the brain. 4. dichotic listening: A technique in which stimuli either linguistic or non-linguistic are presented through headphones to the left and right ear to determine the lateralization of cog nitive fun cti on. 5. right ear advantage: ___ The phe nomenon that the right ear shows an adva ntage for the perception of linguistic signals id known as the right ear advantage. 6. split brain studies: The experiments that investigate the effects of surgically severing the corpus callosum on cog niti on are called as split brain studies. 7. aphasia: It refers to a number of acquired Ianguage disorders due to the cerebral lesions caused by a tumor, an accide nt and so on. 8. non- flue nt aphasia: Damageto parts of the brain in front of the cen tral sulcus is called non-flue nt aphasia. 9. flue nt aphasia: Damage to parts of the left cortex beh ind the cen tral sulcus results in a type of aphasia called flue nt aphasia. 10. Acquired dyslexia: Damage in and around the an gular gyrus of the parietal lobe ofte n causes the impairment of reading and writing ability, which is referred to as acquired dyslexia. 11. phono logical dyslexia: ___ it is a type of acquired dyslexia in which the patie nt seems to have lost the ability to use spelli ng-to-so und rules. 12. surface dyslexia: it is a type of acquired dyslexia in which the patie nt seems un able to recog nize words as whole but must process all words through a set of spell in g-to-so und rules. 13. spo on erism: a slip of ton gue in which the positi on of soun ds, syllables, or words is reversed, for example, Let' s have chish and fips instend of Let' s have fish and chips. 14. prim ing: the process that before the participa nts make a decisi on whether the stri ng of letters is a word or not, they are prese nted with an activated word. 15. freque ncy effect: Subjects take less time to make judgeme nt on freque ntly used words tha n to judge less com monly used words . This phe nomenon is called freque ncy effect.
英语语言学名词
现代语言学 一绪论 1 Linguisitics: 语言学Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language 2 Phonetics: 语音学The study of sounds which are used in linguistics communication is called phonetics. For example, vowels and consonants 元音、辅音、声调、重音以及节奏、音变 3 Phonology: 音韵学The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. For example, phone, phoneme, and allophone. 4 Morphology: 形态学The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology. For example, boy and “ish”---boyish, teach---teacher. 5 Syntax: 句法学The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax. For example, ”John like linguistics.” 6 Semantics: 语义学The study of meaning in language is called semantics. For example: “The seal could not be found. The zoo keeper became worried. The seal could not be found, The king became worried.” Here the word seal means different things. 同义词、反义词，同音词 7 Pragmatics: 语用学The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. For example, “I do” The word do means different context.在特定情景中的特定话语，研究如何通过语境来理解和使用语言。 8 Sociolinguistics: 社会语言The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics. For example:regional dialects, social variation in language.
英汉语言学词汇对照表
英汉语言学词汇对照表 abbreviation ablative abrupt accent accusative acoustic phonetics acquisition action verb active active chart parser active knowledge active verb actor-action-goal actualization acute address adequacy adjacency pair adjective adjunct adjunction adverb adverbial idiom affective affirmative affix affixation affricate agent agentive-action verb agglutinative agreement AI (artificial intelligence) AI language Algebraic Linguistics algorithm alienable alignment allo- allomorph allophone alpha notation alphabetic writing alternation 缩写[省略语 ] 夺格 (的) 突发音 口音 /{Phonetics} 重音 受格（的） 声学语音学 习得 动作动词 主动语态 活动图句法剖析程序 主动知识 主动动词 施事 (者)-动作 -目标 实现 (化) 锐音 地址 { 信息科学 }/ 称呼（语） { 语言学 } 妥善性 邻对 形容词 附加语[ 附加修饰语 ] 加接 副词 副词词组 影响的 肯定（的；式） 词缀 加缀 塞擦音 施事 施事动作动词 胶着（性） 对谐 人工智能[人工智能 ] 人工智能语言[人工智能语言 ] 代数语言学 算法[算法 ] 可分割的 对照 [多国语言文章词；词组；句子翻译的 ] 同位 - 同位语素 同位音位 alpha 标记 拼音文字 交替
英语语言学名词解释 最终版
现代语言学 1 language: language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 1 interlanguage:The type of language produced by nonnative speakers in the process of learning a second language or foreign language. 1 Linguistics : Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language 2 Phonetics : The study of sounds which are used in linguistics communication is called phonetics.For example,vowels and consonants 3 Phonology” : The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.For example,phone,phoneme,and allophone. 4 Morphology 形态学:The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.For example,boy and “ish”---boyish,teach---teacher. 5 Syntax 句型: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax.For esample,”John like linguistics.” 6 Semantics语义学: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. For example,:The seal could not be found.The zoo keeper became worr ied.” The seal could not be found,The king became worried.” Here the word seal means different things. 7 Pragmatics语用学: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.For example, “I do” The word do means different context. 二音系学 1 Phonetics: The study of sounds that are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics. 2 Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. 3 Phone: Phone can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segement. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning; some do,some don’t. 4 Phoneme音素: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme;it is a unit that is of distinctive value. 5 allophone同位音: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme. 6 Complementary distribution: These two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in complementary distribution. 7 Minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segement which occurs in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair. 10 intonation朗诵: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. Intonation plays an important role in conveying meaning in almost every language,especially in a language like English{$isbest} 三形态学 1 morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammer which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 2 inflectional morphology: Inflectional morphology studies the inflections of word-formation. 3 derivational morphology: Derivational morphology is the study of word-formation. 4 morpheme词素: Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language. 5 free morpheme: Free morpheme are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselces or in combination with other morphemes. 6 bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word. 7 root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it bears clear,definite meaning; it must be
《英语语言学》术语(英汉对照)表
语言学术语（英-汉对照）表 Glossary and Index (备注：因教材改版，部分章节标注等内容有出入。) A abbreviation 缩写词，略语3.3.1 Abercrombie 10.3.2 ablative 夺格，离格4.1.1 abstractness 抽象性1.3.2 accent 重音（符）2.4.4；2.4.5 accuracy 正确性11.6.4 accusative 宾格4.1.1 achievement test 成绩测试11.6.3 acoustic phonetics 声学语音学1.7.1；2.1 acquisition 习得6.1.2 acronym 缩略语3.3.1 action process 动作过程12.2.3 actor 动作者4.4.2；12.2.3 addition 添加3.3.2 address form 称呼形式7.2.3 addressee 受话人1.4；9.4.1 addresser 发话人1.4；9.4.1 adjective 形容词3.1.2；4.1.1；5.5.2 adjunct 修饰成分；附加语12.2.3 adverb 副词3.1.2 affix 词缀3.2.1 affix hopping 词缀跳跃4.3.1 affixation词缀附加法7.1.4 affricate 塞擦音2.4.3；2.4.5；2.9.1 agreement 一致关系4.1.3 airstream 气流2 alliteration 头韵9.3.2；9.3.6 allomorph 词/语素变体3.2.4；4.3.1 allophone 音位变体2.8 allophonic variation 音位变体2.8.3
英语语言学部分名词解释(英文版)
1. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2. general linguistics: The study of language as a whole. 3. applied linguistics: the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. 4. prescriptive: If linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language, ,it is said to be prescriptive.( i.e. to tell people what they should and should not say). 5. descriptive: If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive.(09C) 6. synchronic study: The description of language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study. (06C/ 04) 7. diachronic study: It’s a historical study of language,it studies the historical development of language over a period of time. (06C) 8. langue: Lange refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. 9. parole :Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. 10. competence : The ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.（08F/09C）linguistic competence: universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker. 11. performance : The actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. 12. language : Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 13. design features : Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 14. arbitrariness: Arbitrariness refers to there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.(08C) 15. productivity: Language is creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by it’s users. 16. duality（double articulation）: Language consists of two sets of structure, with lower lever of sound, which is meaningless, and higher lever of meaning.
语言学常用术语英汉对照表
语言学常用术语英汉对照表Chapter 1 Introduction to Linguistics语言学简介 1. anthropological linguistics 人类语言学 2. applied linguistics 应用语言学 3. arbitrariness任意性 4. competence 语言能力 5. computational linguistics 计算机语言学 6. cultural transmission 文化传递性 7. descriptive (grammar) 描写（语法） 8. descriptive function 描写功能 9. design features识别特征 10. diachronic linguistics 历时语言学 11. duality二重性 12. displacement不受时空限制的特征 13. emotive function 表情功能 14. expressive function表达功能 15. general linguisitcs 普通语言学 16. ideational function概念功能 17. interpersonal function人际功能 18. langue语言 19. linguistics [li?'gwistiks] 语言学 20. morphology 形态学 21. mathematical linguistics 数理语言学 22. metalinguistic function 23. neurological linguistics 神经语言学 24. phonetics 语音学 25. phonology 音系学 26. pragmatics 语用学 27. prescriptive (grammar)规定（语法） 28. psycholinguistics 心理语言学 29. parole 言语 30. performance语言运用 31. productivity能产性 32. poetic function诗学功能 33. phatic communion 交感性谈话 34. referential function所指功能 35. semantics 语义学 36. social function社会功能 37. socio-linguistics 社会语言学 38. synchronic linguistics共时语言学 39. syntax句法学
语言学名词解释
自己整理的，供参考。↖(^ω^)↗↖(^ω^)↗↖(^ω^)↗↖(^ω^)↗↖(^ω^)↗↖(^ω^)↗1Duality(二元性): each human language is organized into two basic seystems: a system of sounds and a system of meaning. This is called the duality of language. 2.connotative meaning（内涵意义）: the additional meanings that a word or a phrase has beyond its central meaning. 3. minimal pair（最小对立体）: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment that occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are called minimal pairs. 4. Affix（词缀）: the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme (the root or stem).(词缀是一个构词成分的集合,它们只能附加于另一个语素词根或词干上.) 5. Sociolinguistics（社会语言学）studies the interaction between language and the structure and functioning of society. 6. lingua franca（通用语)the general term for a language that serves as a means of communication between different groups of speakers. 7. Psycholinguistics（心理语言学）studies how humans learn language and the relationship of linguistic behavoir and the psychological processes in producing and understanding language. 8. diachronic linguistics（历时语言学）: The description of the historical development of a language is a diachronic study. 9. immidiate constituent analysis（直接成分分析）is the technique of breaking up sentences into word groups by making successive binary cuttings until the level of single words is reached.(when constituents(i.e. Structural units) are considered as part of the successive unraveling of a sentence, they are known as its immidiate constituents.) 10. Euphemism（委婉语）：a word or phrase that replaces a taboo word or is used to avoid reference to certain acts or subjects,e.g. powder room for toilet. 11. Taboo（禁忌语）：words that are offensive or embarrassing, considered inappropriate for “polite society”, thus to be avoided in conversation. 12. structural linguistics（结构语言学）it is based on the assumption that grammatical categories, should be definede not in terms of meaning, but in terms of distribution and that the structure of each language should be focused on description. 13. Semantic triangle（语义三角） One best known example to illustrate this view is the Semantic Triangle . Thought or Reference( concept) Symbol Referent (Linguistic elements) ( object in the world) 14. Morphology（形态学）refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 15. Presupposition（预设）refers to the conditions that must be met in order for the intended meaning of a sentence to be regarded as acceptable. 16. Overgeneralization（过分概括）the process of extending the application of a rule to items that are excluded from it in the language norm. 17. Fossilization（僵化现象）It is a process occurring from time to time in which incorrect linguistic features become a permanent part of the way a person speaks or writes a language.