考试段落总结(研究生英语多维教程熟谙)

Un itl 从能力到责任

When today ' s highhool seniors are asked what they plan to do after graduates , most say that

they intend to get a bachelor ' s degree. They have been told that their generation has only way to win

getting at least at least a bachelor ' s degree, in the hoeeehtutatlwil l ead

to a professi onal job.

In a recen t survey of high-school seniors con ducted by the Nati on Cen ter for Educati on Statistics,

85 percent of the respondents said they planned to get a bachelor 'degree. And, although 20 years ago

only 45 percent of high-school graduates went on to college, today 68 percent actually matriculate （注

册）,with the majority enrolling in four-year or two-year programs designed to allow them transfer to

four-year institutions.

According to conventional wisdom, the rapid rise in the number of students attending college is cause

for national celebration. But our research suggests that, intend it may be cause for national concern.

Why? Because for many young peo ple, the “ one way to win ”例子id）gm （ not realistic , give n

their academic tale nts and the labor-market project ions. Stude nts ranking below the top third of their

s degre high- school graduating class too often fail to earn as bachelor if they enroll in college. The cost of such

failure -n both dollars and unmet expectations -is rising and begi nning to erode public con fide nee in

our system of high education .

A 1. （Arnod Toynbee has said that all progress …）德.汤说过，一切进步，一切发

展均来自挑战及由此引起的反应。没有挑战就没有反应，没有发展，没有自由。所以，我们首先应该在

我们孩子的能力允许的范围内为他们开设最严格最富有挑战性的课程。

2. （The seco nd opportu nity we can give our

boys …）我们可以向我们的孩子提供第二个

机会是允许他们有失败的权力。德.纽伊写道：“不仅是一种特权，也是一种考验。”如果

没有人可以失败，那它算什么考验，算什么自由呢？美国可以向所有在高中读者完四年课程而不管其是

否取得任何明显收获的学生发放毕业文凭的日子已经一去不复返了。我们现在生

活在一个外变得很狭隘的世界里，们必须同对现实保持警觉，有所认识；而现实主义要求树

立一个要么成功要么失败的标准。这些话听起来很刺耳，但都是残酷的事实。如果我们剥夺

了孩子的失败权力，实际上我们就剥夺了他们如实地认识世界的机会。

B 1.（如今的大学生，尽管他们努力的想使自己成才，但对未来还是很模糊的）Today's

uni versity stude nts are struggli ng to establish themselves, but they still have ambiguous feeli ngs

about their future.

2. （一个人如果不能找到自我以外的中心，就不能实现它的自我价值。所以，理想的本科

教育必须使学生超越自我）A man cannot find himself without finding a center beyond hi. So the

idealism of the un dergraduate experie nee must help the stude nt transcend himself.

3. （我们强烈的希望在大学所学到的知识在今后的工作与学习中能起到重要的作用）We

eagerly hope that the lessons leaned in the university will reveal themselves in

our performa nee in the workplace and further educati on.

4. （四年的本科学习是走向成功生活的唯一道路，这种说法是无法接受的）It cann ot go

un challe nged to say that the 4-year un dergraduate experie nee is the only path to success in life.

5. （在对一个关键的问题做结论时，如果只相信所谓的专家而不相信自己，不根据调查的

结果，不根据实验的数据，那是在冒险）We run the risk of making critical decisions,

not on the basis of what we know, the findings of investigations, and the data of

experime nts, but on the basis of bli nd faith in professed experts.

6. （我们的事业需要一批受过良好教育又能关心他人的年轻人，他们能团结一致，相互学

习，积极参加四化建设）Our task n eeds a large group of well-i nformed, cari ng young people who can band together, learn from each other, and actively participate in the four moder ni zati ons.

7. （如果这所新学校要有生命力的话，它培养的学生不仅要有扎实的基础和熟练的专业技

能，还要有奉献精神）If it is to endure, the new school should help the students not

only acquire a sold basic educati on and become compete nt in a specific field, but also be ready to commit themselves to others.

8. （如果大学生对考试过于投入，就有可能把能力与奉献放到次要的地位，这样说一点也

不过分）It is not too muchto say that if undergraduates excessively devote themselves to exam in ati ons, the will push compete nee and commitme nt to the frin ges.

9. （我甚至没有跟他说话，当然更不用说与他讨论有关你们学校的改建问题）I did n't

even speak to him; much less discuss the recon struct ion of your school with him.

10. （有人认为考试是很重要的，但也有人认为考试有不少弊端。所以考试留下了一个未

能解决的问题---考试对教育有什么影响？）Some people think examinations are second

to non e,but someth ink exam in ati ons have a lot of disadva ntages. Exam in ati ons leave us an ope n esse ntial questi on --- what in flue nee do exam in ati ons exert on educati on?

Unit 2家庭企业：下一代的前景

E. A small family-ow ned compa ny, Eisai, was one of the orig inal manu facturers of vitamin E,

and it main tai ned a strong research commitme nt to n atural pharmaceuticals. Over the years, it developed drugs for the treatment of cardiovascular, respiratory, and neurological diseases. The company experienced steady. Modest growth, and in 1992 sales reached 197 billion yen and profits approached 13 billion yen. Although it was the sixth-largest Japanese pharmaceutical company, Eisai was a relatively small player in an industry in which global competition was increasing while growth in the domestic market was slowing down.

In 1993, Haruo Naito took over as preside nt from his father. Before that, he had chaired Eisai' five-year strategic planning committee. During that time, he had become convinced that the compa ny's focus on the discovery and manu facture of pharmaceuticals was not susta in able for Ion g-term growth aga inst large, global competitors. Two years after beco ming preside nt, Naito formulated a radical new vision for Eisai that he called Human Health Care. It extended the company's focus from manufacturing drug treatments for specific illness to improving the overall quality of life. To accomplish that mission, Eisai developed a wide array of new products. And that, in turn, would require broad involvement and commitment. He encouraged innovative activity and created an environment in which employees' efforts would be accepted and rewarded . Soon there were proposals for 130 additional HHC projects and by the end of 1996, in the Japanese domestic pharmaceutical industry, and Eisai ' customers and competitors view the compa ny as a leader in health care.

A

1. （Ow ners/fo un ders are extremely drive n and dyn amic. Ofte n they …）业主/ 企业创建者不仅进取

心强，而且精力充沛。他们往往擅长于多种技能。在很多情况之下，他们即是生产专家又是

营销天才或经验丰富的金融家。要接替他们的工作则需要很多的人。因此家庭企业主应当通

过制定组织机构图来明确规定该企业怎样运作。参予交接过程的每个主要成员也应当制定他

们自己的组织构图。然后，?对它们进行比较。各机构之间的不同点将表明管理体制上的差异、存在误会的主要方面及观念上分歧。

2. （Fe w bus in esses,eve n family bus in esses, grow without the help …）没有忠心耿耿雇员，很少企业能够发展壮大，即使是家庭企业也是如此。这些尽职的雇员多半担任了主要管理职务。因此，应当将关于产业继承的长远计划随时通报给他们，而主要的企业管理人员必须清楚知道

他们在产业交接管理机构中的职责。改进企业的劳保福利制度以吸引和留住主要部门经理，激发他们的积极性，使他们能为企业和业主的最大利益而工作。

B

1. （他不但是位出色的银行家和公认的贸易专家，而且还是位经验丰富的企业主管）He is an experie need ban ker and an ack no wledged trade expert, not to men ti on an excelle nt man agi ng director.

2. （意大利一个和平组织的志愿者不顾危险，已开赴伊拉克首都巴格达，组成“人体盾牌”以阻止美国轰炸该地[Regardless of dan ger, volun teers from an Italia n organi zati on for peace have gone to Baghdad, the capital of Iraq, to form a "body shield" for the purpose of preve nting

the US from bombing the place.

3. （在这个家庭里，没有人比朱迪更能致力于经营房地产生意）Nobody in the family is more dedicated to operati ng the real estate bus in ess tha n Judy.

4. （由于经济不景气，房地产经纪人正处于或降低房价或减少销售量的两难境地[Because of

the econo mic depressi on, real estate age nts are in the dilemma of whether to lower prices or let sales fall off.

5. （史密斯先生往往靠慎重投资而获取巨额利润）More often than not, Mr. Smith earns great profits by careful in vestme nt of his capital.

6. （约翰在学校里各门功课的成绩都不怎么样，但在体育方面倒是身手不凡）John did n ot make much of a mark in his studies at school, but he excelled at sports.

7. （有条不紊的职责交接是家庭企业长期繁荣的一个条件）Ordrly transition of responsibilities

is a con diti on for the Ion g-ra nge prosperity of a family bus in ess.

8. （在制定投资计划之前，你最好对投资前景有个清楚的了解）You had better have a clear picture of prospects before formulati ng a pla n for in vestme nt.

9. （尽管雕塑费时，但是仍有一些人以雕塑为职业[Although sculpture is a time-co nsumi ng art, there are still some people follow ing it as a professi on.

10. （这家电脑软件公司正处于从独资经营到合资经营的转化过程中）The software compa ny is

in the midst of being tran sformed from an in dividual proprietorship to a joint ven ture.

Un it3 美国人的酷爱

E. Today it can be said that wheels run America. The four rubber tires of the automobile move America though work and pay. Wheels spin, and people drive off to their jobs. Tires turn, and people shop for the week 'food at the big supermarket.

Down the highway. Hubcaps whirl, and the whole family spends a day at the lake. Each year more wheels crowd the highways as 10 millio n new cars roll out of the factories. One out of every six Americas works at assembling cars, driving trucks, building roads, or pumping gas. America

without car? it 'sunthinkable.

But even though the majority of America ns would find it hard to imagi ne what life would be like without a car, some have begun to realize that the automobile is a mixed blessing. Traffic accidents are increasing steadily, and large cities are plagued by traffic congestion. Worst of all, perhaps, is the air pollution caused by the internal-combustion engine. Every car engine burns hundreds of gallons of fuel each year and pumps hundreds of pounds of the smog that hangs over large cities. Some of these gases are poisonous and dangerous to one's health, especially for some one with a weak heart or a respiratory disease.

One an swer to the problem of air polluti on is to build a car that does not pollute. That ' what several major automobile manufacturers are crying to do.

But build ing a clea n car is easier said tha n done. So far, progress has bee n slow. Ano ther solution is to eliminate car fume altogether by getting rid of the internal-combustion engine. Inven tors are now worki ng on turbi ne-powered cars, as well as on cars powered by steam and electricity . But most of us won 'be driving cars run on batteries or boiling water for a while yet. Many auto makers believe that it will take years to develop practical models that are powered by electricity or steam.

A （Historically , Jeep' reputation as a go-anywhere vehicle …）

在历史上，吉普车以其能适应各种路况的出众性能而著称于世。这种美名可以追溯到二

战期间，当时由威利斯公司提供的最初型号的吉普车载着盟军部队驰骋于太平洋沿岸及欧洲战场。

<<麦氏汽车驾驶大全>>一书认为，“吉普”这个名字起源于美国军队决定把这种车辆叫

做GP（for Ge neral Purpose）即多功能车之意。而后，GP这两个字母的读音被误发成为“吉普”，并成为威利斯公司享有的商标名称。

1988年吉普为克莱斯勒公司所有，此后该公司投入了大量资金更新改造吉普车的生产设备，提高吉普车的产量并开发各种新车型应市。克莱斯勒公司称吉普车在战争年代享有的

盛名以及其坚固耐用的形象无疑会有助于它在和平时期树立其作为休闲娱乐车的新形象。该

公司说，吉普为休闲，越野车开发了新市场，它有强劲的4轮牵引装置（商业上称为4轮驱

动），过去军用吉普车曾因此而享誉四方。

B

1. （汽车诞生后发展很快，不久就替代了马）The automobile was improved very rapidly after it

was inven ted and soon displaced horses.

2. （由于汽车污染环境并严重伤害人体，甚至杀人，我们可能不得不削减私人拥有汽车的数

量而更多的依赖公共交通系统）We may have to cut dow n on the nu mber of privately owned cars and depend more on public mass transit systems because cars pollute and maim or even kill people.

3. （汽车轮子给我们带来了更好、更为便利的交通时，它也应对诸如空气污染、交通事故、

交通拥挤之类的许多问题负责）While wheels （automobiles） have brought with them better or more

convenient tran sportati on, they are guilty of many si ns, such as air polluti on, traffic accide nts and traffic con gesti on.

4. （美国人对汽车的热爱以及他们较大的工作流动性是出了名的）America ns are noted for their love for cars and great job mobility.

5. （要是燃料质量和效率的提高和技术的进步能大大减少汽车的排放量，那该多好啊adva

）If only nces in fuel quality and efficie ncy and in tech no logy would radically reduce the emissi ons

from automobiles.

6. （在美国，高度发达的公路网使在各地之间来来往往成为可能）A highly developed highway

n etwork has made possible the easy moveme nt from coast to coast in the Un ited States.

7. （一想到这条林荫大道的建设速度，参观者都感到很吃惊：这条路不久前还在开挖及铺设

排水管）The very thought of the speed at which the beautiful avenue was constructed electrified every visitor; the road had only recently been torn up to lay drain-pipes not long ago.

8. （环境保护主义者严厉谴责了汽车，认为汽车是产生空气污染的主要因素）Environmen talists have denoun ced automobiles, believi ng they are a major factor in the product ion of dirty air.

9. （由于有便利的公共交通，在大都市的市郊，许多新建的住宅群拔地而起）Many new residential complexes have risen up in the suburbs of metropolitan cities because of the availability of convenient public tran sportati on.

10. （尽管非常喜欢汽车，许多人还是相信广泛的使用公共交通系统能缓解交通拥挤）Despite their love for cars, many people lend crede nee to the exte nsive use of the public tran sport system, which can cut down on traffic con gestio n.

Unit 4无子女家庭：亘古生息的反叛

D. Children are now leaving home in late adolescence-an earlier age than in the past. Adolescent are no Ion ger in volved in maki ng an econo mic con tributi on to the family. In fact, their major economic impacted is as consumers. Therefore , the family has little reason to keep the child home as an econo mic con tributi on. It is beco ming in creas in gly com mon for young people to leave home for college or to live with some one else whe n they become employed . Not only do families have fewer children but they have them in school and out of the home at younger ages than in the past.

The most surprising findings with regard to children show a negative impact on marriage due to childre n. There has bee n much evide nee that childre n con tribute to greater con flict and uncertainty in a marriage. Studies show that genera life satisfaction is highest for people when they are young, married, and childless. Other studies show that American couples with children at home lend to have lower marital satisfaction than those without children. For both men and wome n, reports of happ in ess and satisfact ion drop -a nd don ' rise aga in un til the childre n are grown and about to leave the nest.

A （Some observers suggest that perhaps what we are seeing）

1. 一些观察家提出，我们正在看到的这种现象根本就不是什么重大变化，或许它和性革命一

样，不是人们行为上的而是表达方式上的一种剧变。一位住在康涅狄格州的精神分析学家说，

“也许，一直就有那么一群与众不同的人存着。只不过他们现在从隐蔽外走了出来，公开表

明了他们的观点，就像同性恋者那样。我们这一时代的潮流就是干你想干的事而不是加以掩饰。这些人身上所反映的不是什么变革而是人们现在越来越坦率直言的这样一个现象。

2. 在最近几十年的时间里，人们渐渐地明白了一个事实，那就是：为数不多的妇女已不再接

受并愿意扮演深居简出的传统母亲角色。许多人认为家庭的重要性正日益消失。妇女受教育程度的提高是造成这一文化的重要因素。如今，百分之八十的妇女完成了四年制的高中学习。

而在1940年，完成这一阶段学习的妇女仅占百分之三十。这与现在美国妇女平均晚一年结

婚有关。二十岁至二十四岁未婚者从i960年的28%上升到20世纪70年代的40%。人们推

迟了生儿育女的时间，只有不到 10%的妇女是在结婚后两年内生孩子。除此之外，越来越

多的妇女不想要孩子。工作、晚婚、不要孩子是近年来妇女作用发生变化的主要表现。

i. （ 一些职业观察家认为，现在的年轻人不再对政治和事业感兴趣；他们越来越关注与他们

自身关系更为密切的问题 ）Some professional observers believe that young people today are no

Ion ger in terested in politics and causes, but rather, have become in creas in gly preoccupied with issues closer to themselves.

2. （一个妇女所获得的教育程度越高，就越有可能走出小家庭这个环境，到社会上去实现自

我）The higher a woman ' s educational attainment, the more likely she is to go out of the private setting of the nuclear family and to realize herself in the community.

3. （就我而言，一些已婚夫妇做出选择不要小孩的真正原因是他们非常自恋，以至于他们没

有多余的爱给另U 人 ）As far as I am concerned, what really lies behind the decision of some married couples not to start a family is that they are so n arcissistic and have no margin of love to spare others.

4. （这家公司甚至在未征求发明人同意的情况下，就将其一项注册过的新发明投放市场

compa ny put on the market a registered i nven ti on eve n without ask ing the inven tor

which goes aga inst the pate nt law.

5. （在一些国家的敦促下，联合国对该国施加压力，迫使其放弃研制和使用核武器 some other countries, the United Nations has pressured the country to give up developing and

using n uclear weap ons.

6.

（按照每个会员必须是无子女这一规定，怀特先生及其太太只好退出

Non-Parent 协会，因 为他们很快就要当父母了 ）Accordi ng to the rule that every member should rema in childless, Mr.

And Ms white have no alter native but to withdraw from the Non-Pare nt Associati on, for they will atta in pare nthood soon.

7. （他期望通过上演一部肥皂剧来揭示现实生活所固有的复杂性

）He expects to reveal, by prese nti ng a soap opera, the complexity implicit in real life.

8. （几乎在每个国家，嗜用麻醉品、酗酒和摧残儿童都有变为最令人深思的社会问题的趋势 ）ln

virtually every coun try, drug abuse, alcohol abuse and child abuse loon as most challe nging social problems. 9. （在接受采访时，这些老年人合理的解释了诶什么会对当今青年人产生矛盾心理的原因

） When in terviewed, these elderly people rati on alized why they were ambivale nt about today ' s young people.

10. （不少大学生更关心怎样在毕业后谋得一份报酬优厚的工作，

怎样在这个充满竞争的社会 里迅速得至U 提升 ）Many college students are far more concerned with how to get a highly-paid job on graduati on and

how to receive a quick promoti on in the competitive society. Unit 5 三明治人一一生存在夹缝中的一代人

D. In the world ' s rich countries, when you retire at 65 you can expect to live, on average, for

another 15 or 20 years. A hundred years ago you would, on average, have been already dead. The late 20th century has brought to many the ultimate gift: the luxury of aging. But like any luxury, aging is expensive. Governments are fretting about （ 苦恼）the cost already; But they also know that far worse is to come: Over the n ext 30 or 40 years, the ）The 's permission, ）Urged by

研究生英语系列教材上unit1-原文+翻译

研究生英语系列教材上unit1-原文+翻译

TRAITS OF THE KEY PLAYERS 核心员工的特征 What exactly is a key play？ 核心员工究竟是什么样子的? A “Key Player” is a phrase that I've heard about from employers during just about every search I've conducted. 几乎每次进行调查时，我都会从雇主们那里听到“核心员工”这个名词。 I asked a client —a hiring manager involved in recent search — to define it for me. 我请一位客户——一位正参与研究的人事部经理，给我解释一下。 “Every company has a handful of staff in a given area of expertise that you can count on to get the job done. “每家公司都有少数几个这样的员工，在某个专业领域，你可以指望他们把活儿干好。 On my team of seven process engineers and biologists, I've got two or three whom I just couldn't live without,” he said. 在我的小组中，有七名化工流程工程师和生物学

家，其中有那么两三个人是我赖以生存的，”他说， “Key players are essential to my organization. “他们对我的公司而言不可或缺。 And when we hire your company to recruit for us, we expect that you'll be going into other companies and finding just: 当请你们公司替我们招募新人的时候，我们期待你们会去其他公司找这样的人： the staff that another manager will not want to see leave. 其他公司经理不想失去的员工。 We recruit only key players.” 我们只招募核心员工。” This in part of pep talk intended to send headhunters into competitor's companies to talk to the most experienced staff about making a change. 这是一段充满了鼓动性的谈话，目的是把猎头们派往竞争对手的公司去游说经验丰富的员工们做一次职业变更。

研究生英语多维教程(熟谙)课后答案

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[1] For most of its history, psychology had concerned itself with all that ails the human mind: anxiety, depression, neurosis, obsessions, paranoia, delusions. Over the decades, a few psychological researchers had ventured out of the dark realm of mental illness into the sunny land of the mentally hale and hearty. Martin Seligman，a psychologist at University of Pennsylvania, wanted to look at what actively made people feel fulfilled, engaged and meaningfully happy. Mental health, he reasoned, should be more than the absence of mental illness. It should be something akin to a vibrant and muscular fitness of the human mind and spirit. What Makes Us Happy [2] So, what has science learned about what makes the human heart sing? More than one might imagine—along with some surprising things about what doesn?t ring our inner chimes. Take wealth, for instance, and all the delightful things that money can buy. Research by Deiner, among others, has shown that once your basic needs are met, additional income does little to raise your sense of satisfaction with life. Neither do education, youth, marriage and sunny days. [3] On the positive side, religious faith seems to genui nely lift the spirit, though it?s tough to tell whether it?s the God part or the community aspect that does the heavy lifting. Friends? A giant yes. A 2002 study conducted at the University of Illinois by Diener and Seligman found that the most salient characteristics shared by the 10% of students with the highest levels of happiness and the fewest signs of depression were their strong ties to friends and family and commitment to spending time with them. “Word needs to be spread,” concludes Diener. “It is i mportant to work on social skills, close interpersonal ties and social support in order to be happy.” Measuring Our Moods [4] Of course, happiness is not a static state. Even the happiest of people—the cheeriest 10%—feel blue at times. And even the bluest have their moments of joy. That has presented a challenge to social scientists trying to measure happiness. That, along with the simple fact that happiness is inherently subjective. To get around those challenges, researchers have devised several methods of assessment. Diener has created one of the most basic and widely used tools, the Satisfaction with Life Scale. Though some scholars have questioned the validity of this simple, five-question survey, Diener has found that it squares well with other measures of happiness, such as impressions from friends and family, expression of positive emotion and low incidence of depression. [5] Just last month, a team led by Nobel Prize winning psychologist Daniel Kahneman of Princeton University unveiled a new tool for sizing up happiness: the day reconstruction method. Participants fill out a long diary and questionnaire detailing everything they did on the previous day and whom they were with at the time and rating a range of feelings during each episode (happy, impatient, depressed, worried, tired, etc.) on a seven-point scale. [6] Seligman, in contrast, puts the emphasis on the remembering self. “I think we are our memories more than we are the sum total of our experiences,” he says. For him, studying moment-to-moment experiences puts too much emphasis on transient pleasures and displeasures. Happiness goes deeper than that, he argues in his 2002 book Authentic Happiness. As a result of his research, he finds three components of happiness: pleasure (“the smiley-face piece”), engagement (the depth of involvement with one?s family, work, romance and hobbies) and meaning (using personal strengths to serve some larger end). Of those three roads to a happy, satisfied life, pleasure is the least consequential, he insists: “This is newsworthy because so many Americans build their lives around pursuing pleasure. It turns out that engagement and meaning

研究生英语课本

1 Part I(1-3) Introduction to key players:what and how Part II(4-12) Traits of key players: Trait1:The selfless collaborator Trait2:A sense of urgency Trait3:Risk tolerance Trait4:Strength in interpersonal relationships 第一部分（1-3） 关键球员介绍：什么和如何 第二部分（4-12） 关键球员的特征： 特点1：无私的合作者 特质2：紧迫感 特质3：风险承受能力 特质4：人际关系中的力量 4 Part I Introduction(Paras.1-3) Love is essential for human survival. Part II Body(Paras.4-7) What is love? Part III Conclusion(Para.8-12) What brings people together?And is there a person out there that one in meant for? 第一部分导论（第1-3） 爱是人类生存的基本。 第二部分体（了4-7） 什么是爱？ 第三部分结论（Para。8-12） 什么东西把人们聚集在一起？有一个人在那里，一个意味着？ 6 1.Gifts of loneliness and privacy,and opportunities for fulfillment; 2.Full of tall deeds,great people and wonderful undertakings; 3.18inches far from/near to those famous people; 4.The option of participation or insulation; 5.The choice is with the individual--New Yorkers are lucky in this regard; 6.The insulation may weaken them as individual; 7.However,the insulation has a positive effect on the creative capacities of New Yorkers; 8.The abundance of excitments prevents New Yorkers from a deficiency of spirit 1。礼物的孤独和隐私，以及实现的机会； 2。高大的事迹，伟大的人民和美好的事业；

研究生英语课文翻译

Unit One 旅行通用语 1 数十年来，法兰西语言研究院一直捍卫着法语的尊严。几年前，由于法国人对英语词汇的入侵非常敏感，该机构颁布了净化法语的法律，其内容甚至涉及专业术语。就拿波音747 (Boeing747)来说吧，现在法国人必须用法语词gros-porteur；表示出租的leasing也变成了credit-bail。此类例子不胜枚举，触及生活的方方面面。法国总统希拉克很可能会继续加大力度，直至连英特网internet和字节流(信息组)byte stream之类的词也找到相应的法语新词。哎，真不知未来的法语会变成什么样。 2 不幸的是(或许并非不幸)，英语没有受到如此的保护。在美国，随处可见严重偏离英国标准英语的美式英语。“honour”普遍被写成“honor”，“night”也变成了“nite”。许多词意广为人知的英式英语单词被赋予新的解释，交流也变得有些困难。比如说，汽车的行李箱“boot”变成了“trunk”(一个在英国指代树干的单词)；引擎盖“bonnet”变成了“hood”(英式英语中的风帽)；老式婴儿尿布“nappy”变成了“diaper”(英式英语中的菱格花纹织物)；婴儿小外套“matineejacket”也变成了“vest”(英国的内衣汗衫)。显而易见，两国英语曾同出一源，而如今却将两国彼此隔离。当然了，按美国人的观点，是英国人的语言表达出了问题。 3 实际使用中，甚至还有更糟的英语呢!只要你在外国旅游并注意一下菜单、海报、旅店、甚至当地日常生活中的英语，就可以证明过去的标准用语在这些地方已变得不伦不类，让我详例如下： 4 旅行作家波洛?菲利浦曾不惜笔墨地渲染自己的几番经历，我觉得该有更多的读者了解一下。他提及某份荷兰的灯泡目录，上面对用户承诺有“a speedy execution’——快速处死(毫无疑问，想表达的应是“送货及时”)。此外，东柏林的一个衣帽间告示要求客人“please hang yourself here”——请在这儿吊死自己(本想说的是“将衣帽挂在这儿”)。只希望没人会真的从字面上去理解。 5 我还可以补充一些多年周游世界时的亲身经历。例如，奥斯坦德的一家精品店正在宣扬其货品立意新颖，却用了“revolting new ideas”，即“令人作呕的立意”。孟买的几家糕饼屋也鼓吹自己是“No.1 loafers”，目口头号游手好闲者，可是其本意是要宣称自己的糕饼全市第一。 6 我并不知道基督教影响如此之广，直到我在香港看到一位牙医的宣传：“我们由最新的循道宗信徒拔牙”，这儿的“Methodists”(循道宗信徒)显然应改为“methods”，即“方法”。 7 恐怕没人能确定这些误用实际上是体现了英语的普及还是仅仅反映了局限于地方的习惯用法。但可以确定的是，海法医学会绝对应该阻止其会员挂这样的铜招牌：“妇女及其它疾病的专家”。 8 看来旅店对多语种告示颇为青睐，希望它们会有利于人们更好地使用现代化设施。没有它们，旅店就会显得沉闷而缺乏效率。然而，在布鲁塞尔的一家旅店中，这条电梯告示只会令毫无防范的房客更愿意爬楼梯：“使用电梯时，请按要去楼层的按钮。若更多人进入电梯，请分别按各自要去楼层的按钮。电梯会按楼层的字母顺序，依次送客。没复位的按钮显示着接收到的要去楼层的指令”。伊斯坦布尔的一则旅店告示则没这么复杂：“想要客房服务时，请开门喊叫‘客房服务’”。至少那儿的客人不用对付也许经常失灵的电子设备。 9 在土耳其，人们对于“直言不讳”的喜爱在一个已远近闻名的安卡拉导游册中得到了充分体现。导游册这样招揽顾客：“来我们餐馆吧，你会在欧洲救护车中享用中东风味美食”(显然这儿的救护车“ambulance”应为氛围“ambience”)。而另一家瑞士餐馆的菜单也同样吸引人：“我们的葡萄酒绝人他念”。(“our wines leave nothing to hope for'’一语双关，可本意显然是“我们的葡萄酒美味绝伦”)。 10在东欧，奥匈帝国时期的老牌大旅馆从未放弃过礼节。一则旅馆房间告示上写着“诚邀尊贵的客人在12点到14点之间占客房女服务员的便宜”(take advantage of t he chambermaids)。然而，这可能造成意外的交通阻塞。最近的一次莫斯科画展也未必能让偶尔光顾者欣然前往，根据其告示，“画展将展出俄罗斯艺术家的300幅作品，他们中的大部分人在过去十年中已被处死了”。 11 曼谷一家洗衣房的广告词邀请来访的顾客“留下你的衣服，尽情享受吧!”就像是鼓励人们在这座远东娱乐首府干些出格之事。

最新研究生英语系列教材上unit1-原文+翻译

TRAITS OF THE KEY PLAYERS 核心员工的特征 What exactly is a key play？ 核心员工究竟是什么样子的? A “Key Player” is a phrase that I've heard about from employers during just about every search I've conducted. 几乎每次进行调查时，我都会从雇主们那里听到“核心员工”这个名词。 I asked a client — a hiring manager involved in recent search — to define it for me. 我请一位客户——一位正参与研究的人事部经理，给我解释一下。 “Every company has a handful of staff in a given area of expertise that you can count on to get the job done. “每家公司都有少数几个这样的员工，在某个专业领域，你可以指望他们把活儿干好。On my team of seven process engineers and biologists, I've got two or three whom I just couldn't live without,” he said. 在我的小组中，有七名化工流程工程师和生物学家，其中有那么两三个人是我赖以生存的，”他说， “Key players are essential to my organization. “他们对我的公司而言不可或缺。 And when we hire your company to recruit for us, we expect that you'll be going into other companies and finding just: 当请你们公司替我们招募新人的时候，我们期待你们会去其他公司找这样的人： the staff that another manager will not want to see leave. 其他公司经理不想失去的员工。 We recruit only key players.” 我们只招募核心员工。” This in part of pep talk intended to send headhunters into competitor's companies to talk to the most experienced staff about making a change. 这是一段充满了鼓动性的谈话，目的是把猎头们派往竞争对手的公司去游说经验丰富的员工们做一次职业变更。 They want to hire a “key player” from another company. 他们想从另一家公司招募核心员工。 Every company also hires from ranks of newbies, 然而，每家公司也从新人中招人。 and what they're looking for is exactly the same. 他们要寻找的是完全一样的东西。 “We hold them up to the standards we see in our top people. “我们把他们和公司顶级员工表现出的特质进行对照。 If it looks like they have these same traits, we'll place a bet on them.” 假如他们看起来有同样特征的话，我们就在他们身上赌一把。” It's just a bit risker.只是这样有点儿冒险。 “It's an educated guess,”“这是一种有根据的猜测，” says my hiring manager client.我的人事经理客户说。 Your job as a future employee is to help the hiring manager mitigate that risk. 作为未来的一名员工，你的工作是帮助人事部经理降低这种风险，