欧洲文化入门1-6章复习题
Division One
I.有可能出的填空，选择题及判断题的内容:
.
1.European Culture is composed of _____________ and
_____________________ as two major elements.
2.Greek culture reached its high point of development
/climax in __________ (century).
3.All Greece was brought under the rule of Alexander, King
of Macedon in _________(century).
4.In _______, the Romans conquered Greece.
5.Homer wrote __________ and _____________, two
famous epics.
6.______________ is called “Father of History” in Greek
Culture, who wrote the wars between ____________ and
________________________.
7.The famous writer who wrote comedy in Greek culture is
named ______________.
8.“The great historian that ever lived” is said to praise
_____________________(name).
9.The Dialectal Method is put forward by___________.
10.Academy was established by ______________________,
whose philosophy is called ____________________.
11.Lyceum was established by _______________.
12.Leader of the Cynics is ____________________, and
“cynic” means _____________.
13.The most important thing in life to the Stoics is
_________________.
14.Elements, a textbook of geometry, was written by
___________.
15.The famous temples in ancient Greece are
____________________ and ______________.
16.The Romans enjoyed two hundred years of peaceful time,
known as ________________.
17.In the 4th century, the emperor Constantine moved the
capital from Rome to Byzantium, renamed it ____________________(modern _____________).
18.After 395, the Roman Empire was divided into
_____________ and _________.
19.The East Roman Empire fell to the ___________ in 1453.
20.“I came, I saw, I conquered” was written by
_________________.
21.Two famous representatives of Roman architecture are
________________ and _________________________.
22.________ said, “Captive Greece took her rude conqueror
captive”.
23.Greek Culture has exerted great, positive influence on the
later-on literature, such as Shelly’s ______________ and Byron’s ___________________.
24.The languages that were spoken by Greeks and Romans
belong to ___________________(哪个语系).
25.The Roman Law, to some extent, protected the rights of
______________.
26.With the fall of the Western Roman Empire, there came
______________(什么时代) lasting one thousand years.
27._____________’s (whose) “Prometheus Bound”is a
parody adapted by _______________ (he wrote “Prometheus Unbound”).
28.Freud put forward _________________ based on the
work, “Oedipus the King ” written by _____________. 29.The _________ was one of the similarities shared by
Greeks and Romans as far as politics is concerned.
30.__________’s (whose) political speeches and discourses
are the model of Latin diction.
31.The largest amphitheatre in ancient Rome is known as
______________.
32.________ established the atomic theory.
33.________ believed fire to be the primary element of the
universe.
34.________ established the dialectical method.
35.________ was the founder of scientific mathematics.
36.The humanistic ideas can be traced back to ___(the name
of a philosopher).
37.“The master of those who know” was written by Dante to
praise ___________ (the name of a philosopher).
38.Zeno的介绍
II.名词解释
democracy of ancient Greece Pax Romana Doric Style
Ionic Style the Sophists the Cynics the Sceptics
the Epicureans the Stoics Academy Lyceum
III.简答与论述题：
1．三种问法：
What is the limitation of “Democracy” in ancient
Greece?
How do you understan d “Democracy” in ancient
Greece?
What is the difference between “Democracy” in ancient
Greece and modern democracy?
2.How did the Greek Culture originate and develop?
3.How did the ancient Greek philosophy develop?
4.How did the ancient Greek science develop?
5.What is the difference between Plato and Aristotle in
terms of their philosophical ideas?
Or What is the difference between Plato and Aristotle in
terms of their philosophical system?
6.What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the
later-on cultural development?
Or What positive influence did the Greek Culture exert
on the world civilization?
7.What are difference and similarity between Greek
culture and Roman culture?
8.How did Roman culture originate and develop?
9.How was Roman Empire disintegrated?
10.What styles can Greek architecture be classified into?
Or How does Greek architecture take different styles?
11.Explain Pax Romana.
12.What contribution did the Roman make to the rule of
law?
Division Two
I.special Terms Explanation:
the Hebrews the Old Testament the New Testament
Pentateuch Genesis Exodus Prophets the Book of
Daniel the Historical Book
II.有可能出填空，选择题及判断题的内容：
1.Judaism and Christianity are closely related because
__________________________________.
2.The ancestors of the Jews are ________________, which
means ___________ in English.
3.The history of the Hebrew people is recorded in
__________________ of the Bible.
4.The Hebrew people came to settle down in Palestine, known
as _____________ at the time.
5.The Old Testament is about_____________________, and
“Testament” means _______________________________.
6.The New Testament is about _______________________.
7.The oldest and most important part of the Old Testament is
called _______________ or ____________.
8.It was ______________ who brought Hebrew people safely
back to Palestine.
9.It was ______________who united Hebrews.
10.It was ______________who had Jerusalem established as
political and religious capital.
11.The former church in 6th century B.C. is called
_______________.
12.Pentateuch is also called __________________.
13._______________ made Christianity legal, as he issued
_____________________ in 313.
14.In 392, Emperor _______________made Christianity official
religion.
15.By 300, each local church is called ______________with its
fulltime leader, known as _____________________.
16.Several parishes were grounded together into a large unit
called _______________, which were headed by a
_____________.
17.The Last Supper is recorded in __________________, and
was put into painting by __________________.
18.The Cruxifixion is recorded in _____________________.
19.The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is
known as _________________.
20.The most extant Latin version of the whole Bible is
_______________________ which became the official Bible
of the Roman Catholic Church throughout the world.
21.The first English version of the whole Bible was translated
by _________________.
22.The most important and influential of English Bible is
_______________ or _______________________________.
23._____________________ and _______________________
are called two great reservoirs of Modern English.
24.The development of system of landed nobles is recorded in
_________________ of the Old Testament.
25._________________ deals with the history of the Hebrew
people from their entry into Palestine around 1200B.C. till
the fall of Palestine into hands of Assyrians and Chaldeans in
586 B.C.
26.The New Testament contains _______ (how many) accounts
which tell about the beginning of Christianity.
III.论述题：
1．三种问法：
How did Christianity come into being and develop in
Europe?
How did Christianity become the official religion of
Roman Empire?
How did the relations between Christians and the
Roman government change?
2．What are the different translation editions of the Bible?
3．Why do we say the Bible has shaped western culture more decisively than anything else ever written?
4．What are the great influences that the English Bible has on the American and British literature?
Division Three
I.Special Terms Explanation:
Age of Faith Feudalism Manor/castle Code of Chivalry
Monasticism The Crusades Carolingian Renaissance
Scholasticism National Epics Vernacular Language
Gothic Architectural Style the Canterbury Tales
II.有可能出选择题，填空与判断题的内容：
1．The Middle Ages is also called______________________, __________________ and ____________________________.
(考试中，会任选其中一种说法作为选择题来考) 2．The Middle Ages is the period in which three cultures were merged: _____________________, _________________and
_____________________________, respectively referring to
_____________________________, ____________________
and _____________________________.
3．Western Roman Empire was overthrown in __________(year).
4．__________________(who) gave his soldiers estates known as fiefs as a reward for their services in 732.
5．____________________ (who) can be vassals.
6．____________________ (when) was a noble crowned as a knight in the Middle Ages in western Europe.
7．People in the western Europe in the Middle Ages were divided into three classes: _____________, _______________ and
_________________________.
8．Between ______________ century and ________________ century, western Europe was the scene of frequent wars. 9．Feudalism comes from the Latin word, ________________, which means ______________________ in Latin. 10．Knight trained for war by fighting each other in mock battles called ____________________.
11．Roger Bacon was one of the earliest advocates of _________________, calling for _________________ and
_________________.
12．_____________(which tribe) swept into Europe from central Asia in the latter part of fourth century, robbing and killing a
large number of the half civilized Germanic tribes. 13．Those who devoted their lands to large-land owners in return for protection, but still had their own freedom were called
________________.
14．Those who came form cities or towns and devoted their freedom to large-land owners in return for protection were
called ________________.
15．Roman Catholic Church was divided into five classes: _____________, ________________, ______________,
_________________ and __________________.
16．Opus Maius was written by _____________________. 17．In Roman Catholic Church, “Catholic” means ____________. 18．The monk, St. Benedict founded _______________________ in about 529 A.D.
19．In the Middle Ages, the Church even set up their own court called _____________________________.
20．In the National Epics, vernacular languages meant _____________________________ with representative works:
____________________in early English and _____________
in early French.
21．In the Divine Comedy, Dante expressed ________________ ideas and foreshadowed the spirit of _________________. 22．Chaucer was regarded as the first _________________ and the first _____________________ with his famous work
_____________________, as the representative of
______________(英语的哪个发展时期)
23. In 1054, Christianity was divided into _____________and
___________________________.
24．The Middle Ages is a transitional period between ___________ times and ____________.
25. The ceremony to grant the title “knight” is called ___________.
26. ________________ translated the Old and New Testaments
from Hebrew and Greek originals into Latin. His translation
work, _______________, became the official Latin Bible used
by Roman Catholic Church of this day.
27. “The Confession” and “the City of the God” were written by
___________________.
28. Since _____________ (哪个历史事件)，Arabic numerals and
algebra were introduced into Europe.
29. The mock battles for knight training are known as __________.
30. ___________ paved the way for Modern English.
31. The language used by Chaucer was _________________.
III.间答与论述题：
1．Why is the Middle Ages called Age of Faith?
Or Why do we say the Middle Ages is a religious age?
2．How did feudalism derive and develop in the Middle Ages?
Or How did feudalism establish its firm ruling position in Europe?
3．What is the great power and influence of the Roman Catholic church in the Middle Ages?
4．What positive influence does the Crusades exert on the European Culture?
Or What is the great significance of the Crusades?
5. How did learning and science develop in the Middle Ages?
6.How did literature develop in the Middle Ages?
7.What is the importance of using vernacular languages in the
Medieval Time?
8.What is the difference between the vernacular languages
used in the National Epics during the Middle Ages and the
vernacular language used by Mark Twain?
9.What was the merit shared by Charlemagne and Alfred the
Great?
10.How did the English Language develop and what is the
representation of each stage?
Or What stages did the English Language undergo?
11.Why do we say using of vernacular languages in the Middle
Ages signifies a transition?
Division Four
I.Special Terms Explanation:
Renaissance Renaissance Art Reformation
Counter-Reformation Calvinism the Jesuits
Protestantism
II.有可能出填空，选择与判断题的内容：
1.During Renaissance, humanist thinkers and scholars
introduced new ideas that expressed the interests of
__________________.
2.Renaissance stared in ___________ and ______________
with the flowering of painting, sculpture and architecture.
3.At the heart of Renaissance philosophy was the assertion of
_____________________which is also the core of
humanism.
4.Many of Petrarch’s ________________ are written for Laura.
5.The most representative painter of humanism was
________________________ with his famous painting work
____________________ and _______________.
6.The statesman, ____________________ of Italy in the
Renaissance period has greatly influenced the political
science in the west, called “Father of Western Political
Science”.
7.Under the reign of ______________________, English
began to embark on the road to colonization and foreign control that was to take it onto its heyday of capitalist development.
8.________________ is the birth place of Renaissance.
9.Madonna was _______________ (什么性质的油画)，painted
by _________________.
10.Man with the Glove was painted by __________________.
11.Calvinism insisted on constructing a type of government
known as ______________________________.
12.After Reformation, in England a new form of church was
established known as _______________ or _____________.
13.During Counter-Reformation, __________________(教派名
称) was devoted to defending the Roman Catholic Church with its head, _____________________(首领名字).
14.______________ stressed hard work and thrifty way of life.
15.Montaigne was a French humanist known for his
___________.
16.The representative author of Renaissance in Spain was
______________________ with his famous literary work, _____________________ with which the European novel entered a new stage
17.The most representative author and humanist during
Renaissance in England was ________________________, and his four great tragedies are respectively ____________________,________________________,
______________________and______________________ 18.Columbus was the discoverer of ____________________in
1492.
19.______________ discovered the Cape of Good Hope in
1487.
20.______________ discovered the route to India round the
Cape of Good Hope between 1497 and 1498.
21.America was named in ______________(whose) honor.
22.__________________________put forward revolutionary
ideas in astronomy during the Middle Ages, and his theory
was __________________________ proved later by
_______________________and _______________________
in 17th century.
23.As you like it and Twelfth Night are two comedies written by
________________.
24.The idea that only those specially elected by God are saved
was advocated by ___________(school).
25.It was during the reign of _________(whom) that the English
Bible was adopted by the Church of England.
26.The idea that the Bible was the supreme authority and man
was only bound to the law of the world of the God was put
forward by _____________(whom).
27.During Renaissance, __________(whom) preached in Czech
Language.
28.During Renaissance, With the reign of ___________(whom)
England began to embark on the road to _____________ and
foreign control.
29.William Shakespeare, _________________, Thomas More
and __________________ were humanist scholars during
Renaissance.
30.David is a sculpture done by _____________.
III.论述题：
1．Why did Renaissance first begin in Italy?
2．Why did Renaissance decline in Italy in the end?
3.What is Renaissance Art ? What are the characteristics
and features of Renaissance Art?
4.How did Reformation develop? (即：发展的四个阶段)
5.How did capitalism come into being and develop?
Or What are the propositions for Capitalism to rise?
6.What is the great significance of Reformation?
What are the great influences of Reformation?
7.Why did England come later than other countries during
the Renaissance but reach its climax in England? In what
way was English Renaissance different from that of other
countries?
8.What type of culture did Renaissance create?
9.What is the great significance of Reformation?
10.What are the great geographical discoveries (or of
navigation) in the Middle Ages?
11.From what was the English essay derived?
Division Five
I.Special Terms Explanation:
Francis Bacon’s practical philosop hy
Deductive method
Inductive method
The Great Instauration
Thomas Hobbes’ Social Contract
John Lock’s Social Contract
the Natural State of War
the Laws of Nature
The English Revolution (the English Bourgeoisie Revolution)
Descartes’ Theory of Knowledge
Descartes’ Dualism
French Classicism
Baroque Art
II.有可能出填空，选择题与判断题的内容：
1．_______________ century was the transitional period from
the Middle Ages to the Modern Times.
2. The Modern World begins in __________(century).
3. ________________ and _________________proved that
Copernicus’ heliocentric theory is t rue.
4. There is the first breakthrough in __________and________
________ in the 17th century.
5. There was a profound change in the conception of men’s
place in the universe in ___________(century).
6. _________ looks at men’s position in the universe in a new
way.
7. Kepler was well known for his discovery of ___________.
8. Newton discovered the theory of _________________, and he also invented the method called ___________________.
9. ____________ distinguishes three levels of understanding: _______________, _____________________ and _______ _________________.
6. ____________________ psychology and ______________ physics originated from Leibniz.
7. In December, 1689, __________________________ was enacted by the English Parliament.
8. After the English Revolution, _____________________(制度) was established in the Great Britain.
9. The event that took place in 1688 in the Great Britain was called ________________.
10.The men of the action and the leader in the English Revolution were _____________ and _____________, and the man of thought with his famous literary work _______.
11. ____________________ was the representative author of French Classicism.
12.The representative painter of Baroque Art was __________ with his famous painting work _______________________ and _____________________.
13. ____________________ was the representative painter of Dutch Protestant Art.
14. The law of falling bodies is established by __________.
15.The importance of acceleration in dynamics is discovered
by ___________.
16.__________ sated that there should be a common power
or a government backed by force able to punish.
17. __________ believed that government was not created
by God, but by men themselves.
18. _________ believed that sensation and reflection make
up experience.
19. Paradise Lost was written by ____________, who was
the man of ___________ in the English Revolution. 20. The Calling of St. Mathew and The Cardsharps were
painted by ______________, which belong to ______
___________(哪种艺术流派).
21. “I doubt, therefore I think: I think, therefore I am.” was
put forward by ______________, which belongs to ___
____________________(什么理论).
22. Both idealism and materialism are included in _______’
_______________(谁的，什么理论).
23. By the end of 16th century, _______________ had spread
to England. As a result, _______________was stared
in England.
III.论述题：
1.Why do we say the 17th century was a transitional period
from the Middle Ages to the Modern World?
2.How did science develop in the 17th century?
3.What are the two merits shared by the Great Scientists of the
17th century?
What are the similarities among the 17th -century scientists?
4.What is Baconian Materialism?
5.What is the difference between Thomas Hobbes and John
Lock in terms of their social contract?
6.How many stages did the English Revolution undergo?
7.What is the great significance of the English Revolution?
8.What is French Classicism? What are the characteristics?
9.How did Lock justify rebellion against government?
10. What are the causes of the English Revolution?
Division Six
I.Special Terms Explanation:
Enlightenment
The Spirit of Laws
the separation of Powers
The Social Contract by Rousseau
the Viennese School
II.有可能出填空，选择题与判断题的内容：
1．The most important forerunners of the Enlightenment were ______________ and ____________. (还可以
问：_________________ and ________________ made
great contributions to the Enlightenment.)
2．The French _____________________ was the major force of the Enlightenment.
3．_______________ redefined law in his famous work, _____________________.
4．_______________ put forward “Laws must be adapted to each people.”
5．_______________ put forward the separation of powers, which was accepted by ____________________.
6．Rousseau put forward a claim for social _________________ in The Social Contract.
7．__________________is best known as the editor of Encyclopedie.
8．Henry Fielding’s new art form is _________________ with his famous literary work ___________________.
9．“Werther Fever” originated form _________________ by ______________(谁的什么作品).
10. 罗列在the Enlightenment 时期的音乐家。
11．The Enlightenment is also called _____________.(另外，要熟记原因)
III.给下列作品搭配作者：
The Spirit of Laws
Nebular Hypothesis
Critique of Pure Reason
Don Giovanni
The Magic Flute
The Marriage of Figaro
Candide
The Origin of Inequality
The Social Contract
Robinson Crusoe
A Modest Proposal
Gulliver’s Travels
The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling
The Sorrows of Yong Werther
Faust
Cabal and Love
Messiah
IV.论述题：
What is the great significance of the Industrial
Revolution?
最新欧洲文化入门复习资料
Part I Directions: Read the following unfinished statements or questions carefully. For each unfinished statement or question, four suggested answers marked [ A ], [ B ], [ C ] and [ D] are given. Choose the one which best completes the statement or answers the question by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. ****** 1 ****** 1. _________ believed that the highest good in life was pleasure, freedom from pain and emotional upheaval. A. Sophists B. Cynics C. Skeptics D. Epicureans 2. _________ is said to have told the king of Syracuse: "Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world." A. Archimedes B. Aristotle C. Plato D. Euclid 3. Increasingly troubled by the inroads of northem tribes such as Goths, the West Roman Empire finally collapsed in _________ A. 395 B. 27 C. 1453 D. 476 4. The City of God was written by ________, the most important of all the leaders of Christian thought. A. Jesus B. Augustine C. Thomas Aquinas D. Martin Luther 5. _________ was a painter, a sculptor, an architect, a musician, an engineer, and a scientist----- a Renaissance man in the true sense of the word. A. Michelangelo B. Raphael C. Shakespeare D. Leonardo Da Vinci 6. In _______, Cervantes satirized a very popular type of literature at the time, the romance of chivalry. A. Don Quixote B. Hamlet C. Leviathan D. The Life and Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe 7. The best- known book written by Thomas More is ________ , which describes an ideal non-Christian state where everybody lives a simple life and shares the goods in common, possesses a good knowledge of Latin, fights no war and enjoys full freedom in religious belief. A. The Praise of the Folly B. As You Like It C. Divine Comedy D. Utopia 8. ________, author of Prince, is regarded as "father of political science" in the West. A. Machiavelli B. Dante C. Bacon D. Locke
《欧洲文化入门》知识点笔记
《欧洲文化入门》知识点笔记 1、There are many elements constituting(组成) European Culture. 2、There are two major elements：Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element. 3、The richness(丰富性) of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element. 第一章 1、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta. 2、The economy of Athens rested on(依赖) an immense(无限的)amount of slave labour. 3、Olympus mount，Revived in 1896(当代奥运会) 4、Ancient Greece(古希腊)‘s epics was created by Homer. 5、The events of Homer‘s own time. (错) (They are not about events of Homer‘s own time，probably in the period 1200-1100 B.C.) 6、The Homer‘s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey. 7、Agamemnon，Hector，Achilles are in Iliad. 8、Odysseus and Penelope are in Odyssey. 9、Odyssey(对其作品产生影响)—→James Joyoe‘s Ulysses(描述一天的生活)。In the 20th century. 10、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C. 11、三大悲剧大师①Aeschylus 《Prometheus Bound》—→模仿式作品Shelly《Prometheus Unbound》 ②Sophocles(之首) 《Oedipus the King》—→Freud‘s “the Oedipus complex”(恋母情结) —→David Herbert Lawrence’s《Sons and lovers》(劳伦斯)447页 ③Euripides A.《Trojan Women》 B. He is the first writer of “problem plays”(社会问题剧) 在肖伯纳手中达到高潮，属于存在主义戏剧的人物 C. Elizabeth Browning called him “Euripides human”(一个纯粹的人) D. Realism can be traced back (追溯到) to the Ancient Greece. To be specific(具体来说)，Euripides. 12、The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes. 18页 Aristophanes writes about nature. —→浪漫主义湖畔派(The lakers )华兹华兹 13、History (Historical writing)史学创作新古典主义代表作家《格列夫游
自考《欧洲文化入门试卷及答案练习题》
课程《欧洲文化入门》考试时间 120 分钟日期年月日姓名学号学院班级 Ⅰ.Read the following unfinished statements or questionas carefully. For each unfinished statement or question, four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D are given. Choose the one that you think best completes the statement or answers the question. Write the letter of the answer you have choosen in the corresponding spcae on the answer sheet. (40 points, 2 point for each) 1. ———— was the founder of scientific mathematics. A. Pythagoras B. Democritus C. Aristotle D. Diogenes 2. Which of the following figures was regarded as “the master of those who know”by Dante A. Plato B. Socrates C. Aristotle D. Cicero 3.
________ was called “the greatest historian that ever lived”by Macaulay. A. Thucydides B. Herodotus C. Socrates D. Aristotle 4. The first king to unite the Hebrews was a warrior-famer name________ . A. Moses B. Joshua C. Saul D. David 5. Who issued the Edict of Milan in 313,whick granted religious freedom to all and made Christianity legal A. Domitian B. Valerian C. Constantine D. Theodosius 6. The ancestors of the Jews are called Hebrews which mean ________ . A. wanderers B. travelers C. traders D. merchants 7. In the latter part of the fourth century the ________ swept into Europe from central Asia. A. Turkish B. Huns
四川大学外国语学院638 基础英语、918 英语专业综合知识考
四川大学外国语学院638 基础英语、918 英语专业综合知识考研全套资料真题答案辅导笔记模拟卷 2015年弘毅考研川大分部研究生团队已达50多人，涵盖经济、法学、文学、新传、外国语、艺术、历史、旅游、数学、化学、生物、电子、材料、机械、电气、计算机、环境、水土、水利、化工、发酵、行管、教经、社保、商院、体育、马克思、护理、口腔、公卫、预防、药学等30多个院系专业，是目前专业课考研最权威的专业团队，以“弘毅川大考研论坛”为基石，各个专业的学长学姐给您答疑解惑。为您全程护航。 2015年四川大学考研的成功与否，不仅仅取决于自己是否足够努力，更多在于自己能否拿到真正有价值的川大专业课备考复习资料和获得内部考研信息，这将极大地决定着自己一年的辛苦努力是否能划上圆满的句号。 鉴于此，弘毅考研根据自己多年考研专业课成功辅导经验，联合川大高分研究生团队，同时和高分研究生团队一起将最有价值的考研复习资料通过科学的排版，荣誉推出了2015版《弘毅胜卷系列——完备复习指南、历年真题解析、高分辅导讲义、最后三套模拟卷》专业精品复习资料，该辅导系统从根本上解决了广大考研学子考研专业课信息不对称、考研专业课复习难度大等问题，三年来倍受好评，每年考取我校的大部分同学来自我们川大考研论坛的全程辅导，“弘毅胜卷”也成为每一个报考四川大学外国语学院英语语言文学专业的考生人手一册、不可或缺的考研专业课复习备考资料。 《弘毅胜卷》的特点： 1.“全”：本资料把参考书可能考到的知识点都全部列出，并做了详细的讲解，并对历年真题进行透彻的解析； 2.“简”：为不增加考生负担，对考点的讲解，尽量做到精简，除去了教材繁琐臃肿的语言，直击要害； 3.“具实用性”：各高校考题的重复率非常高。针对此规律，本资料将专业涉及到的真题举例附在每个考点后面，方便大家查阅。 4.“具时效性”：本资料会根据最新的招生简章和目录、最新的参考书目和考试大纲对资料进行及时调整、更新，让弘毅胜卷臻于完善！ 提醒：为保证产品质量，我们在反盗版技术上投入了很大人力物力，首先在阅读体验上远远超越盗版资料（加了水印和红白页，复印基本看不清楚），同时弘毅考研每年均根据当年最新考试要求进行改版升级并提供超值的售后服务，并将后续重要资料分期发送，盗版将丢失这些重要资料，请考生务必谨慎辨别，不要为了省一点小钱购买其他机构或个人销售的盗版材料而耽误备考，甚至影响前途的大事情。同时也请大家支持正版，你们一如既往的支持，是我们一直大力度的投入开发的动力。
欧洲文化入门复习资料
1、Two major elements in European culture：the Greco-Roman element and the Judeo-Christian element. 2、The Homer epics consists of the Iliad and the Odyssey. The Iliad deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece，led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy. The heroes are Hector on the Trojan side and Achilles and Odysseus on the Greek. In the final battle，Hector was killed by Achilles and Troy was sacked and burned by the Greeks. The Odyssey deals with the return of Odysseus after the Trojan war to his home island of Ithaca. It describes many adventures he ran into on his long sea voyage and how finally he was reunited with his faithful wife Penelope. 3、古希腊三大悲剧家：Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides Works of Aeschylus：Prometheus Bound，Persians，and Agamemnon .There are only two actors and one chorus in these plays. Aeschylus is noted for his vivid character portrayal and majestic poetry.Works of Sophocles：Oedipus the King，Electra，and Antigone （theme：the difficult choice between public duty and private feeling）. He has had a great impact on European culture. The Oedipus complex（恋母情结）、Electra（恋父情结）were derived from his plays Work of Euripides：Andromache，Medea，and Trojan Women. He was more of a realist than other two. His characters are less heroic，more like ordinary people. He may be called the first writer of “problem plays” 4.Herodotus is often called “Father of History”，wrote about the wars between Greeks and Persians . His history is full of anecdotes and digressions and lively dialogue. 5.Thucydides is more accurate as an historian. He told about the war between Athens and Syracuse ，a Greek state on the island of Sicily. He traced events to their causes and brought out their effects. Macaulay called Thucydides “the greatest historian that ever lived” 6.Pythagoras was a bold thinker who had the idea that all things were numbers. He was t he founder of scientific mathematics. 7.Heracleitus believed fire to be the primary element of the universe，out of which everything else had arisen. To him,“all is flux，nothing is stationary”. He alsosaid，“you cannot step twice into the same river；for fresh waters are ever flowing in upon you. The sun is new everyday”he held the theory of the mingling of opposites and believed that it was the strife between the opposites that produced harmony. 8.Democtitus speculated about the atomic structure of matter. Indeed，he was one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory. He was one of the earliest philosophical materialists and Marx`s first published work was a study of Democritus. 9Socrates taught Plato，who taught Aristotle. They were active in Athens in the 5th and the 4th century B.C. Socrates was known through Dialogues by Plato. Socrates liked to talk with people in the marketplace and in the streets ，asking and answering questions. He was ready to discuss anything in heaven and earth，specializing in exposing fallacies. When words like justice ，religiousness，virtue，wisdom，ect. Were used by others，he would ask the speaker to explain them and then dissect the answers to show how they were wrong and or illogical. This method of argument，by questioning and answering，has come to be known as the dialectical method. Plato showed himself a brilliant stylist，writing with wit and grace. His Dialogues are important not only as philosophical writing but also as imaginative literature. His other works: Apology（Socrates` defense of himself at the trial），Symposium （about beauty and love），and the Republic（about the ideal state ruled by a philosopher but barring poets） Plato built up a comprehensive system of philosophy. It dealt with the problems of how，in the complex，ever —changing the world，men were to attain knowledge. The reply he gave was：men have knowledge because of the existence of certain general“ideas”，like beauty，truth，goodness. Only these ideas are completely real，while the physical world is only relatively real. For this reason，Plato`s philosophy is called Idealism. Many of his ideas were absorbed into Christian thought Aristotle studied in Plato`s Academy for years. Later he became the tutor of Alexander the Macedonian King. In him the great humanist and the great man of science meet. On logic, moral philosophy，politics，metaphysics（形而上学），psychology，physics，zoology，poetry，rhetoric，he wrote epoch-making works，which dominated Europe thought for more than a thousand years. He did much to form，through his various and diverse interpreters，the philosophical，scientific and cosmological outlook of an entire world. Dante called him “the master of those who know” His works：Ethics（an introduction to moral philosophy），Politics，Poetics（a treatise on literary theory），and Rhetoric （dealing with the art of persuading an audience） Aristotle differed from his teacher in following ways：for one thing，Aristotle emphasized direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact. This is different from Plato`s reliance on subjective thinking；also，he thought that “form”（idea）and matter together made up concrete individual realities. Here ，he differed from Plato who held that ideas had a higher reality than the physical world Aristotle thought happiness that could only be achieved by leading a life of reason，goodness and contemplation should be a man`s aim in life. 10.contending schools of thought:百家争鸣 The Cynics：got their name because Diogenes，one of their leaders，decided to live like a dog and the word “cynic”means“dog”in Greek. He rejected all conventions—whether of religion，of manner，dress，housing，food，or of decency. In fact，he lived by begging. He proclaimed his brotherhood，not only with the whole human race，but also with animals. On the other hand，he had no patience with the rich and the powerful The Sceptics （诡辩学家）followed Pyrrhon，who held that not all knowledge was attainable. Hence he and his followers doubted t the truth of what others accepted as true. The Epicureans were disciples of Epicurus，who believed pleasure to be the highest good in life，but by pleasure he meant，not sensual enjoyment，but freedom from pain and emotional upheaval. This he thought could be attained by the practice of virtue. His teaching wa s misunderstood by later people and the word“Epicurean”has come to mean indulgence in luxurious living. Epicurus was a materialist. Opposed to the Epicureans were the Stoics. To them，the most important thing in life was not pleasure，but duty. This developed into the theory that one should endure hardship and misfortune with courage. The chief Stoic was Zeno. He was also a materialist，asserting the existence of the real world. He believed that there is no such thing as chance，and that the course of nature is rigidly determined by natural laws. In the life of an individual man，virtue is the solo good；such things as health，happiness，possessions，are of no account. Since virtue resides in the will，everything good or bad in a man`s life depends only upon himself. If he has to die, he should die nobly，like Socrates. Greek architecture three styles：a.the Doric style （masculine style. powerful, sturdy, showing a good sense of propotion）, the Ionic style(feminine style), the Corinthian style(oranmental luxury) There famous temples: the Acropplis at Athens, the Parthenon. The impact of Greek culture: a,The Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other Eruropean countries.b. The Greeks invented mathematics and science and phylosophy. Their spirt of innovation had immence influence in later generations c. The Greek is the birthland of the democracy. d.They set a great example of thinking rationally and logically. e. In literature, they have exerted an influence which can be still felt today. Epic poetry, tragedy, comedy, lyric poetry, historical writing f.architecture, sculpture. Romans and Greeks异同：Common:a. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of cittizen-assembly, hostile to monarchy and to servility. b. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified-Greek Zeus with Roman Jupiter, Greek Aphrodite with Roman Venus, and so on-and their myth to be fused. c.Their languages worked in similar ways, and were ultimately related, both being members of the Indo-European language family which stretches from Banglandesh to Iceland. Difference: a.The Romans built up a vast empire: The Greeks didn’t. b.The Romans were confident in their military and administrative capabilities. c.The Greeks enjoyed an artistic and intellectural inheritance much richer than the Romans. Roman peace: The emperors relied on a strong army-the famous Roman regions-and an efficient bureaucracy to exert their rule, which was facilitated by a well-developed system of roads. Thus the Romans enjoyed a long period of oece lasting 200 years, a remarkable phenomenon in history known as the Pax Romana. Virgil:The greatest of Latin poet, wrote the greatest epic, the Aeneid. Tragic hero: Aeneas was a truely tragic hero because to fufil his hitoric mission he had to betray the great passion of his life. While he gained an empire, his love for Dido, qyeen of Carhage. While he gained an empire, he lost something no empire could compensate, happiness in life. The Colosseum:斗兽场It is an enormous amphitheatre built in the centre of Rome in imperial times. It held more than 5000 spectatots. The relationship between Judaism and Christianity: They are closely related. the Jewish tradition gave birth to Christianity. Both originated in Palestine-the
2014年10月北京自考欧洲文化入门模拟试题和答案
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欧洲文化入门复习资料第七部分 2006-4-28 16:6自考365社区【大中小】【我要纠错】 第七章 1、Romanticism名词解释 Romanticism was a movement in literature，philosophy，music and art which developed in Europe in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Starting from the ideas of Rousseau in France and from the Storm and Stress movement （狂飙运动）in Germany. Romanticism emphasized individual values and aspirations （灵感）above those of society. As a reaction （反应）to the industrial revolution （工业革命），it looked to （承上启下）the Middle Ages and to direct contact with nature （与大自然的直接接触）for inspiration （灵感）。Romanticism gave impetus （动力支持）to the national liberation movement （民族解放运动） in 19th century Europe. 2、The literary and philosophical trend （倾向）in the Romantic philosophy was represented by Transcendentalism.（先验论） 3、the theoretical （理论上的）groundwork （基础）for capitalism was Adam Smith…s the wealth of Nations. 4、Brotherhood最早由犬儒派提出，惠特曼的草叶集也提到 5、French revolution with its slogans （口号）of liberty （自由），equality and universal brotherhood. 6、Blake —→Songs of Innocence （清白之歌）happy world —→Songs of Experience （经验之歌）bitter world （苦涩） 7、The Laker poets （The Lakers） ①Wordsworth —→Lyrical Ballads （抒情民谣）与Coleridge 合写 —→The Prelude （序曲） ②Coleridge —→Kubla Khan （忽必烈汗）exotic culture （外来文化） —→The Rime of the ancient Mariner （古舟船泳） 8、Lyrical Ballads marked the beginning of the Romantic literature. 9、Coleridge…s works possessed the characteristic of exotic culture. （外来文 化） 10、Byron —→Isles of Greece （希腊诸岛）
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欧洲文化入门听课笔记和重点总结 1.希腊罗马Homer Author of epics Sappho Lyric poet 三大悲剧家：Aeschylus Tragic dramatist Sophocles Tragic dramatist Euripides Tragic dramatist 喜剧家：Aristophanes Comedy writer 历史学家：Herodotus wrote about wars between Greeks and Persians Father of history Thucydides wrote about wars between Athens and Sparta and Athens and Syracuse the greatest historian that have ever lived 哲学和科学：Pythagoras All things were numbers founder of scientific mathematics Heracleitue Fire is the primary element Democritus Materialist， one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory Socrates Dissect of oneself，virtue was high worth of life， dialectical method Plato Man have knowledge because of the existence of certain general ideas