英文附录

学院经济学院

专业经济学

班级2007级1班

指导教师于文武

学生姓名孙芹

2011年6月5日

附录

The theory of circular economy can be traced back began in the early 19th century, location theory, the classical theory of the location in the German economist Max Weber, the geographer Christaller research and development, the formation of the 20th century, 40 years a more complete theoretical system. After World War II development of circular economy development of the theory into two interrelated but distinct from both directions. First, the direction of Regional Science. It is 50 since the late 20th century to the mid-70s developed between the development of circular economy and economic geography, a new research field, is the founder Y i Sade.Regional science subjects in research to regional economic development and comprehensive organization-based, often applied econometrics, system analysis model for the preparation of the overall region. Second, the direction of Regiona l Analysis of Human Geography. It is the post-war United States Berry, Sweden, Hoerger Strand, Germany, Rattlesnake Bar, the United Kingdom Haggett so the location and geography of combination developed. The rest of it from the perspective of geography to study the structure of regional systems and the internal mechanism.Simulate and forecast regional development process. Number of commonly used statistical methods, input - output analysis, linear programming and other mathematical methods.

1957 Myrdal proposed cumulative causation theory, the role that market forces tend to widen the gap rather than narrow the gap between regions, once the gap appears, the developed areas to obtain the cumulative competitive advantage. Hirschman published in 1958 in its "economic development", a book made a similar point of view, that growth in the Regional imbalances are inevitable, the core part of the development will be through the "trickle-down effect" in some degree promote the development of the outlying areas. At the same time, labor and the rapid inflow of capital from the core area of the outlying areas, strengthen the core area of development, and expansion of regional differences play a role. Although the "trickle-down effect" works both with the polarization effect, but the market mechanism to play a dominant role under the polarization effects.

In order to solve regional problems, Western economists out of the

location of the theoretical limit, according to Keynes, starting with macroeconomic analysis method to study the regional issues, the formation of the economics of a new branch - the circular economy development, and 60,70 in the 20th century, has enjoyed rapid development, the theoretical framework of the formation of a variety of works have also come out.Which represent the meaning of the book is EM Hoover, "Introduction to the development of circular economy" (1970) and Richardson's "Introduction to the development of circular economy" (1969). Implementation of circular economy requires people to all aspects from production to consumption to change the traditional concepts, to demand from the material level, institutional level, the value of the level of implementation of comprehensive change and the need for active public participation.Currently, in Germany, Japan and the United States and other developed countries, circular economy is becoming a trend and trends.

Germany is the world's first countries to carry out the practice of circular economy, Germany, the litter problem caused by the recycling economy, focusing on waste economy. 70s of last century, and some life forms in the industrial pollution problem basically solved, brought by the increasing consumption of junk (including industrial and living areas of waste) as the biggest German domestic environmental problems.Rapid increase in the garbage, landfill covers an area of growing, off-site landfill and traffic and transportation costs to surge. According to the German Packaging Institute of Statistics, the 20th century, the mid-90s, in Germany the cost of refuse collection and burial of up to 120 million marks, in Europe there is a ten trucks in the transport of garbage. This serious problem that drives people to rethink the way of waste disposal, re-thinking economic development model. The new consensus is that the road to sustainable development, resources must be used sparingly, to be recycling waste and garbage landfill and must not be directly recycled, the resulting circular economy.

In 1996, the official word of circular economy in Germany, issued the "Circular Economy and Waste Management Act". Specified in the law to treat waste (MSW) in order: to avoid - Recycling - final disposal. The essence of the law: first, to reduce pollution from the source output, and consumption stages in the production stage to try to avoid all kinds of waste emissions; the second

is to reduce pollution at source, and consumers can not be used in packaging waste, old and other goods for recycling; third is when the pollution can not be avoided, when the waste can not be recycled, can be the ultimate environmentally sound waste treatment. T o solid waste, for example, that the way of prevention, there is a circular economy in the sub-levels of objectives: ① less waste through prevention; ② repeated use of various items as far as possible; ③ waste as much as possible material recycling and composting; ④who can not reduction, can re-use, recycling or composting waste can be incinerated or handled; ⑤ After the first four goals to meet the rest of the waste in the landfill for landfill advanced[12]. Can be seen, the German waste disposal has been raised to the height of the development of circular economy. On this basis, the German practice of circular economy to lead the world.

Circular Economy Legislation in Japan is a more perfect state. T o speed up the establishment of recycling-based ecological society, the Japanese government in 1993 issued the "Environmental Law", based on recent years and has revised the "Waste Disposal Law," "Promotion of Effective Utilization of Resources"; 1996 promulgation of the "cycle Economy and Waste Management Act ", the first regulations to avoid waste as much as possible and then recycle as much as possible, and ultimately recycling of waste that can not be disposed of. June 2, 2000 formally promulgated the "Basic Law to promote the formation of recycling society." The Act clearly stated the basic planning of recycling-based society is the basis for all state planning, and from the law provides for the priority of waste disposal, namely, the occurrence of inhibition of the waste, reuse, recycling, thermal recycling, safe disposal of [13] . 1999 June 5 World Environment Day, the Japanese government proposed to establish in Japan, "the most amount of production, the amount of consumption, minimum waste," the economy, while economic growth in order to effectively improve the environmental quality of human existence .

The United States in 1976 formulated the "Solid Waste Disposal Act" and later after several modifications. 7 more U.S. states require newsprint 40% to 50% must be made of recycled materials from the waste paper. Another example, Motorola has used CFC to clean printed circuit board after soldering, when the CFC was banned due to damage the ozone layer, after Motorola began to explore the use of new alternatives. But later proved to redesign the

entire welding system, you do not need the cleaning process, or do not need cleaning materials. According to reports, the U.S. re-use of waste materials, manufacturing of industrial enterprises reached 73,000, the total revenue in 1996 reached 53 billion U.S. dollars, far more than household appliances, furniture, audio, farm and garden equipment and other durable goods manufacturing income. Xerox revenue generated from the re-manufacturing has reached 700 million U.S. dollars, it expects to re-create it just by a new, completely re-used or recycled copier production line can be cost savings of 10 billion dollars.

T ourism in the tourist area of circular economy is to imitate natural ecosystems, according to the natural ecosystem nutrient cycling and energy flow in building economic and social system, and makes the harmonious economic and social systems to natural ecosystems into the material recycling process.production. Travel circular economy is not only a new model of economic development, but also a new harmonious relationship between man and nature. Travel requirements of circular economy in an environmentally friendly use of natural resources and environmental capacity, ecological economic activity. T ourism development of circular economy is to achieve economic development and environmental protection tour win to ensure the sustainable development of tourism economy the fundamental method.Dimension of the loop between industries and the perspective of society as a whole cycle of the three different dimensions to consider recycling economy development model. Of the national recycling economy development model should take into account the regional focus of the Endowments, differences in economic development constraints. In addition, the advanced production factors and the traditional factors of production space in the uneven performance of different makes of modern industry in the horizontal interacting with each other. According to "gradient theory" of specific areas of modern industry has a strong adhesive, not the entire industry or move drop points throughout the country moving mobile but localized points, hori zontal block movement, lateral movement of industry. Therefore, establishment of recycling economy development model at the time also need to consider industrial integration between the industry cycle pattern. Overall, according to the relative backwardness of the region, the characteristics of the economy is

relatively developed, the development of circular economy should be government-led development of circular economy should give full play to the role. T ourism is a sunrise industry. The rapid development in today's society today, tourism is not only the lives of people more and more important impact, and the development of the national economy plays an important role in promoting. The overall competitiveness of the tourism industry in a region will determine the strength of the development of tourism in the region. After 20 years of development, the tourism industry, tourism resources general tourism development into the current system of circular economy development, so that greatly increase the proportion of tourism economy, tourism has become a regional growth point of national economy and competitive industries, and further to the pillar industries rise.

附录

循环经济发展的理论渊源可以追溯到19世纪初开始的区位理论，古典的区位论在德国经济学家韦伯、地理学家克里斯·泰勒的研究发展下，到20世纪30年代形成较为完整的理论体系。第二次世界大战之后，循环经济发展的理论的发展形成了两个相互联系而又有所区别的两个方向。一是区域科学方向。它是自20世纪50年代末至70年代中期发展起来的介于循环经济发展和经济地理学的一个新的研究领域，创始人是艾萨德。区域科学的研究对象主要以区域经济综合开发和组织为主，常应用计量经济学、系统分析的方法编制区域的总体模型。二是人文地理学的区域分析方向。它是战后美国的贝里、瑞典的赫格尔斯特兰、德国的巴尔特尔斯、英国的哈格特等把区位论与地理研究结合而发展起来的。它从地理其余的角度，考察区域系统的结构和内部机制。模拟和预测区域的发展过程。常用的方法为数量统计、投入——产出分析、线性规划等数学方法。

1957年缪尔达尔提出了累积因果论，指出市场力的作用倾向于扩大差距而不是缩小地区之间的差距，一旦差距出现，则发达地区获得累积的竞争优势。赫希曼在其1958年出版的《经济发展》一书中也提出了类似的观点，认为增长在区际不平衡现象是不可避免的，核心部分的发展会通过“涓滴效应”在某种程度上带动外围地区的发展。与此同时，劳动力与资本从外围地区迅速流入核心区，加强核心区的发展，又起着扩大地区差异的作用。虽然“涓滴效应”与极化效应同时起作用，但在市场机制作用下极化效应起支配作用。要改变状况，缩小地区差距，唯一可行的方法是加强国家的干预，采取各种有效的经济政策扶持落后地区的发展。

为了解决区域问题，西方经济学家们跳出区位论的理论限制，根据凯恩斯的理论，开始用宏观经济学的分析方法来研究区域问题，形成了经济学的一门新的分支学科——循环经济发展，并在20世纪60、70年代获得了迅速的发展，理论框架初步形成，各种著述也相继问世。其中有代表意义的著作是E.M.胡佛的《循环经济发展导论》(1970年)和理查森的《循环经济发展概论》(1969年)。循环经济的实施要求人们从生产到消费各个环节改变传统观念，要求社会从物质层面、体制层面、价值层面实行全方位的变革，并需要公众的积极参与。目前，在德国、日本和美国等发达国家，循环经济正在成为一股潮流和趋势。

德国是世界上最早开展循环经济实践的发达国家，德国的循环经济由垃圾问题引起，重点是垃圾经济。上个世纪70年代，在工业和部分生活型污染问题基本得到解决后，由消费所带来的日益增多的垃圾（包括工业和生活领域的废弃物）成为德国面临的最大国内环境问题。由于垃圾迅速增加，填埋场占地日益扩大，

异地掩埋又使运输量和运输费用猛增。据德国包装研究院统计，20世纪90年代中期，德国为收集和掩埋垃圾的费用高达120亿马克，在欧洲十个货车中就有一个是运输垃圾的。这一严重问题趋使人们重新思考对废弃物处理的方式，重新思考经济发展的模式。新的共识是必须走可持续发展的路子，资源必须节约使用，废弃物必须再资源化，垃圾不能直接填埋而必须循环再利用，由此产生了循环经济。

1996年，循环经济一词正式出现在德国颁布的《循环经济和废弃物管理法》中。这部法律中规定的对待废弃物（垃圾）的顺序依次为：避免产生——循环利用——最终处置。该法的要义：一是从源头上减少污染产生量，在生产阶段和消费阶段要尽量避免各种废弃物的排放；二是对于在源头不能削减的污染和消费者使用的包装废弃物、旧货等进行回收利用；三是当污染无法避免、废弃物无法回收利用时，才可以将最终废弃物进行环境无害化处理。以固体废弃物为例，这种预防为主的方式在循环经济中有一个分层次的目标：①通过预防减少废弃物的产生；②各种物品应尽可能多次使用；③尽可能使废弃物资源化和堆肥；④对于无法减少、无法再使用、无法再循环或堆肥的废弃物进行焚烧或处理；⑤在前四个目标满足之后剩下的废弃物在先进的填埋场进行填埋[12]。可见，德国已将废弃物处理提高到发展循环经济的高度。在此基础上，德国的循环经济实践走在世界前列。

日本是循环经济立法较为完善的国家。为了加快循环型生态社会的建立，日本政府在1993年颁布《环境基本法》的基础上，近年来又先后修改了《废物处理法》、《资源有效利用促进法》；1996年颁布实施的《循环经济与废物管理法》，该法规首先尽可能避免产生废物，然后尽可能循环使用，最终对无法循环使用的废物进行处置。2000年6月2日正式颁布了《循环型社会形成推进基本法》。该法明确提出了循环型社会基本规划是国家一切规划的基础，并从法律上规定了废物处理的优先顺序，即废物的发生抑制、再使用、循环再利用、热回收、安全处置[13]。1999年的6月5日世界环境日，日本政府提出了要在日本建立起“最适量生产、最适量消费、最小量废弃”的经济模式，以在经济增长的同时切实提高人类生存的环境质量。

美国1976年就制定了《固体废弃物处置法》，后又经过多次修改。美国7个以上的州规定新闻纸的40%～50%必须使用由废纸制成的再生材料。再如，摩托罗拉公司曾用CFC来清洗焊接后的印刷线路板，当CFC因为危害臭氧层而被查禁后，摩托罗拉公司开始探索使用新的替代物。但是后来证明，重新设计整个焊接系统，就不需要清洗过程或者根本不需要清洗物质。据报道，美国利用废旧材料的再制造工业企业已达73000家，1996年的总收入已经达到530亿美元，

大大超过了家用电器、家具、音响、农场和园艺设备等耐用消费品制造业的收入。施乐公司从再制造产生的收益已高达7亿美元，它期望仅仅通过再制造它的新的、完全可再使用的或再循环的复印机生产线就可以再节省10亿美元的成本。

旅游循环经济是在旅游区内模仿自然生态系统，按照自然生态系统物质循环和能量流动规律构建经济社会系统，并使得经济社会系统和谐地纳入到自然生态系统的物质循环过程中。旅游循环经济是旅游从人、自然资源和科学技术的更大系统来分析经济社会发展问题；是对旅游内同一资源多次使用、提高资源效率、循环使用，依靠这种新的生产方式来增加生产。旅游循环经济不仅是一种全新的经济发展模式，更是一种新型的人与自然和谐的关系。旅游循环经济要求以环境友好的方式利用自然资源和环境容量，实现经济活动的生态化。发展旅游循环经济是实现旅游经济发展和生态环境保护双赢，确保旅游经济可持续发展的根本方法。产业之间循环的维度以及社会整体循环的角度这三种不同维度考虑循环经济的发展模式。探讨国家循环经济的发展模式时应重点考虑各区域禀赋资源，经济发展约束差异。另外，高级生产要素和传统生产要素在不同空间的不均匀表现使得现代产业在横向上相互交融。根据“梯度理论”现代产业对特定的区域具有强烈的粘着性，其移动不是整个产业或整个国家丢分移动而是局部得分移动，横块的移动，横向产业的移动。因此，在确立循环经济发展模式的时候还需要考虑产业融合对产业之间循环模式的影响。总体来说，根据各地区相对落后，经济相对发达的特点，发展循环经济应以政府为主导，发展循环经济应充分发挥的作用。旅游业是朝阳产业。在当今社会快速发展的今天，旅游不但对人的生活产生越来越重要的影响，而且对国民经济的发展起着重要的推动作用。一个地区旅游业整体竞争力的强弱直接决定了该地区旅游业的发展。经过20多年的发展，旅游资源普通的旅游产业发展成现在的旅游循环经济发展体系，使旅游经济比例大幅度提升，旅游业已成为各地区国民经济新的增长点和优势产业，并进一步向支柱产业攀升。

考研英语大纲附录3常用前后缀

附录3常用的前缀和后缀，部分国家（或地区）、语言、国民及国籍表，洲名及常见缩写词 一、常用的前缀和后缀 1、常用前缀 aero-：concerning the air of aircraft plane-aeroplane 飞机 space-aerospace 航空空间 anti-：against；opposite of nuclear-antinuclear 反对核武器的 matter-antimatter反物质 war-antiwar反战的 auto-：of or by oneself biography传记–autobiography自传criticism批评-autocriticism自我反省 be-：to treat as the stated thing friend-befriend以朋友的方式对待；照顾little-belittle使显得微小，轻视、贬低 bi-：two；twice；double lingual-bilingual 双语的；人 cycle-bicycle bio-：concerning living things chemistry-biochemistry生化 sphere-biosphere 生物圈 by-，bye-：less important produce-by-produce way-byway偏僻小路；学科的次要领域，冷门 centi-：hundredth part grade-centigrade ?摄氏 meter-centimeter 厘米 co-：together，with author-coauthor合著者，合著 exist-coexist 同时共存、和平共处 col-：( used before l ) together，with location-collocation排列，配置，词的搭配com-：( used before b，m，p ) together，with passion-compassion 怜悯、同情 con-：together，with centric-concentric同一中心的、同轴federation-confederation结盟同盟，联邦contra-：opposite diction-contradiction 矛盾、否定反驳natural-contranatural违背自然的 cor-：( used before r ) together，with relate-correlate 有相关性 respond-correspond 相符合相一致，相当类似通信 counter-：opposite act-counteract 对抗、抵消 attack-counterattack 反攻、反击 cross-：across；going between the stated things and joining them country-crosscountry越野的 breed-crossbreed杂种，使杂交 de-：showing an opposite；to remove；to reduce code-decode 译码、解码、分析电子信号value-devalue 贬值，贬低 dis-：not；the opposite of advantage-disadvantage 不利、劣势、短处agree-disagree不同意、不一致、不适合honest-dishonest 不诚实、不老实 em-：( used before b，m，p ) to cause to become body-embody 表现、象征；包括、包含power-empower 授权、准许 en-：to cause to become；to make danger-endanger 危及、使遭受危险 large-enlarge 扩大、扩充放大 ex-：former ( and still living ) minister-ex-minister v辅助; 服侍,部长 wife-ex-wife 前妻 extra-：outside；beyond curricular-extracurricular 学校课程以外的ordinary-extraordinary 奇怪；特别；额外，临时 fore-：in advance，before；in or at the front arm-forearm前臂，预先武装 warn-forewarn 预先警告；事先告知 il-：( used before l ) not legal-illegal 非法 literate-illiterate 目不识丁、文盲的 im-：( used before b，m，p ) not moral-immoral 不道德、邪恶；放荡的possible-impossible 不可能、办不到的；很难接受 in-：not

英文论文写作方法

1. Introduction： A. 如何指出当前研究的不足并有目的地引导出自己研究的重要性？ 在叙述前人成果之后，用However来引导不足，提出一种新方法或新方向。如：However, little information(little attention/little work/little data/little research……)(or few studies/few investigations/few researchers/few attempts……)(or no/none of these studies……)has(have)been done on(focused on/attempted to/conducted/investigated/studied(with respect to))。如：Previous research (studies, records) has (have) failed to consider/ ignored/ misinterpreted/ neglected to/overestimated, underestimated/misleaded. thus, these previus results are inconclisive, misleading, unsatisfactory, questionable, controversial. Uncertainties (discrepancies) still exist…… 研究方法和方向与前人一样时，可通过以下方式强调自己工作：However, data is still scarce(rare, less accurate)or there is still dearth of……We need to(aim to, have to) provide more documents(data, records, studies, increase the dataset). Further studies are still necessary(essential)…… 强调自己研究的重要性，一般还要在However之前介绍与自己研究问题相反或相关的问题。比如：(1)时间问题；(2)研究手段问题；(3)研究区域问题；(4)不确定性；(5)提出自己的假设来验证。 如果你研究的问题在时间上比较新，你可大量提及时间较老问题的研究及重要性，然后(However)表明“对时间尺度比较新的问题研究不足”； 如果你的是一种新的研究手段或研究方向，你可提出当前流行的方法及其物质性质，然后(However)说对你所研究的方向方法研究甚少； 如果研究涉及区域问题，就先总结相邻区域或其它区域的研究，然后(However)强调这一区域的研究不足； 虽然前人对某一问题研究很多，但目前有两种或更多种观点，这种uncertanties或ambiguities 值得进一步澄清； 如果自己的研究是全是新的，没有前人的工作可对比，你就可以自信地说“根据假设提出的过程，存在这种可能的结果，本文就是要证实这种结果”等等。We aim to test the feasibility (reliability) of the……It is hoped that the question will be resolved (fall away) with our proposed method (approach). B. 提出自己的观点：We aim to//This paper reports on//This paper provides results//This paper extends the method//This paper focus on……The purpose of this paper is to……Furthermore, Moreover, In addition, we will also discuss…… C. 圈定自己的研究范围：introduction的另一个作用就是告诉读者(包括reviewer)，你文章的主要研究内容。如果处理不好，reviewer会提出严厉的建议，比如你没有考虑某种可能性，某种研究手段等。为减少这种争论，在前言的结尾就必须明确提出本文研究的范围： (1)时间尺度； (2) 研究区域等。如涉及较长的时序，你可明确提出本文只关心某一特定时间范围的问题，We preliminarily focus on the older (younger)……如有两种时间尺度(long-term and short term)，你可说两者都重要，但是本文只涉及其中一种。研究区域的问题，和时间问题一样，也需明确提出你只关心某一特定区域！ D. 最后的原场：在前言的最后，还可以总结性地提出“这一研究对其它研究有什么帮助”；或者说further studies on……will be summarized in our next study (or elsewhere)。总之，其目的就是让读者把思路集中到你要讨论的问题上来。尽量减少不必要的争论(arguments)。 2. Discussion：

附录1常用基本词汇表

附录1 常用基本词汇表 英文名词中文名词解释 A（Adenine）腺嘌呤作为碱基的两种嘌呤中的一种。 active site活化位点蛋白质三维表面催化作用发生的区域。 alignment比对为了确定两个同源核酸或蛋白质序列的累计差 异而进行的配对称为比对。 alignment of alignments比对的比对即比对的对象不是简单的序列，而是序列的比 对。 alleles等位基因一个基因的不同版本。 alpha carbonα碳在氨基酸中与侧链（R-基团）相连的中心碳原子。 alternative splicing可变剪接从一个单独的hnRNA生成两个或多个mRNA 分子的过程。 amino terminus (N-terminal)氨基端（N端）在一个多肽中，具有自由氨基的分子端，对应 于基因的5’-端。 anti-parallel反向平行表示相反的方向；在双链DNA中，这意味着如果 一条链是5' 到3'的，则其互补链方向是3' 到 5'的。 backbone (of an amino acid) （氨基酸的）骨架包含一个氨基，一个α碳和一个羧酸或羧基。base pair 碱基对（1）在双链DNA中嘌呤和嘧啶之间的相互作用 （特别指A和T之间，G和C之间）；（2）双链 DNA序列长度的基本单位。 beta turnsβ转角在反向平行的β折叠片中，当β链反转方向的时 候蛋白质内部形成的U型结构。 Bioinformatics 生物信息学应用信息科学的理论、方法和技术，管理、分析 和利用生物分子数据。 Biocomputing生物计算本书中特指用计算机技术分析和处理生物分子 数据。

英语论文写作

外国语学院教案 班级：20080311-6 教师：王进军 课程：英语科研方法与论文写作2010-2011学年第2学期

School of Foreign Languages 外国语学院 Teaching Plan教案 Chapter 8 Chapter 8 Front matter and back matter (continued) ● Teaching objectives Focus on How to design the cover of your paper? How to produce the prospectus of your paper? How to document the outline page and the abstract page? How to give your paper a title? How to express your acknowledgement to those who help you with your research? How to make notes? How to add an appendix to your paper? How to document all the materials of the final draft of your paper? How to prepare yourself for the oral defense of your paper? ● Teaching aids PPT, Video, testing sheets ● Teaching procedures After finishing the final draft of your paper, you are supposed to do or provide with several additional things, including acknowledgement, notation, appendixes, the final bibliography or references, the final typescript, and the verbal defense for your paper. Step One: acknowledgement If you get some support from somebody or some organization in your carrying out your project or if you accept some help from somebody in your research and writhing your paper, you should express your thanks to the organizat6ion or the person. The thanks are usually given to: (1)the sponsor who gives a certain amount of financial assistance to your project (2)the instructor who gives you in your project or research and writing the paper (3)the teacher(s) and your classmates who once gave you suggestions or advice on your project or research

英文附录

学院经济学院 专业经济学 班级2007级1班 指导教师于文武 学生姓名孙芹 2011年6月5日

附录 The theory of circular economy can be traced back began in the early 19th century, location theory, the classical theory of the location in the German economist Max Weber, the geographer Christaller research and development, the formation of the 20th century, 40 years a more complete theoretical system. After World War II development of circular economy development of the theory into two interrelated but distinct from both directions. First, the direction of Regional Science. It is 50 since the late 20th century to the mid-70s developed between the development of circular economy and economic geography, a new research field, is the founder Y i Sade.Regional science subjects in research to regional economic development and comprehensive organization-based, often applied econometrics, system analysis model for the preparation of the overall region. Second, the direction of Regiona l Analysis of Human Geography. It is the post-war United States Berry, Sweden, Hoerger Strand, Germany, Rattlesnake Bar, the United Kingdom Haggett so the location and geography of combination developed. The rest of it from the perspective of geography to study the structure of regional systems and the internal mechanism.Simulate and forecast regional development process. Number of commonly used statistical methods, input - output analysis, linear programming and other mathematical methods. 1957 Myrdal proposed cumulative causation theory, the role that market forces tend to widen the gap rather than narrow the gap between regions, once the gap appears, the developed areas to obtain the cumulative competitive advantage. Hirschman published in 1958 in its "economic development", a book made a similar point of view, that growth in the Regional imbalances are inevitable, the core part of the development will be through the "trickle-down effect" in some degree promote the development of the outlying areas. At the same time, labor and the rapid inflow of capital from the core area of the outlying areas, strengthen the core area of development, and expansion of regional differences play a role. Although the "trickle-down effect" works both with the polarization effect, but the market mechanism to play a dominant role under the polarization effects. In order to solve regional problems, Western economists out of the

英语八上附录

八上附录：语言提示 M1 如何学英语 为什么不把错误记在我们的笔记本上呢？ 为什么不在公园里散散步？ 我们为什么不开车去乡下？ 去欧洲度假怎么样？ 我会把价钱记在一张纸上。 为什么不把你的想法记在笔记本上？ 而且不要忘记把正确答案写在所犯错误的旁边。还有吗？ 我们已经道过谦了，还能说些什么呢？ 如果我不能相信你，还能相信谁呢？ 许多学生询求关于怎样提高英语（水平）的建议。我想问问（应该）住在哪儿。 我喜欢看英语电影和听英语歌曲…… 我的朋友托尼喜欢踢足球和旅行。 我还建议你和朋友们谈谈(所看的)电影或（所听的）歌曲。 汤姆建议劳拉去欧洲。 我建议他离开那家工厂。 M2我的家乡和国家 ……它（深圳）只是在20世纪80年代才变得重要起来。 这些歌手在20世纪60年代很受欢迎。 我来自剑桥，一座位于英格兰东部的美丽城市。它（剑桥）位于康河河畔，人口约为12万。 加拿大的人口是多少？ 中国的人口庞大。 我的家乡尤以它的大学而闻名。 中国以长城而闻名。 法国以它的美食和葡萄酒而闻名。 M3运动 比分是多少？西班牙（队）一分钟前得分了。 经过两小时二十分钟的比赛，最终比分为三 比二。 阿森纳（队）在比赛的最后一分钟进了一球。 语言使用指南 M1一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时 我总是骑自行车上学。（表习惯性的行为） 我想记住所有的生词。（表意愿） 我想我们做不到。（表声明） 这里是三个基本问题。（表实际的情况）地球绕着太阳转。（表客观真理） 玲玲犯了一个语法错误。（表过去发生的事情） 假期里我看了一部非常好的电影。（表过去发生的事情） 萨姆在信里写了什么？（表过去发生的事情） 这五件事都上了报纸吗？（表过去的状态） 我们将讨论学习英语的好方法。（表将来的动作）我将在笔记本上把它记下来。（表将来的动作） 报纸上会有什么（新闻）？（表将来的状态） 她在给谁写电子邮件？（表目前正在进行的动作）你（们）在做什么？（表目前正在进行的动作）今年你（们）学习英语吗？（表现阶段的情况） M2形容词比较级（1） 上海比杭州繁华。 伦敦比剑桥大。 上海比深圳历史悠久。 汤姆比我儿子高。 有一天它（深圳）将会变得和香港一样繁忙。 昨天我和约翰一样高兴。 她不像以前那样热衷运动了。 M3形容词比较级（2）、副词的基本用法和副词比较级 在很多国家，足球比棒球流行。 没有什么比打网球更令人愉快的了。 冬季训练（要比夏季训练）难度更大。 我是校队成员，我们下周将要和另一个学校比赛。今晚德国（队）将与巴西（队）争夺世界杯冠军。我们将与敌人交战。 他们强烈反对这个主意。 你（们）是同意还是反对我的提议？ ……以便我们有时间热身。 请把收音机调大点儿声，以便爷爷/姥爷能听清楚。我们把家搬到离父母家很近的地方，以便每天都能去看看他们。 赛跑选手正在做赛前热身。 如果运动之前不做准备活动，你可能会受伤。 这意味着我们有更大的获胜机会。

美国药典(USP34)附录-115英文

115DEXPANTHENOL ASSAY The following procedure is provided for the determination of dexpanthenol as an ingredient of multiple-vitamin preparations. It is applicable also to the determination of the dextrorotatory component of racemic panthenol and of other mixtures containing dextrorotatory panthenol. Media may be prepared as described hereinafter, or dehydrated mixtures yielding similar formulations may be used provided that, when reconstituted as directed by the manufacturer or distributor, they have growth-promoting properties equal to or superior to those obtained from the formulas given herein. USP Reference Standards 11—USP Dexpanthenol RS. Standard Stock Solution of Dexpanthenol— Dissolve an accurately weighed quantity of USP Dexpanthenol RS in water, dilute with water to obtain a solution having a known concentration of about 800 μg per mL, and mix. Store in a refrigerator, protected from light, and use within 30 days. Standard Preparation— On the day of the assay, prepare a water dilution of the Standard Stock Solution of Dexpanthenol to contain 1.2 μg of dexpanthenol per mL. Assay Preparation— Proceed as directed in the individual monograph for preparing a solution expected to contain approximately the equivalent of the dexpanthenol concentration in the Standard Preparation. Modified Pantothenate Medium— Acid-Hydrolyzed Casein Solution 25 mL Cystine–Tryptophane Solution 25 mL

英文论文写作规范

英文论文写作规范 1.论文版面要求 1.1.页面设置 论文必须统一使用word排版（Word2003或Word2007）,并在上传论文时在文档命名中注明使用版本。纸张统一使用A4纸，页面设置信息：上2.54cm；下3.05cm；左2.54cm；右2.54cm。页面中不允许出现页眉页脚和脚注信息。 1.2. 标点 论文中所有标点符号后面必须空一格（即：A+标点+空格+B），括号前后也必须空一格（即：A+空格+左括号+括号内容+右括号+空格+B）。 1.3. 语言及整体格式 论文撰写语言为英文，文中不得出现中文、日文等其他语言文字（部分风景图可以存在非英文字，但必须对图片有解释内容）。论文字体设置为Times New Roman，行距设置为单倍行距，字符间距设置为标准（字符间距默认状态下为标准，一般不用特意修改）。 1.4. 正文 1.4.1. 标题 一、二、三级标题统一使用阿拉伯数字编号，标题单词的首字母大写，标题编号后加“.”。如：1. Introduction；2.1. Formatting paper；3.1.2. Main text。 1.4. 2. 图和表 a)文章中出现的表格的标题需居中并置于表格上方，而图的标题应居中放在图的下方；表和图不得随意分割；表及图的长宽不得超过页边距。 b)图、表应分别使用阿拉伯数字顺序编号，居中设置与正文间距统一设置为10磅。 c)图、表标题应设置为10号Helvetica字体，加粗；图、表编号设置为9号Helvetica 字体，不加粗；图、表标题仅首字母大写；表头设置为8号字体加粗；表格内容设置为常规8号字体。 1.4.3. 公式 论文公式应使用公式编辑器编辑，并统一编号（1）、（2）、（3）……，编号应在该栏中设置为右对齐。 1.5. 参考文献 参考文献的序号按照引用文献在论文中出现的先后顺序连续编号[1]、[2] ……（选中所有文献右击选择“编号”），不能遗漏或颠倒；每篇参考文献至少在正文中出现一次；同一参考文献使用相同编码（即第一次引用时的编码）。在论文中引用参考文献时，用上标的形式（选中编码右击鼠标，选择“字体”，在效果中选择“上标”）随后附上所引用文献在参考文献中的编号。文献不可以为尾注形式。

附录3 英文目录示例

附录3 英文目录示例 CONTENTS（新罗马2号字，大写，加粗，居中） （Abstract in Chinese、Acknowledgement等和 一级标题为新罗马5号字粗体，二级标题为新罗马5号字） Abstract in Chinese....................................................................................................................... I Abstract in English (Ⅱ) 1.Introduction (1) 1.1 Aims of research (1) 1.2 Total document (2) 1.2.1 Concept of soilless culture (2) 2.Materials and Methods (14) 2.1 Materials and methods in sugar beet with different soilless culture (14) 2.1.1 Experimental materials (14) 2.1.2 Experimental methods (14) 2.2 Materials and methods on the effect of environmental factors to NR and GS activators in sugar beet seedling with soilless culture (15) 2.2.1 Experimental materials (15) 2.2.2 Experimental methods (16) 2.2.3 Determination methods (18) 3.Results analysis (20) 3.1 The compare to different methods in soilless culture (20) 3.1.1 The compare to the viability rate of sugar beet seedling trasplated with difficlt methods in soilless cuture (20) 3.1.2 The change tendencies of nitratase during seeding of sugar beet without different methods of cultivation without soil (20) 3.2 The controlling law of N、T、Mg2+、pH to the NR vitality in sugar beet leaf during with soilless culture (26) 3.2.1 Model build (26) 3.2.2 Monofactorial effector analysis (28) 3.3 The controlling law of N、T、Mg2+、pH to the GS vitality in sugar beet root during with soilless culture (33) 3.3.1 Model build (34) 3.3.2 Monofactorial effector analysis (35) 4.Discussion (48) 4.1 The compare to different methods in soilless culture (48) 4.1.1 The compare to the viability rate of sugar beet seedling trasplated with difficlt methods in soilless cuture (48) 4.1.2 The change of NR and GS during seedling of sugar beet trasplated with difficult methods in soilless culture (48) 4.2 The effect of environmental factors to NR and GS activators in sugar beet seedling with soilless culture (50) 4.2.1 The effect of N to the enzyme activator in sugar beet (50)

附录VI地质英语常用前缀

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目的是证实该研究问题的重要性。如这一类问题造成的损失很严重，因此研究这一问题很重要。 2.2 Research problem： 在上述的这一大研究背景下，要做什么问题（或者方面）的研究；在上述的这一大研究背景下，这一研究可以在哪些方面解决现存的实际问题。 2.3 研究现状： 别人已经做了哪些东西，别人已经做过什么，发现了什么样的问题？ 2.4现存的研究有什么问题与不足： 别人有什么没有做过？为什么别人没有做得更好？并说明这些研究不足会带来严重后果。 2.5本研究的目标（objective）和研究范围（scope）： 本研究弥补这些问题中（这些没做过或者做过没做好的问题中）的哪些不足，采用什么研究方法去弥补不足。陈述本项研究的范围局限，并高度概括本论文研究结论。 2.6文章结构：本论文的后续部分的基本内容架构。 3. Literature review 目的：Literature review证明与说明两件事情：一是研究目标的设定是有意义的；二是你在本研究中采用的方法是可靠的、有效的。 包括三个层次的内容：

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