新编大学英语教案(第二册)_Unit 7 Culture

Unit Seven Culture

Teaching Objectives

1. Culture and characteristics of people;

2. Learn to bridge a gap among different culture groups;

3. To know the importance of culture in our English study;

4. To enable students to master the new words and phrases.

Teaching allotment

6 academic hours.

1)1-2 Preparation

2)3-4 In-Class Reading: Bridging Cultural Gaps Gracefully

3) 5-6 After-Class Reading & Exercises

Focus Points

1. Key words,phrases & usages

abrupt, accompany, accomplish, assure, avoid, caution, compliment, confusion, constant, cultural, definitely, edible, fancy, farewell, feasible, gap, graceful, gracious, haste, inadequate, inevitable, involve, literally, mission, modest, modify, naughty, negotiation, polar, proposal, protest, refusal, respond, signal, surpass

2. Difficult sentences

1. Why is it that when you study a foreign language, you never learn the little phrases that

let you slip into a culture without all your foreignness exposed?

2. Then finally, listening to others, I began to pick up the phrases that eased relations and

sent people off with a feeling of mission not only accomplished but surpassed.

3.If I try to go fast to discourage them from following, they are simply put to the discomfort

of having to flee after me.

4.Not so a Chinese host or hostess (often the husband does the fancy cooking), who will

instead apologize for giving you “nothing” even slightly edible and for not showing you enough honor by providing proper dishes.

3. Grammar focus

特殊疑问词的强调; 双重否定;不定式复合结构;动名词的复合结构;be + 不定式结构

Methods of Teaching

1) Using multi-media teaching equipment（应用多媒体教学手段）

2) Group-Discussion （分组讨论）

3) Watching VCD --- Joy Luck Club (观看影片《喜福会》，讨论东西方文化尤其是中美文化的差异)

I.Related Information:

Culture is a very broad term used to describe the arts, the beliefs, the values, the traditions, the customs, and the institutions that are considered to be characteristic of a community, a people,

a region, or a nation. Culture also includes the languages and dialects that people use to express

their feelings and to communicate with each other. It is often difficult to dissociate language and culture since, in most cases, language is the main medium through which culture is transmitted.

Most people feel that it is impossible to really know a culture without speaking the language. In some immigrant populations in North America, however, the original language has been lost but customs and traditions are still maintained.

Although many cultures in the world have remained isolated for centuries, commerce and trade have often been the source of all sorts of cultural exchanges, ranging from foods to tools.

Chinese porcelain and other inventions reached Europe thanks to the silk route, for example.

However, cultural exchanges have not always been fair or balanced. The native populations of North and South America were decimated by disease and alcohol brought by the Europeans.

Throughout history, wars and political decisions have destroyed cultures and forced people to adopt the language and the customs of the dominate civilization.

It is often assumed that if a culture is technologically advanced, it must be superior or that if

a culture is young it must be inferior. Everyone tends to make value judgments about other

cultures. Finding fault with or making fun of other customs and beliefs is often merely a way of bolstering our complacency or our pride. It is certainly much easier to learn about other cultures if one approaches them with an open mind and if one respects differences rather than criticizing them. Often something that appears strange or unusual in another culture is in fact very logical and part of a deeply rooted tradition. What might seem rude in one culture might seem perfectly normal and acceptable in another culture. Tolerance and curiosity are key factors in all cross-cultural learning experiences.

Although modern transportation and communications have reduced the world to a …global village?, there are still many fascinating cultural differences to explore. Discovering ho w people from other regions or other countries see the world can be an enriching experience. Tasting new foods, listening to different music, and studying the architecture or the literature of other cultures can open up new perspectives on life.

Customs

1)customs in Japan

The Japanese are noted for their courtesy. They bow all the time and repeatedly. Japanese who greet people from the west often try to do two things at once. They try to bow to follow local

customs. They shake hands, they also move their body up and down as if they are bowing. It looks like they are trying to pump water from an old pump at a well.

2)ritual

“R itual” refers to the things people unanimously do or day when parting.

II.Suggested Class Activities:

1. W arming-up activity: story-telling

Purpose: getting to know the different manner between western world and China

Form: Group discussion and respective talk

Step 1 . try to tell a story concerning about the difference between western countries and China Step 2make clear of the difference which may be a good consultant in your communicating with the foreigners

Step 3 try to work out what caused in the difference.

Expected come-out

1. a logical structure of the story.

2. well-organize plots and development a quick mind in catching the point.

II. Role-play(activity ) for further development

Purpose; knowing the basic cultural difference

Form; Group discussion and role-play

Step 1.getting the necessary information from the after-class reading passage on differences in the way of parting , taboos concerning gift-sending ,body language.

Step 2.work in pairs, choose a topic and role-play a short conversation between a Chinese and

a foreigner to show their cultural difference.

Step 3. he teacher should finally restate the importance of knowing the difference and give one examples if possible.

III.Further development:

IV.In-Class Reading

Words and phrases

1. abrupt: adj.1) seeming rude and unfriendly

e.g. an abrupt manner

2) sudden and unexpected

e.g. an abrupt change of policy

phrases: come to an abrupt end 骤然停止；

make an abrupt turn /stop突然转弯/ 停下来

abruption n.突然分离，断裂

abruptly adv.紧急地；突然

exercises:

1) Buyers have withdrawn from the market in view of the abrupt turn of the trend of prices.

(由于价格趋势的突然转变，买主已退出市场。)

2).这次车祸是由于奔驰车突然转弯所致。

（The accident resulted from the abrupt turn made by the Benz.）

2. accomplish: v. to succeed in doing sth.

e.g. She has accomplished a great deal in the last weekend.

accomplishment n. sth. successful or impressive that is achieved after a lot of effort and hard goal

e.g. Being able to play the piano well is one of his many accomplishments.

accomplished adj. skilled, good at sth., esp. sth. artistic

e.g. an accomplished singer

exercises:

1) I ____ two hours' work before dinner. ( did, accomplished)

2)你们必须在规定时间内完成这项任务。

(Y ou should accomplish the task within the allotted time.)

3. assure v. tell sb. that sth.. will definitely happen so that they are less worried

assure sb. of sth.向某人保证某事，使某人确信某事；

e.g. He assured us of his ability to solve the problem.

assure sb. that 使某人确信；向某人保证

e.g. I can assure you that the medicine is perfectly safe.

assured adj.confident in one?s own abilities an assured manner

assurance n. 1) a firm statement that sth. is certainly true or will certainly happen; promise

e.g. In spite of all his assurances, he did n?t come back.

2) confident belief in one?s own ability and powers

e.g. The teacher lacked assurance in front of his class.

Exercises:

1) He tried to assure her ___ his devotion.

A in

B of

C on

D for(B)

2) “Nothing in history assures the success of our civilization”(Herbert J. Muller)

“历史上没有任何东西保证我们文明的胜利”(赫伯特J.马勒)

4. compliment 1) v. say sth. nice to someone in order to praise him or her

e.g. I must compliment you on the way you handle the meeting.

2) n. an expression of praise, admiration , or respect

e.g. he was showered with compliments on his excellent performance.

compliment sb. on sth.祝贺某人某事；

showered compliments on sb.对某人大肆奉承，对某人恭维备至

complimentary adj. expressing admiration , praise , respect, etc.

e.g. complimentary remarks

辨析：compliment, flatter

compliment所表示的恭维或称赞是有诚意的或纯属客套的；flatter所表示的恭维则纯属毫无诚意的，仅仅是为了讨好于人。

Exercises:

1) Extend my compliments to your parents.

(代我向你父母问好。)

2) 她那件新裙子的设计,受到许多人称赞。

(She received many compliments on the design of her new dress.)

5. fancy 1) adj. special, elaborate ; decorative or brightly coloured; not ordinary

e.g. It was a simple lunch ---- nothing fancy.

They are too fancy for me; I prefer the plain ones.

2) v. a. to have a liking for, wish for

e.g. I fancy a swim.

b. (usu. in imperative to express surprise, shock, et

c.)to form a picture of; imagine

e.g. Fancy working in this heat every day.

3) n. a. a liking, esp. one formed without the help of reason

b. imagination, esp. in a free and undirected way

c. an opinion or idea that is not based on fact

take a fancy to爱好，爱上；

to one’s fancy合自己的心意；

fancy (sb.) doing---想像（某人）做---；

fancy that/ n.----认为--，猜想—

exercises:

1) People in western countries sometimes went to the party in fancy dress.

在西方国家人们有时化了装去参加舞会。

2) Fancy James ____ the competition! (winning, to win)

真想不到詹姆斯比赛赢了！

6. haste n. ( too much ) speed

e.g. He packed his bags in haste when he heard the police were looking for him.

in haste急忙地，仓促地；

make haste赶紧，赶快；

More haste , less speed.（谚）欲速则不达。

Haste makes waste. （谚）忙乱易错。

hasty adj. done in a hurry

hasten v.1) to ( cause to ) move or happen fast or faster

e.g. She hastened home.

The strike hastened the downfall of the government.

2) to be quick ( to say sth.) ,in case the hearer imagines sth. else

e.g. Some of the staff are to be dismissed, but I hasten to add you won?t be among

them.

辨析：haste, hurry, speed

haste可用于正式或非正式场合，含有因匆忙而事情未曾做得很妥当的意思；hurry

用于非正式场合，意思与haste 相近，也带有“仓促间不免慌乱”的意思，有时带有

“这种匆忙是不必要”的意思；speed指人或动物的动作或进行速度的快捷，不包含

匆忙、慌乱的意思。

Exercises:

1) 我在匆忙中忘了我的外套。

(In my haste I forgot my coat.)

2) Marry in _____ and repent at leisure.(谚) (hurry, haste, speed)

草率结婚后悔多。

7. involve v.1) include sth. as a necessary part

e.g. I didn?t realize putting on a play involved so much work.

The job involves traveling abroad for three months.

2) to cause ( someone or oneself ) to become connected or concerned

e.g. Don?t involve other people in your mad schemes.

be/ get/ become involved in sth. / with sb.与某事/ 某人有牵连

e.g. If I were you I wouldn?t get involved in their problem.

involved adj.(of a person ) closely connected in relationship and activities with others, esp. in

a personal or sexual way.

Exercises:

1) The matter is serious because it involves your reputation.

这件事很严重，因为它影响到你的声誉

2) All the children were involved in the school play.

所有的孩子都参加了学校排练的剧。

8. proposal n. a plan or suggestion which is made formally to an official person or group

e.g. peace proposals

The French has put forward a proposal for a joint project.

make / present / put forward / put forth a proposal 提出建议

accept / adopt /a proposal 采纳建议

propose v. to put forward for consideration (a possible course of action , a plan to be voted on by a meeting, etc ); suggest

e.g. What do you propose we do?

用法：

1）propose + v. ing/ propose to do

e.g. I propose delaying our decision until the next meeting.

2）When it is followed by a object clause introduced by that, the object clause should be in subjunctive mood, that is, its predicate verb is “ should + verb “

e.g. I propose that we ( should ) put off the meeting.

Exercises:

1) 他提议我们去散步。

He proposed that we should go for a walk.

2) He proposed to her, and she accepted.

他向她求婚, 她接受了。

Phrases and Expressions:

1.go against to act in opposition to

e.g. She went against his mother?s wishes.

go after sth. /sb.: to try obtain or win

e.g. to go after a job / a girl

go ahead 1) to go in advance of others

e.g. Y ou go ahead, we will catch up with you.

2) (with) to begin

e.g. The council gave us permission to go ahead with our building plan. Exercises:

他一向不遵守学校的规定。

（He always goes against the disciplines in school.）

2.hold true : be still true in several different situations

e.g. This rule holds true at all times and places.

hold sth. against sb.:to allow ( sth. bad done by sb.) to influence one?s feeling about ( that

person )

e.g. It?s not fair to hold the boy?s past behavior against him.

hold back: a) to make (sth. ) stay in place; prevent from moving

e.g. They built banks of earth to hold back the rising of flood water.

b) to prevent the development of

e.g. Y ou could become a good musician, but your lack of practice is holding you

back.

hold on: a) to wait( often on the telephone )

e.g. Hold on a minute, I will just get a pen.

b) to continue in spite of difficulties

e.g. Try and hold on until help arrives.

hold onto: to keep possession of, esp. ,in spite of difficulties

e.g. She managed to hold onto her job when several of her colleagues lost theirs. Exercises:

The dam is not strong enough to hold ___ the flood waters.

A back

B on

C onto D. against

3. put someone to ( a lot of ) trouble: make someone use (a lot of) time and energy

e.g. I didn?t want to put you to a lot of trouble.

4.see somebody off : go to an airport, train station etc. to say goodbye to someone

e.g. I went to railway station to see her of

f.

5.send somebody off : say goodbye to someone

e.g. A lot of people went to the airport to send her of

f.

6. slip into : pass gradually into a state or situation , in a way that is hardly noticed

e.g. It is already too late when his mother found that his son slipped into such a bad

habit.

7. smooth over : make a problem or difficulty less serious and easier to deal with

e.g. They were arguing and I tried to smooth the quarrel over.

8. take pride in: be proud of

e.g. His letters indicate that he loved his son , and took pride in him.

9. with/in regard to : with respect to , concerning

e.g. With regard to your last point, I don?t think I have anything to add.

Exercise:

对于你的投诉，我无可奉告。

( I have nothing to say with regard to your complaints.)

Language points

1. Why is it that when you study a foreign language, you never learn the little phrases that

let you slip into a culture without all your foreignness exposed?

Paraphrase: When you learn a foreign language, there are some simple phrases that can help to get into a culture and cover your foreign signs, why cannot you learn to use

them?

Translation:当你学习一门外语时，一些不太起眼的简单的短语能使你融入异国文化而不暴露你作为外国人的痕迹，可是为什么你就掌握不了这些短语呢？

Explanation: In this sentence, it is used instead of the subjective clause----from “that when”

till the end of the sentence. While in the subjective clause, an adverbial clause

introduced by “when” is used, and a restrictive attributive clause is used in this

subjective clause to modify the word “phrases”.

T ranslation Skills:

英语长句的翻译往往需要注意这几个问题：第一、弄清原文的句法结构，找出整个句子中心内容及各层意思；第二、分析各层意思间的逻辑关系（条件、因果、时间顺序等）；第三、适当摆脱原文的形式，按照汉语的特点和表达方式，正确地翻译。一般采取三种方法：1. 顺序法；2. 变序法；3. 分译法。

1) 顺序法：当原文的句子安排与汉语基本上一致时，可用此法。

如：As soon as men leave the atmosphere they are exposed to this radiation, but their spacesuits or the walls of their spacecraft, if they are inside, do prevent a lot of radiation damage.

宇航员一离开大气层就会暴露在这种辐射中，但是，他们的宇航服或者飞船的舱

壁，如果呆在飞船内的话，的确会避免许多辐射的危害。

2)变序法：英语中由于汉语习惯不同的地方，翻译时，为了更符合汉语习惯可以变

一下词序。

如：It was ironical to reflect that if I had not lived in France for so long I would never have found it necessary—or possible—to visit the American South.

如果不是在法国住了那么长时间，我决不会觉得有必要，或者有可能去访问美国

南方，想到这里真觉得是莫大的讽刺。

3)分译法：有的分句分译可以清楚的表达信息并且符合汉语的习惯。

如：This deprives the dying patient of significant family members during the last few days of his life and it deprives the children of an experience of death, which is an important learning experience.

这不仅剥夺了生命垂危的病人临终前同亲人呆在一起的机会，而且也剥夺了孩子

们亲眼目睹亲人死去的经历，而这对体验人生是很重要的。

2.Then finally, listening to others, I began to pick up the phrases that eased relations and

sent people off with a feeling of mission not only accomplished but surpassed. Paraphrase: At last, I learned some phrases by listening to others and made it easier to see someone off by using these phrases and I felt I accomplished and even surpassed the

mission.

Translation:后来，我听得多了，便也学会了一些这方面的用语，使送客的气氛轻松了许多，这也使我有一种完成了使命甚至是完成得很出色的感觉。

Explanation: “that eased relations”here is used as an attributive clause to modify “phrases”;

“listening to others” is used a adverbial; “pick up” means “learn to use” here. Translation Skills:

增译法：增译法是增词而不增义，增词是为了充分的传达原文中本来就有的意义，目的有二：使意思更加明确；使句子通顺自然。

如：We are concerned to develop the abilities of all our pupils to the full, not just their academic ability.

我们所关心的是全面发展学生的各种能力，而不仅仅是发展智力。

3.If I try to go fast to discourage them from following, they are simply put to the

discomfort of having to flee after me.

Paraphrase: If I do my best to walk fast to make them give up following me, what they will do is walk faster to keep up, which will make them feel uncomfortable.

Translation: 如果我想走快一点以免他们跟上来，他们仍会紧追，这只会使他们更不舒服。

Explanation: discourage…from doing 使……泄气而不做某事；be put to 被置于某种情况下。

4.Not so a Chinese host or hostess (often the husband does the fancy cooking), who will

instead apologize for giving you “nothing” even slightly edible and for not showing you enough honor by providing proper dishes.

Paraphrase: It is different for a Chinese host or hostess. Often the husband prepares the good meal. They will say sorry to you for not preparing something good instead of saying

so.

Translation:然而中国的男女主人却不一样（常常是丈夫做饭拿手），他们不会这样说，相反他们会因为“没什么好吃的”，“不成敬意”或“没几个像样的菜”而表示歉

意。

Explanation: This is an Ellipsis Sentence, something is omitted in this sentence, is should “It is not so for …”; “instead”used to compared “Chinese host or hostess”with

“American hostess”in such circumstances; and “who”is used to introduce a

non-restrictive attributive clause to further discuss how the Chinese host or hostess

act.

Organization

Part One (Para.1—Para. 7) Discuss parting customs in China in order to explain how it?s

difficult for a foreigner to slip into a culture without all his

foreignness exposed.

Part Two (Para.8—12)Further explain the different culture by comparing Chinese modesty

with American straightforwardness.

Part Three (Para. 13) Conclusion: Life becomes much easier once you have studied up on

cultural differences.

Summary

When learning a foreign language, you have to learn its culture, which always melted with some phrases. Only if grasping its culture, your foreignness will not exposed. For an example, in China when seeing the guest off, parting customs are different from that in America. And also the Chinese are usually modest, while the American are straightforward. So when you invite a guest to dinner at

home, the host and hostess in different countries behave differently. Life becomes much easier once you have studied up on cultural differences.

Recitation: Recite Paragraph 1.

V.After-class reading

Passage1 Dining Customs in America

Decide whether the following are true or false according to the passage.

1.In America, most people usually ,attend a dinner or party on time.(T)

2.If the guests are late they usually bring beautiful gifts to the hostess.(T)

3.In America, when a woman enters, most young people will stand up to greet her.(F)

4.Before a dinner, all families have a habit of offering a pay of thanks.(F)

5.After dinner, guests will not leave until the hostess asks them to.(F)

Passage 2

Decide whether the following are true or false according to the passage.

1.When you send gifts to a Japanese, you?d better give four of the gifts. (F)

2.A single item for someone from China?s Hong Kong SAR carries better luck. (F)

3.A handkerchief is appropriate as a gift in China as well as in the Middle East. (F)

4.The Japanese customarily wrap their gifts in paper, especially in white paper. (F)

5.13 is a “bad luck” number in western countries. (T)

VI.T ranslation：英语习语的翻译

1、套译法：

1）双方有完全相同的形象比喻：

To praise to the skies 捧上天去

To fish in troubled water 浑水摸鱼

To add fuel to the fire 火上浇油

To be on thin ice 如履薄冰

Walls have ears 隔墙有耳

2）双方有大体相同的形象比喻：

A drop in the ocean 沧海一粟

To laugh off one?s head 笑掉牙齿

To shed crocodile tears 猫哭耗子

To be out at elbows 捉襟见肘

To spend money like water 挥金如土

At sixes and sevens 七颠八倒；乱七八糟

Six of one and half a dozen of the other

半斤八两

One boy is a boy, two boy half a boy, three boys no boy

一个和尚挑水喝，两个和尚抬水喝，三个和尚没水喝。

2、直译法:

To fight to the last man 战斗到最后一个人

To break the record 打破纪录

Under one?s nose 在某人鼻子底下

Armed to the teeth 武装到牙齿

Packed like sardines 挤得像罐头沙丁鱼

The cold war 冷战

A cat has nine lives 猫有九命

Blood is thicker than water 血浓于水

3、意译法：

1）The teenagers don?t invite Bob to their parties because he is a wet blanket.

请少年们不邀请胞波参加他们的聚会因为他是一个令人扫兴的人。

2）Among so many well-dressed and cultured people, the country girl felt like a fish out of water.

同这么多穿着体面而又有教养的人一起，这位乡下姑娘感到很不自在。

3）She was born with a silver spoon in her mouth; she thinks she can do what she likes.

她生长在富贵之家，认为凡事都可以随心所欲。

VII.Writing

本单元课内阅读是一篇说明文。说明文的写作方法见第一册unit 3.

写作技巧的使用：

1、分说法：

本文在说明外国人学习中国文化时遇到的困难时用了分说法：文章1-7段说明了中国人告别的传统，8-12段将中国人的谦虚与美国人的直率作了比较，说明了两种文化的差异。

2、定义法：

定义法在本文中没有使用。

3、举例写法：

本文中多处使用了举例写法，通过一个个具体的例子说明了两种文化的巨大差异。

4、比较对照法：

本文在8-12段将中国人的谦虚与美国人的直率作了比较，采用了比较对照法，使读者能够清楚的了解这种文化上的巨大差异。

5、因果分析法：

本文也采用了因果分析法。文章一开始指出，外国人学习中国文化非常困难，通过一系列具体例子说明了困难的原因在于文化的差异，最后得出结论，一旦你掌握了这些差异所在，生活就变得轻松了。

Writing exercise：

Dining Customs in China

写作要求：Write a composition on the topic “D ining Customs in China”. Y ou can base it on the result of your discussion. Y ou should write at least 120 words. Remember to write neatly.

[范文1]

Each country has its own peculiar dining customs. The Chinese feel that the first role of being a courteous guest is to be modest. When a person is invited to dinner, he will decline first because he is afraid it will give the host and hostess a lot of trouble preparing for it. As the host keeps in inviting him, he?ll then accept it. Usually the guest will bring some gifts to the host, such as fruit, flowers and wine. The host will immediately protest his doing so by saying, “Y ou shouldn?t have brought the gifts. Y ou are too polite and generous!”

When the guest sits down and starts chatting, the host offers something such as tea, candy and fruit. The guest always says, “No, no, please don?t bother, I am not thirsty,” or “I?ll help myself to them.”

When the dinner is ready, the guests are invited to sit down first. They sit in the chairs that are facing the south, which are considered to be honored seats. After everybody is seated, the host asks the guests to start eating first because they will not eat before the host says so. The guests often avoid being eager to eat out of politeness. They usually don?t empty the dishes to show that the host has prepared more food than enough out of their hospitality. On the other hand, the host and the hostess usually prepare a lot of food to feed their guests.

When the dinner is over, guests will offer to help with the cleaning, but of course, the host and hostess will not let them do so. Instead, they will ask the guests to watch TV, drink tea and sometimes to join a card game or Mahjong game. After some time, the guests will leave, and it is customary for the host to see the guests off. The host tries to see them off to the farthest feasible point while the guests try to discourage them from doing so. The guests will usually invite the host to their home in order to return the favor.

[范文2]

If you are a guest in China and you?re going to have dinner with the Chinese, you should learn many things about the dining customs in China.

Before the dinner begins, the guests and the host all sit at the table. Usually the hostess is busy preparing dishes and the host will chat with the guests. The dinner will begin when everybody is present.

When the dinner begins, the host says to the guests, “Please help yourselves!” the guests usually

say, “Ok! Ok!” The host starts the dinner first and the others follow. The host or hostess will bring food to the bowls of their guests to encourage them to eat as much as they can. The guests will say “No, no, you don?t have to bother”or “I?ll help myself”at the beginning and will let the host or hostess do so later on. At a Chinese table a guest should not eat too quickly to finish eating very soon. The Chinese like to talk with each other during the dinner. If someone eats without speaking to anyone else, he is considered unfriendly or impolite. So the atmosphere at the dinner table is always pleasantly noisy.

At the end of the dinner, if someone wants to leave the table, he should apologize to others for not being able to accompany them to the end and at the same time ask them to eat slowly.

These are a few dining customs in China.

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