PLC外文文献及翻译

一、PLC概述

可编程控制器是60年代末在美国首先出现的，当时叫可编程逻辑控制器PLC（Programmable Logic Controller），目的是用来取代继电器。以执行逻辑

判断、计时、计数等顺序控制功能。提出PLC概念的是美国通用汽车公司。PLC 的基本设计思想是把计算机功能完善、灵活、通用等优点和继电器控制系统的简单易懂、操作方便、价格便宜等优点结合起来，控制器的硬件是标准的、通用的。根据实际应用对象，将控制内容编成软件写入控制器的用户程序存储器内,使控

制器和被控对象连接方便。

70年代中期以后，PLC已广泛地使用微处理器作为中央处理器，输入输出模块和外围电路也都采用了中、大规模甚至超大规模的集成电路，这时的PLC已

不再是仅有逻辑(Logic)判断功能，还同时具有数据处理、PID调节和数据通信功能。国际电工委员会(IEC)颁布的可编程控制器标准草案中对可编程控制器作了

如下的定义：可编程控制器是一种数字运算操作的电子系统，专为在工业环境下应用而设计。它采用了可编程序的存储器，用来在其内部存储执行逻辑运算，顺序控制、定时、计数和算术运算等操作的指令，并通过数字式和模拟式的输入和输出，控制各种类型的机械或生产过程。可编程控制器及其有关外围设备，易于与工业控制系统联成一个整体，易于扩充其功能的设计。

可编程控制器对用户来说，是一种无触点设备，改变程序即可改变生产工艺。目前，可编程控制器已成为工厂自动化的强有力工具，得到了广泛的普及推广应用。

可编程控制器是面向用户的专用工业控制计算机，具有许多明显的特点。

①可靠性高，抗干扰能力强；

②编程直观、简单；

③适应性好；

④功能完善，接口功能强

二、PLC的历史

1968年，Richard E. Morley创造出了新一代工业控制装置可编程逻辑控制器(PLC),现在，PLC已经被广泛应用于工业领域，包括机械制造也、运输系统、化学过程设备、等许多其他领域。初期可编程控制器只是用一种类似于语言的软件逻辑于代替继电器硬件逻辑，并且使开发时间由6个月缩短到6天。

虽然计算机控制技术已经产生，但是PLC控制因为它的高性能、成本低、

并且对恶劣的环境有很强的适应能力而在工业控制的广泛应用中保持优势。而且，尽管硬件的价格在逐渐下跌，据估计，根据Frost和Sullivan对PLC市场的调

查研究表明，每年销售硬件的价格要比销售PLC的价格（一千五百万）至少多

出八十亿美元。PLC的创造者Richard E. Morley十分肯定的认为目前PLC市场是一个价值五十亿的工业

虽然PLC广泛应用于工业控制中，PLC控制系统的程序依然和语法有关。和软件过程一样，PLC的软件设计也以同样的方式会遇到软件错误或危机。Morley在演讲中着重强调了这个方面。

如果房子建造的像软件过程一样，那么仅仅一只啄木鸟就可以摧毁文明。特别的，PLC程序要解决的实际问题是消除软件错误和减少老式梯形逻辑语言的

花费。尽管PLC的硬件成本在继续下降，但是在工业控制上减少梯形逻辑的扫描时间仍然是一个问题，以至于可以用到低耗时的PLC。

一般来说，和其他领域相比生产PLC的周期要短很多。例如，在实践中，VISI设计是一种有效的计算机辅助设计。PLC不需要使用目前的以软件设计为基础软件工程方法论，因为PLC程序要求对软件和硬件搜都要考虑到。因此，软件设计越来越成为花费动力。在许多的工业设计工程中，多数人力分配给了控制系统设计和安装，并且他们被要求对PLC进行程序测试和错误排除。

再者，PLC控制系统不适合设计对适应性和重构有越来越多要求的生产系统。一个更深入的问题是在大规模的工程中软件越来越复杂，促使要有一个系统化的设计方法论。

主题的客观性是为PLC自动控制系统建立一个系统化的软件设计方法论。这个设计方法论包括以状态转换模型为基础的精确的描述，这个转台转换模型是自动控制系统的抽象系统。方法论还包括一个逐步的设计过程，并且要设置一个设计规则，这样才能为一个成功的设计提供导向和方法。这项研究的真正目的是找到一个减少控制软件发展过程的不稳定性的方法，也就是说，减少程序和调试时间以及他们的变化，以增强自动控制系统的适应性，并且通过调整软件使得软件可以再度使用。这样的目的是为了克服目前程序策略的不足之处，而目前的程序策略是以个人软件开发者的经验为基础的。

三、现今的PLC

从结构上分，PLC分为固定式和模块式两种。固定式PLC包括CPU板、I/O 板、显示面板、内存块、电源等，这些元素组合成一个不可拆卸的整体。模块式PLC包括CPU模块、I/O模块、内存、电源模块、底板或机架，这些模块可以按照一定规则组合配置。

在使用者看来，不必要详细分析CPU的内部电路，但对各部分的工作机制还是应有足够的理解。CPU的控制器控制CPU工作，由它读取指令、解释指令及执行指令。但工作节奏由震荡信号控制。

运算器用于进行数字或逻辑运算，在控制器指挥下工作。寄存器参与运算，并存储运算的中间结果，它也是在控制器指挥下工作。CPU速度和内存容量是PLC的重要参数，它们决定着PLC的工作速度，IO数量及软件容量等，因此限制着控制规模。

中央处理器(CPU)是PLC控制器的大脑。通常CPU本身就是一个微控制器。起先是8位微控制器例如8051,现在发展为16位和32位微控制器。你会发现大部分由日本制造商制造的PLC中是日立和Fujicu的微控制器,西门子的微控制器多应用在欧洲的PLC中,摩托罗拉生产的微控制器则独占美国市场。CPU同样关注通信, PLC控制器,操作程序的执行,监督记忆设置的输入和输出等部分的关联性。

PLC使用系统存储器（现在大部分采用闪存技术了）用于过程控制系统。除了这个操作系统之外，它还包括一个由梯形图翻译成而进制形式的用户程序。快擦型存储器（FLASH memory）的内容只有在改变用户程序的时候可以被改变。PLC控制器比快擦型存储器使用得更早，EPROM存储器比快擦型存储器也更早，快擦型存储器必须用紫外线（UV，Ultra-Violet Ray）灯擦除，并在编程器上进行编程。由于快擦型存储器技术的应用，使得这个过程大大缩短了。在应用程序开发中，通过一个串行电缆可以对程序存储器进行重新编程。

用户存储器被分成具有特殊功能的块。一部分存储器用来存储输入和输出状态。一个输入的实际状态存储状态存储在专用存储器位上，为“1”或者“0”。每一个输入和输出在存储器中都有一个相应的位。另外一部分存储器用来存储用户程序中的变量的内容。例如，定时器值，或者记数器值存放在存储器的这个部分。PLC控制器可以通过计算机（通常方式）重新编程，但是也可以通过人工编程器9控制台）编程。实际上，这意味着，如果你有编程所需要的软件，早期PLC控制器可以通过计算机进行编程。今天的传输计算机是工厂自己对PLC控制器进行重新编程的理想设备。这对于工业企业来说是非常重要的。一旦系统修改结束，将正确的程序重新读入PLC控制器也是非常重要的。定期检查PLC中的程序是否改变是非常好的事情。这有助于避免车间发生危险情况（一些汽车制造商已经建立了通信网络，可以定期检查PLC中的程序，以保证运行的程序都是正确的）。

几乎所有用于为PLC控制器编程的程序都拥有各种不同的选项，例如系统输入/输出（I/O线）的强制开关，程序实时跟踪以及图表验证。图表验证对于理解、定义失败和故障非常必要。程序员可以添加标记，书日和输出设备名称，以及对于查找错误或者对于系统维护很有用的注释。添加注释和标记可以使技术人员（不仅仅是开发人员）很快理解梯形图。注释和标记甚至还可以准确地引用零件号，如果需要更换零件的话。这将加快由于损坏零件而引起的任何问题的修理速度。响应的旧方法是这样的，开发系统的人必须保护这个程序，他旁边再没有人知道系统是怎样完成的。正确的、备有证明文件的梯形图使任何技术人员都能彻底理解系统的功能。

电源是为中央处理单元提供电源的。大部分PLC控制器的工作电压为24VDC

或者220VAC。在有些PLC控制器上，你可以看见作为独立模块的电源。用户必须确定从I/O模块取出多大电流来保证电源提供适当的电流。不同的模块使用不同的电流量。

该电源一般不用于启动外部输入或输出。用户必须提供独立的电源来启动PLC 控制器的输入和输出，因为这样可以保证PLC控制器的所谓“纯电源”。使用纯电源意味着工业环境中的电源不会严重影响它。有些较小的PLC控制器从与PLC控制器集成在一起的小电源为它们的输入提供电压源。

四、PLC的设计标准

一个系统化的设计PLC程序的方法可以克服传统程序生产控制系统的缺点，并且在一些工业应用总有很大的不同。自动控制系统是状态模型用公式语言或等价的语言描述的。公式描述对被控制的系统的行为提供一个精确的描述。可以通过分析估计看状态模型是否达到想要的目标。第二，为状态模型的描述提供结构描述，这个结构描述可以说明逻辑要求和如细节安全规则的限制。第三，好的控制系统设计是对自动控制代码生成有益的——一种能够产生可执行的控制软件的能力，不同的逻辑控制器可以减少程序扫描时间和执行那个时间。特别的，这个主题与随后的部分的是有关的。

在现代制造业中，系统是用过程和结果的革新来描述的，并且因此不得不改变系统性能以快速做出反应。因此，一个大的挑战是提供技术以限制自动控制系统对变化需要和新机会的反应，所以，设计和操作知识可以实时的被再次利用，在工业实践中提供了一个重要的竞争面。

研究表明，在自动化系统中，程序实现的方法已经与计算机资源应用的急速

增长不能匹配。例如，可编程逻辑控制器（ＰＬＣ）程序仍然依靠一种方便的有逻辑梯形图的程序实现模式。结果，程序上的延迟和资源成了生产工业过程的主要绊脚石。在可编程逻辑控制器程序设计过程中，测试和调试可能会占用超过百分之五十的人力。在发展和传播“ＳＴＡＴＥ－ＯＦ－ＴＨＥ－ＡＲＴ”已经形成标准[IEC 60848, 1999; IEC-61131-3, 1993; IEC 61499, 1998; ISO 15745-1, 1999]，但是，基本上这些标准都不能参与有效的程序和系统设计方面知识的革新。

系统的方法通过使用原有的软件模块，有助于增加设计自动化的水平，同时

也将提供一种可管理的大规模系统设计的方法。同样的，它也将改善软件的质量的可靠性，以及关系到系统的较高安全标准，尤其是这些对环境有危害影响的，比如：机场控制、公共铁路运输。

软件工业被认为是系统性能的破坏者和系统复杂性的产生者。逐渐下降的硬

件价格，破坏了对通过优化程序获得的软件性能的需要。其结果是，一方面造成了大量而低效率的程序代码，另一方面并没有获得高的硬件性能。其次，软件变得难以掌握其程度的复杂；在现代自动化系统中，软件设计和保持系统本质几乎变得不可能。尤其是，可编程逻辑控制器（ＰＬＣ）程序设计从二十五年前的两条主线，发展到现在的成千上万条。现在安全性增加了，例如，关于防火的新措施，以及现代自动化系统的柔韧性增加了程序设计过程的复杂性。因此，软件的使用周期花费是总共花费的一个固定不变的增长部分。百分之八十到九十的花费用于软件维护、调试、优化（改进）、和扩展以满足不断变换的需求。

目前，大部分设计研究的主要焦点都集中在机械和电子产品上。这种有目的

性的研究产生了一个副产品，就是通过推广这中研究到系统工程设计领域，从而加固了我们对设计理论和技巧的基本理解。针对大规模和复杂系统的系统设计理论并没有成熟。尤其是，对如何简化一个繁冗而复杂的设计任务这一问题，仍然没有被科学的处理。而且，正在设计理论和代表计算机科学及运筹学研究的认识论结果之间构建一条桥梁，这样的具体应该是逻辑硬件电路设计。

从逻辑学的角度来看，可编程逻辑控制器（PLC）的软件设计类似与集成电路的硬件设计。现代超大规模集成电路设计（Very Large Scale Integration--VLSI）是及其复杂的，一个集成电路一般有几百万个晶体管，而且产品开发周期大都三年左右。设计过程一般都分成局部功能块设计和系统设计两个阶段。在局部功能块设计阶段，单个功能将被设计出来，并予以验证。在系统设计阶段，所有功能块都将被整合起来，整个系统行为特性和功能将会通过仿真形式加以测试。一般来说，所有部分都完全的验证是不可能的。因此，统计学可以作为可编程逻辑控制器（PLC）设计的一个例子，并有可能影响逻辑硬件设计。

五、AK 1703 ACP

AK 1703 ACP凭借着一贯创新的精神与稳定的技术，在以稳定为基础的产品平台中，拥有高级的功能性和适应性。

ACP（自动化，控制和保护）系统概念保证了AK 1703 ACP功能的实现。

稳定的功能性使得自动化控制，远程控制和通信协议三者完美结合。可升级的性能与多种冗余结构，使得AK1703 ACP可以完美处理各种功能要求。

AK 1703 ACP拥有适合现代化自动控制的综合的远程控制技术：

• 水电站远程控制与中控设备

• 拥有自治功能的自动控制单元

• 数据节点, 设备控制站, 尖端科技

• 拥有现场或远程外围设备

• 为后面板安装而设计的19英寸设备

• 专为多种现场应用和高产品要求设计的中间产品

• 多种通信手段

• 简洁的编程

• 唯一的设备插座

• 开放型系统体系结构

• 可升级的冗余

• 智能终端- TM 1703

AK 1703 ACP基本外部设备原件拥有两个基本系统原件CP-2010/CPC25（主控原件）和CP-2012/PCCE25（处理和通信原件），一个总线最多可以连接16个外围设备原件。

CP-2010/CPC25 特征与功能

系统功能：

• 核心元件，协调所有系统功能

连接所有基本功能原件的中心站点

• 时间管理

自动控制单元的中控时钟

设定并保持自身时钟的时间，分辨率为10ms

通过互联网或当地的服务通信进行同步

• 冗余

在处理与通信中为自动控制单元选择并转变冗余单元

通过SCA-RS外部冗余开关支持选择与转变功能

通过外接系统实现选择与支持,例如控制系统

• 与SAT TOLLBOX||连接

在闪存卡里存储固件和参数

通信：

• 通过相应的协议原件与高级或附属自动控制单元进行通信

• 为数据流自动选择路径

• 优先基本数据的传输(优先级控制)

• 为每个联检站设立自己的循环缓冲器和处理信息(数据保持)

• 为冗余通信提供路径

与对方站的冗余进行通信

• 通过拨号上网方式对特殊应用实施特殊功能

为可进行冗余的站点进行测试

具有处理功能的外围设备：

• 通过Ax 1703外围设备串口总线自发地将信息传输到外围设备单元

自动控制功能：

• 通过CAEX+按照IEC 61131-3协议创建的可自由定义的拥有开闭环控制功能的用户程序

512KB的用户程序空间

大约50000个可变信号源,2000个常用信号源

10ms的循环时间

网上测试

可随时下载

• 冗余的开闭环功能控制

通过冗余线路进行同步

通过Ax 1703外围设备串口总线在开闭环控制功能与外围接口单元之间不断传输处理信息

五、2.1.2 SIEMENS可编程序控制器

SIMATIC S7-300系列PLC适用于各行各业、各种场合中的检测、监测及控制的自动化，其强大功能使其无论在独立运行中，或相连成网络皆能实现复杂控制功能。

该产品具有光电隔离，高电磁兼容；具有很高的工业适用性，允许的环境温度达60℃；具有很强的抗干扰、抗振动与抗冲击性能，因此在严酷的工作环境中得到了广泛的应用。

自由通讯口方式也是S7-300型PLC的一个很有特色的功能，它使S7-300型PLC可以与任何通讯协议公开的其它设备、控制器进行通讯，即S7- 300型PLC可以由用户自己定义通讯协议（例ASCII协议），波特率为1。5Mbit/s（可调整）。因此使可通讯的范围大大增加，使控制系统配置更加灵活、方便。任何具有串行接口的外设，例如：打印机或条形码阅读器、变频器、调制解调器（Modem）、上位PC机等都可连接使用。用户可通过编程来编制通讯协议、交换数据（例如：ASCII码字符），具有RS232接口的设备也可用PC/PPI电缆连接起来进行自由通讯方式通讯。

当上位机脱机时，在下位机控制下，整个系统能正常运行。

上位机即图文控制中心，主要由PC机和激光打印机组成，采用SIMATIC WINCC软件平台，采用全中文操作界面，人机对话友好。管理人员和操作者，可以通过观察PC机所显示的各种信息来了解当前和以往整个冰蓄冷自控系统

的运行情况和所有参数，并且通过鼠标进行设备管理和执行打印任务。WINCC软件在自动化领域中可用于所有的操作员控制和监控任务。可将过程控制中发生的事件清楚地显示出来，可显示当前状态并按顺序记录，所记录的数据可以全部显示或选择简要形式显示，可连续或按要求编辑，并可输出打印报表和趋势图。

WINCC 能够在控制过程中危急情况的初发阶段进行报告，发出的信号既可以在屏幕上显示出来，也可以用声音表现出来。它支持用在线帮助和操作指南来消除故障。某一WINCC工作站可专门用于过程控制以使那些重要的过程信息不被屏蔽。软件辅助操作策略保证过程不被非法访问，并提供用于工业环境中的无错操作。

WINCC 是MICRSOFT WINDOWS98或WINDOWS NT4。0操作系统下，在PC机上运行的面向对象的一流32位应用软件，通过OLE和ODBC视窗标准机制，作为理想的通讯伙伴进入WINDOWS世界，因此WINCC可容易地结合到全公司的数据处理系统中。

七、通信

通信对于个人自动单元是很重要的。在过去的几年里，我们听到许多关于生产自动化协议的事情，并且许多公司已经加入大有成功希望的事业。然而，当一

个完整的生产自动化协议说明书没有及时出现时许多公司都很失望。Larry Kotare说:”现在，生产自动化协议仍然是生产中一个发展的对象，一个说明书

并不是最终的结果。例如，虽然当新的生产自动化协议MAP3.0版本使用之时以MAP2.1版本为基础的产品将会被汰，但是现在人们仍然将产品用于MAP2.1版。”

由于这些原因，许多PLC厂家紧盯着MAP的最新结果。如欧姆龙公司正在进行一个有关MAP兼容性的项目。但是欧姆龙生产部门总经理Frank Newborn 说由于缺少一个固定的标准，欧姆龙的产品并不涉及到MAP。

由于工业PLC无论何时不可能广泛的涉及到MAP，生产厂家正在考虑专用

网络。根据Sal Probanzano说法，用户担心如果他们广泛的应用生产厂家将会收回MAP，这样将会留下一个不支持通信的交流框架。

ONE、PLC overview

Programmable controller is the first in the late 1960s in the United States, then called Plc programmable logic controller (Programmable Logic Controller) is used to replace relays. For the implementation of the logical judgment, timing, sequence number, and other control functions. The concept is presented Plc General Motors Corporation. Plc and the basic design is the computer functional improvements, flexible, generic and other advantages and relay control system simple and easy to operate, such as the advantages of cheap prices combined controller hardware is standard and overall. According to the practical application of target software in order to control the content of the user procedures memory controller, the controller and connecting the accused convenient target.

In the mid-1970s, the Plc has been widely used as a central processing unit microprocessor, import export module and the external circuits are used,

large-scale integrated circuits even when the Plc is no longer the only logical (IC) judgment functions also have data processing, PID conditioning and data communications functions. International Electro technical Commission (IEC) standards promulgated programmable controller for programmable controller draft made the following definition : programmable controller is a digital electronic computers operating system, specifically for applications in the industrial design environment. It used programmable memory, used to implement logic in their internal storage operations, sequence control, timing, counting and arithmetic operations, such as operating instructions, and through digital and analog input and output, the control of various types of machinery or production processes. Programmable controller and related peripherals, and industrial control systems easily linked to form a whole, to expand its functional design. Programmable controller for the user, is a

non-contact equipment, the procedures can be changed to change production processes. The programmable controller has become a powerful tool for factory automation, widely popular replication. Programmable controller is

user-oriented industries dedicated control computer, with many distinctive features.

First, high reliability, anti-interference capability;

Second，programming visual, simple;

Third, adaptability good;

Fourth functional improvements, strong functional interface.

TWO、History of PLC

Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC), a computing device invented by Richard E. Morley in 1968, have been widely used in industry including manufacturing systems, transportation systems, chemical process facilities, and many others. At that time, the PLC replaced the hardwired logic with

soft-wired logic or so-called relay ladder logic (RLL), a programming language visually resembling the hardwired logic, and reduced thereby the configuration time from 6 months down to 6 days [Moody and Morley, 1999].

Although PC based control has started to come into place, PLC based control will remain the technique to which the majority of industrial applications will adhere due to its higher performance, lower price, and superior reliability in harsh environments. Moreover, according to a study on the PLC market of Frost and Sullivan [1995], an increase of the annual sales volume to 15 million PLCs per year with the hardware value of more than 8 billion US dollars has been predicted, though the prices of computing hardware is steadily dropping. The inventor of the PLC, Richard E Morley, fairly considers the PLC market as a 5-billion industry at the present time.

Though PLCs are widely used in industrial practice, the programming of PLC based control systems is still very much relying on trial-and-error. Alike software engineering, PLC software design is facing the software dilemma or crisis in a similar way. Morley himself emphasized this aspect most forcefully by indicating

`If houses were built like software projects, a single woodpecker could destroy civilization.”

Particularly, practical problems in PLC programming are to eliminate software bugs and to reduce the maintenance costs of old ladder logic programs. Though the hardware costs of PLCs are dropping continuously, reducing the scan time of the ladder logic is still an issue in industry so that low-cost PLCs can be used.

In general, the productivity in generating PLC is far behind compared to other domains, for instance, VLSI design, where efficient computer aided design tools are in practice. Existent software engineering methodologies are not necessarily applicable to the PLC based software design because

PLC-programming requires a simultaneous consideration of hardware and software. The software design becomes, thereby, more and more the major cost driver. In many industrial design projects, more than of the manpower

allocated for the control system design and installation is scheduled for testing and debugging PLC programs.

In addition, current PLC based control systems are not properly designed to support the growing demand for flexibility and reconfigurability of manufacturing systems. A further problem, impelling the need for a systematic design methodology, is the increasing software complexity in large-scale projects.

The objective of this thesis is to develop a systematic software design methodology for PLC operated automation systems. The design methodology involves high-level description based on state transition models that treat automation control systems as discrete event systems, a stepwise design process, and set of design rules providing guidance and measurements to achieve a successful design. The tangible outcome of this research is to find a way to reduce the uncertainty in managing the control software development process, that is, reducing programming and debugging time and their variation, increasing flexibility of the automation systems, and enabling software reusability through modularity. The goal is to overcome shortcomings of current programming strategies that are based on the experience of the individual software developer.

Three、now of PLC

From the structure is divided into fixed PLC and Module PLC, the two kinds of PLC including CPU board, I/O board, display panel, memory block, power, these elements into a do not remove overall. Module type PLC including CPU module, I/O modules, memory, the power modules, bottom or a frame, these modules can be according to certain rules combination configuration.

In the user view, a detailed analysis of the CPU's internal unnecessary, but working mechanism of every part of the circuit. The CPU control works, by it reads CPU instruction, interprets the instruction and executes instructions. But the pace of work by shock signal control.

Unit work under the controller command used in a digital or logic operations.In computing and storage register of computation result, it is also among the controller command and work. CPU speed and memory capacity is the important parameters fot PLC . its determines the PLC speed of work, IO PLC number and software capacity, so limits to control size.

Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the brain of a PLC controller. CPU itself is usually one of the microcontrollers. Aforetime these were 8-bit microcontrollers such as 8051, and now these are 16-and 32-bit microcontrollers. Unspoken rule is that you’ll find mostly Hitachi and Fujicu microcontrollers in PLC controllers by Japanese makers, Siemens in European controllers, and Motorola microcontrollers in American ones. CPU also takes care of communication, interconnectedness among other parts of PLC controllers,

program execution, memory operation, overseeing input and setting up of an output.

System memory (today mostly implemented in FLASH technology) is used by a PLC for a process control system. Aside form. this operating system it also contains a user program translated forma ladder diagram to a binary form. FLASH memory contents can be changed only in case where user program is being changed. PLC controllers were used earlier instead of PLASH memory and have had EPROM memory instead of FLASH memory which had to be erased with UV lamp and programmed on programmers. With the use of FLASH technology this process was greatly shortened. Reprogramming a program memory is done through a serial cable in a program for application development.

User memory is divided into blocks having special functions. Some parts of a memory are used for storing input and output status. The real status of an input is stored either as “1”or as “0”in a specific memory bit/ each input or output has one corresponding bit in memory. Other parts of memory are used to store variable contents for variables used in used program. For example, time value, or counter value would be stored in this part of the memory.

PLC controller can be reprogrammed through a computer (usual way), but also through manual programmers (consoles). This practically means that each PLC controller can programmed through a computer if you have the software needed for programming. Today’s transmission computers are ideal for reprogramming a PLC controller in factory itself. This is of great importance to industry. Once the system is corrected, it is also important to read the right program into a PLC again. It is also good to check from time to time whether program in a PLC has not changed. This helps to avoid hazardous situations in factory rooms (some automakers have established communication networks which regularly check programs in PLC controllers to ensure execution only of good programs).

Almost every program for programming a PLC controller possesses various useful options such as: forced switching on and off of the system input/outputs (I/O lines), program follow up in real time as well as documenting a diagram. This documenting is necessary to understand and define failures and malfunctions. Programmer can add remarks, names of input or output devices, and comments that can be useful when finding errors, or with system maintenance. Adding comments and remarks enables any technician (and not just a person who developed the system) to understand a ladder diagram right away. Comments and remarks can even quote precisely part numbers if replacements would be needed. This would speed up a repair of any problems that come up due to bad parts. The old way was such that a person who developed a system had protection on the program, so nobody aside from this person could understand how it was done. Correctly documented ladder diagram allows any technician to understand thoroughly how system functions.

Electrical supply is used in bringing electrical energy to central processing unit. Most PLC controllers work either at 24 VDC or 220 VAC. On some PLC controllers you’ll find electrical supply as a separate module. Those are usually bigger PLC controllers, while small and medium series already contain the supply module. User has to determine how much current to take from I/O module to ensure that electrical supply provides appropriate amount of current. Different types of modules use different amounts of electrical current.

This electrical supply is usually not used to start external input or output. User has to provide separate supplies in starting PLC controller inputs because then you can ensure so called “pure” supply for the PLC controller. With pure supply we mean supply where industrial environment can not affect it damagingly. Some of the smaller PLC controllers supply their inputs with voltage from a small supply source already incorporated into a PLC.

Four、PLC design criteria

A systematic approach to designing PLC software can overcome deficiencies in the traditional way of programming manufacturing control systems, and can have wide ramifications in several industrial applications. Automation control systems are modeled by formal languages or, equivalently, by state machines. Formal representations provide a high-level description of the behavior of the system to be controlled. State machines can be analytically evaluated as to whether or not they meet the desired goals. Secondly, a state machine description provides a structured representation to convey the logical requirements and constraints such as detailed safety rules. Thirdly,

well-defined control systems design outcomes are conducive to automatic code generation- An ability to produce control software executable on commercial distinct logic controllers can reduce programming lead-time and labor cost. In particular, the thesis is relevant with respect to the following aspects.

In modern manufacturing, systems are characterized by product and process innovation, become customer-driven and thus have to respond quickly to changing system requirements. A major challenge is therefore to provide enabling technologies that can economically reconfigure automation control systems in response to changing needs and new opportunities. Design and operational knowledge can be reused in real-time, therefore, giving a significant competitive edge in industrial practice.

Studies have shown that programming methodologies in automation systems have not been able to match rapid increase in use of computing resources. For instance, the programming of PLCs still relies on a conventional programming style with ladder logic diagrams. As a result, the delays and resources in programming are a major stumbling stone for the progress of manufacturing industry. Testing and debugging may consume over 50% of the

manpower allocated for the PLC program design. Standards [IEC 60848, 1999; IEC-61131-3, 1993; IEC 61499, 1998; ISO 15745-1, 1999] have been formed to fix and disseminate state-of-the-art design methods, but they normally cannot participate in advancing the knowledge of efficient program and system design.

A systematic approach will increase the level of design automation through reusing existing software components, and will provide methods to make large-scale system design manageable. Likewise, it will improve software quality and reliability and will be relevant to systems high security standards, especially those having hazardous impact on the environment such as airport control, and public railroads.

The software industry is regarded as a performance destructor and complexity generator. Steadily shrinking hardware prices spoils the need for software performance in terms of code optimization and efficiency. The result is that massive and less efficient software code on one hand outpaces the gains in hardware performance on the other hand. Secondly, software proliferates into complexity of unmanageable dimensions; software redesign and maintenance-essential in modern automation systems-becomes nearly impossible. Particularly, PLC programs have evolved from a couple lines of code 25 years ago to thousands of lines of code with a similar number of 1/O points. Increased safety, for instance new policies on fire protection, and the flexibility of modern automation systems add complexity to the program design process. Consequently, the life-cycle cost of software is a permanently growing fraction of the total cost. 80-90% of these costs are going into software maintenance, debugging, adaptation and expansion to meet changing needs.

Today, the primary focus of most design research is based on mechanical or electrical products. One of the by-products of this proposed research is to enhance our fundamental understanding of design theory and methodology by extending it to the field of engineering systems design. A system design theory for large-scale and complex system is not yet fully developed. Particularly, the question of how to simplify a complicated or complex design task has not been tackled in a scientific way. Furthermore, building a bridge between design theory and the latest epistemological outcomes of formal representations in computer sciences and operations research, such as discrete event system modeling, can advance future development in engineering design.

From a logical perspective, PLC software design is similar to the hardware design of integrated circuits. Modern VLSI designs are extremely complex with several million parts and a product development time of 3 years [Whitney, 1996]. The design process is normally separated into a component design and a system design stage. At component design stage, single functions are designed and verified. At system design stage, components are aggregated and the whole system behavior and functionality is tested through simulation. In general, a complete verification is impossible. Hence, a systematic

approach as exemplified for the PLC program design may impact the logical hardware design.

Five、AK 1703 ACP

Following the principle of our product development, AK 1703 ACP has high functionality and flexibility, through the implementation of innovative and reliable technologies, on the stable basis of a reliable product platform.

For this, the system concept ACP (Automation, Control and Protection) creates the technological preconditions. Balanced functionality permits the flexible combination of automation, telecontrol and communication tasks. Complemented with the scalable performance and various redundancy configurations, an optimal adaptation to the respective requirements of the process is achieved.

AK 1703 ACP is thus perfectly suitable for automation with integrated telecontrol technology as:

• Telecontrol substation or central device

• Automation unit with autonomous functional groups

• Data node, station cont rol device, front-end or gateway

• With local or remote peripherals

• For rear panel installation or 19 inch assembly

• Branch-neutral product, therefore versatile fields of application and high product

stability

• Versatile communication

• Easy engineerin g

• Plug & play for spare parts

• Open system architecture

• Scalable redundancy

• The intelligent terminal - TM 1703

The Base Unit AK 1703 ACP with Peripheral Elements has one basic system element CP-2010/CPC25 (Master control element) and

CP-2012/PCCE25 (Processing and communication element) ,one bus line with max. 16 peripheral elements can be connected.

CP-2010/CPC25 Features and Functions

System Functions:

• Central element,coordinating all system services

Central hub function for all connected basic system elements

• Time management

Central clock of the automation unit

Setting anf keeping the own clock`s time with a resolution of 10ms

Synchronization via serid communication via LAN or local

• Redundancy

Voting and change-over for redundant processing and communication elements of the own automation unit

Supports voting and change-over by an external SCA-RS redundancy switch

Supports applicational voting and change-over by an exterual system,e.g.a control system

• SAT TOLLBOX|| connection

Storing firmware and parameters on a Flash Card

Communication:

• Communication via installable protocol elements to any superior or subordinate automation unit

• Automatic data flow routing

• Priority based data transmission (priority control)

• Own circular buffer and process image for each connected station(data keeping)

• Redundant communication routes

Communication with redundant remote stations

• Special application specific functions for dial-up traffic

Test if stations are reachable

Process Peripherals:

• Ta nsmission of spontaneous information objects from and to peripheral elements, via the serial Ax 1703 peripheral bus

Functions for Automatoin:

• Open-/closed-loop control function for the execution of freely definable user programs which are created with CAEX plus according to IEC

61131-3,https://www.sodocs.net/doc/0419461555.html,ing function diagram technology

512KB for user program

Approx 50.000 variables and signals,2.000 of them retained

Cycle of 10ms or a multiphe thereof

Online test

Loadable without service interruption

• Redundant open-/closed-loop control functions

Synchronization via redundancy link

Transmission of periodic process information between the

open-/closed-loop control function and the peripheral elements,via the serial Ax 1703 peripheral bus

SIX、SIEMENS PLC

SIMATIC S7-300 series PLC applied to all walks of life and various occasions in the detection, monitoring and control of automation, its power to both the independent operation of, or connected to a network able to achieve complex control.

The photoelectric products with isolation, high electromagnetic compatibility; have high industrial applicability, allowing the ambient temperature of 60 ℃; has strong anti-jamming and anti-vibration and impact resistance, so in a harsh working environment has been widely Applications.

I also mean freedom of communication S7-300 type PLC' s a very unique feature, which allows S7-300-PLC can deal openly with any other communications equipment, communications controller, or PLC S7-300 type can be defined by the user's own Communications protocol (of the agreement ASCII), the baud rate to 1.5 Mbit / s (adjustable). So that can greatly increase the scope of communications so that the control system configuration more flexible and convenient. Of any kind with a serial interface peripherals, such as: printers or bar code readers, Drives, a modem (Modem), the top

PC-connected, and so can be used. Users can program to develop communication protocols, the exchange of data (for example: ASCII character code), RS232 interfaces with the equipment can also be used PC / PPI cable linking the free communication communications.

When the PC offline, under the control of the next crew, the whole system can operate normally.

PC that is by control centre, mainly by the PC and laser printer components, using SIMATIC WINCC software platform, the all-Chinese interface, friendly man-machine dialogue. Managers and operators can be observed through a PC, shown in the various kinds of information to understand the present and past the ice-storage operation of the automatic control system and all the parameters, and through the mouse to print equipment management and implementation tasks.

WINCC software in the field of automation can be used for all the operators’ control and monitoring tasks. Can be controlled in the process of the events clearly show, and shows the current status and order records, the recorded data can show all or select summary form, or may be required for editing, printing and output statements and trends .

WINCC able to control the critical situation in the early stages of the report, and the signal can be displayed on the screen, can also use sound to be felt. It supported by online help and operational guidelines to eliminate failure. WINCC a workstation can be devoted to the process control to the process so that important information not is shielded. Software-assisted operation strategy ensures that the process was not illegal to visit and to provide for non-industrial environment in the wrong operation.

WINCC is MICRSOFT WINDOWS98 or WINDOWS NT4.0 operating system, running on a PC object-oriented class 32-bit applications, OLE through the window and ODBC standard mechanism, as an ideal partner to enter the communications world WINDOWS, it can be easily WINCC To integrate a company-wide data processing system.

Seven、Communications

Communications are vital to an individual automation cell and to the automated factory as a whole. We've heard a lot about MAP in the last few years, and a lot of companies have jumped on the band wagon. Many, however were disappointed when a fully-defined and completed MAP specification didn’t appear immediately. Says Larry Kumara:”Right now , MAP is still a moving target for the manufacturers specification that is not final. Presently, for example, people are introducing products to meet the MAP

2.1standard.Yet 2.1-based products will be obsolete when the new standard for MAP,

3.0is introduced.”

Because of this, many PLC vendors are holding off on full MAP implementations. Omron, for example , has an ongoing MAP-compatibility program, but Frank Newborn, vice president of Omron’s Industrial Division, reports that because of the lack of a firm definition, Omron's PLCs don't yet talk to MAP.

Since it’s unlikely that an individual PLC would talk to broadband MAP anyway, makers are concentrating n proprietary networks. According to Sal Provanzano, users fear that if they do get on board and vendors withdraw from MAP, they ‘ll pulse width modulation control system be the ones left holding a communications structure that’s not supported.

PLC外文文献及翻译

一、PLC概述 可编程控制器是60年代末在美国首先出现的，当时叫可编程逻辑控制器PLC（Programmable Logic Controller），目的是用来取代继电器。以执行逻辑 判断、计时、计数等顺序控制功能。提出PLC概念的是美国通用汽车公司。PLC 的基本设计思想是把计算机功能完善、灵活、通用等优点和继电器控制系统的简单易懂、操作方便、价格便宜等优点结合起来，控制器的硬件是标准的、通用的。根据实际应用对象，将控制内容编成软件写入控制器的用户程序存储器内,使控 制器和被控对象连接方便。 70年代中期以后，PLC已广泛地使用微处理器作为中央处理器，输入输出模块和外围电路也都采用了中、大规模甚至超大规模的集成电路，这时的PLC已 不再是仅有逻辑(Logic)判断功能，还同时具有数据处理、PID调节和数据通信功能。国际电工委员会(IEC)颁布的可编程控制器标准草案中对可编程控制器作了 如下的定义：可编程控制器是一种数字运算操作的电子系统，专为在工业环境下应用而设计。它采用了可编程序的存储器，用来在其内部存储执行逻辑运算，顺序控制、定时、计数和算术运算等操作的指令，并通过数字式和模拟式的输入和输出，控制各种类型的机械或生产过程。可编程控制器及其有关外围设备，易于与工业控制系统联成一个整体，易于扩充其功能的设计。 可编程控制器对用户来说，是一种无触点设备，改变程序即可改变生产工艺。目前，可编程控制器已成为工厂自动化的强有力工具，得到了广泛的普及推广应用。 可编程控制器是面向用户的专用工业控制计算机，具有许多明显的特点。 ①可靠性高，抗干扰能力强； ②编程直观、简单； ③适应性好； ④功能完善，接口功能强 二、PLC的历史 1968年，Richard E. Morley创造出了新一代工业控制装置可编程逻辑控制器(PLC),现在，PLC已经被广泛应用于工业领域，包括机械制造也、运输系统、化学过程设备、等许多其他领域。初期可编程控制器只是用一种类似于语言的软件逻辑于代替继电器硬件逻辑，并且使开发时间由6个月缩短到6天。 虽然计算机控制技术已经产生，但是PLC控制因为它的高性能、成本低、 并且对恶劣的环境有很强的适应能力而在工业控制的广泛应用中保持优势。而且，尽管硬件的价格在逐渐下跌，据估计，根据Frost和Sullivan对PLC市场的调 查研究表明，每年销售硬件的价格要比销售PLC的价格（一千五百万）至少多 出八十亿美元。PLC的创造者Richard E. Morley十分肯定的认为目前PLC市场是一个价值五十亿的工业 虽然PLC广泛应用于工业控制中，PLC控制系统的程序依然和语法有关。和软件过程一样，PLC的软件设计也以同样的方式会遇到软件错误或危机。Morley在演讲中着重强调了这个方面。 如果房子建造的像软件过程一样，那么仅仅一只啄木鸟就可以摧毁文明。特别的，PLC程序要解决的实际问题是消除软件错误和减少老式梯形逻辑语言的

电气工程及其自动化专业 外文文献 英文文献 外文翻译 plc方面

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PLC及变频器技术 中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述 PLC and inverter technology trends 1. The development trend of the programmable controller “PLC is one kind specially for the digital operation operation electronic installation which applies under the industry environment designs. It uses may the coding memory, uses for in its internal memory operation and so on actuating logic operation, sequence operation, time, counting and arithmetic operation instructions, and can through digital or the simulation-like input and the output, controls each type the machinery or the production process. PLC and the related auxiliary equipment should according to form a whole easy with the industrial control system, easy to expand its function the principle to design.” In the 21st century, PLC will have a bigger development. Technologically speaking, computer technology's new achievement more will apply in the programmable controller's design and the manufacture, will have the operating speed to be quicker, the storage capacity to be bigger, an intelligent stronger variety to appear; Looked from the product scale that further develops to subminiature and the ultra-large direction; Looked from the product overcoatability that the product variety will be richer, the specification to be more complete, the perfect man-machine contact surface, the complete communication facility will adapt each industrial control situation demand well; Looked from the market that various countries will produce the multi-variety product the situation to break respectively along with the international competition aggravating, will present the minority several brand monopoly international market the aspect, will present the international general programming language; Looking from the network state of play, the programmable controller and other industrial control computer network

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中英文文献翻译-关于PLC外文翻译

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新产品投入市场，便进入了介绍期。此时产品品种少，顾客对产品还不了解，除少数追求新奇 的顾客外，几乎无人实际购买该产品。生产者为了扩大销路，不得不投入大量的促销费用，对产品 进行宣传推广。该阶段由于生产技术方面的限制，产品生产批量小，制造成本高，广告费用大，产 品销售价格偏高，销售量极为有限，企业通常不能获利，反而可能亏损。 当产品进入引入期，销售取得成功之后，便进入了成长期。成长期是指产品通过试销效果良好， 购买者逐渐接受该产品，产品在市场上站住脚并且打开了销路。这是需求增长阶段，需求量和销售 额迅速上升。生产成本大幅度下降，利润迅速增长。与此同时，竞争者看到有利可图，将纷纷进入 市场参与竞争，使同类产品供给量增加，价格随之下属，企业利润增长速度逐步减慢，最后达到生 命周期利润的最高点。 产品走入大批量生产并稳定地进入市场销售，经过成长期之后，随着购买产品的人数增多，市 场需求趋于饱和。此时，产品普及并日趋标准化，成本低而产量大。销售增长速度缓慢直至转而下 降，由于竞争的加剧，导致同类产品生产企之间不得不加大在产品质量、花色、规格、包装服务等 方面加大投入，在一起程度上增加了成本。

中英文外文翻译--PLC和微处理器-精品

Introductions of PLC and MCU A PLC is a device that was invented to replace the necessary sequential relay circuits for machine control. The PLC works by looking at its inputs and depending upon their state, turning on/off its outputs .The user enters a program, usually via software or programmer that gives the desired results. PLC are used in many “real world” applications. If there is industry present, chances are good that there is a PLC present. If you are involved in machining, packaging, material handling, automated assembly or countless other industries, you are probably already using them. If you are not, you are wasting money and time. Almost any application that needs some type of electrical control has need for PLC. For example, let’s assume that when a switch turns on we want to turn a solenoid on for 5 seconds and then turn it off regardless of how long the switch is on for. We can do this with a simple external timer. What if the process also needed to count how many times the switch individually turned on? We need a lot of external counters. As you can see, the bigger the process the more of a need we have for a PLC. We can simply program the PLC to count its inputs and turn the solenoids on for the specified time. We will take a look at what i s considered to be the “top 20” PLC instructions. It can be safely estimated that with a firm understanding of there instructions one can solve more than 80% of the applications in existence. That‘s right, more than 80%! Of course we’ll learn more than jus t these instructions to help you solve almost ALL your potential PLC applications. The PLC mainly consists of a CPU, memory areas, and appropriate circuits to receive input/output data, as shown in Fig. 19.1 We can actually consider the PLC to be a box full of hundreds or thousands of separate relays, counters, timer and date storage locations. Do these counters, timers, etc. really exist? No, they don’t “physically” exist but rather they are simulated and can be considered software counters, timers, etc. These internal relays are simulated through bit locations in registers. What does each part do? INPUT RELAYS-(contacts) These are connected to the outside world. They physically exist and receive signals from switches, sensors, etc... Typically they are not relays but rather they are transistors.