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欧洲文化入门复习资料第三部分

2006-4-28 15:52自考365社区【大中小】【我要纠错】

第三章

1、the Middle ages名词解释

In European history，the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.

2、The middle ages is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. To be specific （具体说来），from the 5th century to 15th century.

3、The transitional （过渡时期）period is called the middle ages，between

ancient times and modern times.

4、The transitional （过渡时期）period is called the 17th century，between

the middle ages and modern times.

5、In 476 A.D. a Germanic （日耳曼）general killed the last Roman emperor

and took control of the government. 西罗马476灭，东罗马1653年灭

6、Feudalism名词解释

Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding （土地所有）— a system of holding land in exchange for military service （军事力量）。The word “feudalism” was derived （来源）from the Latin “feudum”，a grant （许可的）

of land.

7、fiefs（次划分）名词解释

In Feudalism，the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into small pieces to be given to chancellors （有功的大臣）or soldiers as a reward （奖赏）for their service. The subdivisions were called fiefs.

8、vassals （占有fiefs的人）名词解释

was call vassals.

9、code of chivalry （骑士制度）名词解释

As a knight，he were pledged to protect the weak，to fight for the church，to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry，from which the western idea of good manners

developed.

10、dubbing （骑士头衔加冕仪式）名词解释

After a knight was successful in his trained and tournaments，there was always a special ceremony （选择）to award him with a title，knight. This special

ceremony is called dubbing.

11、knight trained for war by fighting each other in mock battles called

tournaments.（模拟战场）

12、The crusades ended up with the victory of Moslems.（穆斯林）

13、The Manor （领地所有制）名词解释

The centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. Manors were founded on the fiefs of the lords （农场主）。By the twelfth century manor houses were made of stone and designed as fortresses. They came to be called castles.

14、After 1054，the church was divided into the Roman Catholic Church and

the Eastern Orthodox Church.

15、The Catholic Church made Latin the official language and helped to preserve （保留）and pass on the heritage （传统）of the Roman Empire.

16、The word “catholic”，meant “universal”。（广泛的，无处不在的）

17、St. Jerome，who translated into Latin both Old and New Testament from

the Hebrew and Greek originals. Vulgate （拉丁语圣经）

18、Early Monasticism （早期修道院制）名词解释

Between 300 and 500 A.D.，many men withdrew from （放弃了）worldly contacts to deserts and lonely places. This movement developed into the establishment of monasteries （男）and convents （女）for monks and nuns. Some of the hermits （隐士）were great scholars known as “Father of the Church”，whose work is generally considered orthodox.（东正教）

19、Augustine —→“Confession”（坦白）and “The City of God” （上帝之都）

20、St. Benedict —→founded Benedictine Rule about 529 A.D. （专门给清

修的人制定的法律）

21、The Inquisition （问讯厅）to stamp out so-called heresy.异教

22、The most important of all courses was Jerusalem. （耶路撒冷）

23、Crusades went on about 200 years.

24、There were altogether eight chief Crusades.

25、（结束）By 1291 the Moslems （穆斯林）had taken over the last Christian stronghold. They won the crusades and ruled all the territory in Palestine that

the Crusaders had fought to control.

26、Carolingian Renaissance名词解释

Carolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne…s name in Latin，Carolus. The most interesting facet （一面）of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle （有见解）of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate （吸收）the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.

27、Roger Bacon…s work was the Opus maius.

28、National Epics（民族史诗运动）名词解释

The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature. “National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is，the languages of various national states （民

族国家）that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of

national characteristics.

29、Chaucer （乔叟）的诗歌特点：①power of observation （观察）

②piercing irony （敏锐的讽刺）③sense of humour ④warm humanity （温

暖的人性）

与狄更斯相似

30、Gothic名词解释

①The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of

Western Europe.

②It lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and，in some areas，into the 16th. More churches were built in this manner than in any other style in

history.

③The Gothic was an outgrowth （丰富与发展）of the Romanesque.（罗马式）

31、The Canterbury Tales：

①The Canterbury Tales was written by Chaucer.

②Chaucer introduced French and Italy writing the English native alliterative

verse.（压头韵）

③Both Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales are the best representative of the

middle English.

论述简答

一、In the middle ages，what cultures began to merge （融合）？

答：

Classical，Hebrew and Gothic heritages merged （文化融合）。It paved the way for the development of what is the present-day European culture.中世纪为

现代欧洲文化铺平道路

二、Why is the middle ages is called Age of Faith （信仰的年代）？名词解释和

简答

答：

1、During the Medieval （中世纪）times there was no central （中央的）government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite （团

结）Europe was the Christian church.

2、The Christian church continued to gain （赢得）widespread （普及的）power

and influence.

3、In the Late middle ages，almost everyone in western Europe was a Christian and a member of the Christian Church. Christianity took the lead in politics，law，art，and learning （思想领域）for hundreds of years.

4、It shaped （形成）people…s lives. That is why the middle ages is also called

the “Age of Faith”。

三、How did Feudalism develop in Europe in middle ages？

答：

1、feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding （土地所有）—

a system of holding land in exchange for military service （军事力量）。The word “feudalism” was derived （来源）from the Latin “feudum”，a grant （许可的）

of land.

2、In order to seek the protection of large land-owners，the people of small farms or land gave their farms and land to large land-owners，but they still had

freedom，they were called freemen.

3、While the people from towns and cities did not possess farms or land. They had nothing but their freedom to be given to large land-owners，and then they lost their freedom for protection. They were called serfs.

4、In Feudalism，the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into small pieces to be given to chancellors （有功的大臣）or soldiers as a reward （奖赏）for their service. The subdivisions were called fiefs. The owners of the fiefs

was call vassals.

5、There came a form of local and decentralized （分散化的）government.

6、As a knight，he were pledged to protect the weak，to fight for the church，to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry，from which the western idea of good manners

developed.

四、What positive influence does the Crusades exert on the European

Culture？

（What is the great significance of the Crusades？）

答：

1、The crusades brought the East into closer contact with the West. And they

greatly influenced the history of Europe. （拉近了东西方的交流）

2、During the wars while many of the feudal lords went to fight in Palestine，kings at home found opportunities （机会）to strengthen （加强）themselves. Thus among other things，Crusades helped to break down feudalism，which，in turn led to the rise of the monarchies. （取而代之的是君主专制）霍布斯主张君主

专制

3、Besides，through their contact with the more cultured Byzantines and Moslems，the western Europeans changed many of their old ideas. Their desire （期望）for wealth or power began to overshadow （战胜）their religious ideals.

4、The Crusades also resulted in renewing people…s interest in learning and invention. By the 13th century，universities had spread all over Europe. Such knowledge as Arabic numerals （阿拉伯数字），algebra （代数），and Arab medicine （医学）were introduced to the West.

5、As trade increased，village and towns began to grow into cities. And the rise of towns and trade in western Europe paved the way of the growth of strong

national governments. （民族政府）

五、How did learning and science develop in the Middle Ages？

答：

1、Charlemagne and Carolingian Renaissance：（查理曼的文艺复兴）

①He was crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by the pope in 800.

②Carolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne…s name in Latin，Carolus. The most interesting facet （一面）of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle （有见解）of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate （吸收）the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.

2、Alfred the Great and Wessex Centre of Learning：（阿尔伏雷德大帝和威克

萨斯王国）

①He promoted （奖励）translations into the vernacular from Latin works.

②He also inspired （授意）the compilation of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.

（编年史）

3、St. Thomas Aquinas and Scholasticism：（经院主义，保守主义的雏形）

4、Roger Bacon and Experimental Science：（实用主义）

①Roger Bacon，a monk，was one of the earliest advocates of scientific

research. （最早的支持者）亚里士多德最早提出

②He called for careful observation （观察）and experimentation. His main

work was the Opus maius.

六、How did literature develop in the middle ages？

答：

1、The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature. “National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is，the languages of various national states （民族国家）that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the

representative works of the National Epics.

2、Dante Alighieri and The Divine Comedy：（但丁与神曲）

①His masterpiece，The Divine Comedy，is one of the landmarks of world

literature.

②The poem expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed （预示）the

spirit of Renaissance.

③Dante wrote his masterpiece in Italian rather than in Latin. （只用意大利

语创作）

3、Geoffery Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales：（乔叟与坎特布雷集）

①The Canterbury Tales were his most popular work.

②Most of the tales are written in verse （诗）which reflects（反映）Chaucer…s innovation （改革）by introducing into the native alliterative verse （压头韵诗）

the French and Italian styles.

③Chaucer is thus to be ，regarded as （被看作）the first short story teller

and the first modern poet in English literature.短篇写作第一人

④Chaucer and the Canterbury Tales were representative of the Middle

ages.

七、What is the difference between the vernacular language used in the National epics and the vernacular language used by Mark twain？（重点☆）

答：

representative works of the National Epics.

2、The vernacular （方言）language used by Mark twain refers to both local and colloq （地方式俗语）language used in the Mississippi area，with a strong characteristic of that region （地区） .Mark twain used vernacular language not only in dialogue，but also in narration. （叙述）

3、His representative works Life on the Mississippi.

《欧洲文化入门》知识点笔记

《欧洲文化入门》知识点笔记 1、There are many elements constituting(组成) European Culture. 2、There are two major elements：Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element. 3、The richness(丰富性) of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element. 第一章 1、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta. 2、The economy of Athens rested on(依赖) an immense(无限的)amount of slave labour. 3、Olympus mount，Revived in 1896(当代奥运会) 4、Ancient Greece(古希腊)‘s epics was created by Homer. 5、The events of Homer‘s own time. (错) (They are not about events of Homer‘s own time，probably in the period 1200-1100 B.C.) 6、The Homer‘s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey. 7、Agamemnon，Hector，Achilles are in Iliad. 8、Odysseus and Penelope are in Odyssey. 9、Odyssey(对其作品产生影响)—→James Joyoe‘s Ulysses(描述一天的生活)。In the 20th century. 10、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C. 11、三大悲剧大师①Aeschylus 《Prometheus Bound》—→模仿式作品Shelly《Prometheus Unbound》 ②Sophocles(之首) 《Oedipus the King》—→Freud‘s “the Oedipus complex”(恋母情结) —→David Herbert Lawrence’s《Sons and lovers》(劳伦斯)447页 ③Euripides A.《Trojan Women》 B. He is the first writer of “problem plays”(社会问题剧) 在肖伯纳手中达到高潮，属于存在主义戏剧的人物 C. Elizabeth Browning called him “Euripides human”(一个纯粹的人) D. Realism can be traced back (追溯到) to the Ancient Greece. To be specific(具体来说)，Euripides. 12、The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes. 18页 Aristophanes writes about nature. —→浪漫主义湖畔派(The lakers )华兹华兹 13、History (Historical writing)史学创作新古典主义代表作家《格列夫游

四川大学外国语学院638 基础英语、918 英语专业综合知识考

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欧洲文化入门复习资料

1、Two major elements in European culture：the Greco-Roman element and the Judeo-Christian element. 2、The Homer epics consists of the Iliad and the Odyssey. The Iliad deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece，led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy. The heroes are Hector on the Trojan side and Achilles and Odysseus on the Greek. In the final battle，Hector was killed by Achilles and Troy was sacked and burned by the Greeks. The Odyssey deals with the return of Odysseus after the Trojan war to his home island of Ithaca. It describes many adventures he ran into on his long sea voyage and how finally he was reunited with his faithful wife Penelope. 3、古希腊三大悲剧家：Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides Works of Aeschylus：Prometheus Bound，Persians，and Agamemnon .There are only two actors and one chorus in these plays. Aeschylus is noted for his vivid character portrayal and majestic poetry.Works of Sophocles：Oedipus the King，Electra，and Antigone （theme：the difficult choice between public duty and private feeling）. He has had a great impact on European culture. The Oedipus complex（恋母情结）、Electra（恋父情结）were derived from his plays Work of Euripides：Andromache，Medea，and Trojan Women. He was more of a realist than other two. His characters are less heroic，more like ordinary people. He may be called the first writer of “problem plays” 4.Herodotus is often called “Father of History”，wrote about the wars between Greeks and Persians . His history is full of anecdotes and digressions and lively dialogue. 5.Thucydides is more accurate as an historian. He told about the war between Athens and Syracuse ，a Greek state on the island of Sicily. He traced events to their causes and brought out their effects. Macaulay called Thucydides “the greatest historian that ever lived” 6.Pythagoras was a bold thinker who had the idea that all things were numbers. He was t he founder of scientific mathematics. 7.Heracleitus believed fire to be the primary element of the universe，out of which everything else had arisen. To him,“all is flux，nothing is stationary”. He alsosaid，“you cannot step twice into the same river；for fresh waters are ever flowing in upon you. The sun is new everyday”he held the theory of the mingling of opposites and believed that it was the strife between the opposites that produced harmony. 8.Democtitus speculated about the atomic structure of matter. Indeed，he was one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory. He was one of the earliest philosophical materialists and Marx`s first published work was a study of Democritus. 9Socrates taught Plato，who taught Aristotle. They were active in Athens in the 5th and the 4th century B.C. Socrates was known through Dialogues by Plato. Socrates liked to talk with people in the marketplace and in the streets ，asking and answering questions. He was ready to discuss anything in heaven and earth，specializing in exposing fallacies. When words like justice ，religiousness，virtue，wisdom，ect. Were used by others，he would ask the speaker to explain them and then dissect the answers to show how they were wrong and or illogical. This method of argument，by questioning and answering，has come to be known as the dialectical method. Plato showed himself a brilliant stylist，writing with wit and grace. His Dialogues are important not only as philosophical writing but also as imaginative literature. His other works: Apology（Socrates` defense of himself at the trial），Symposium （about beauty and love），and the Republic（about the ideal state ruled by a philosopher but barring poets） Plato built up a comprehensive system of philosophy. It dealt with the problems of how，in the complex，ever —changing the world，men were to attain knowledge. The reply he gave was：men have knowledge because of the existence of certain general“ideas”，like beauty，truth，goodness. Only these ideas are completely real，while the physical world is only relatively real. For this reason，Plato`s philosophy is called Idealism. Many of his ideas were absorbed into Christian thought Aristotle studied in Plato`s Academy for years. Later he became the tutor of Alexander the Macedonian King. In him the great humanist and the great man of science meet. On logic, moral philosophy，politics，metaphysics（形而上学），psychology，physics，zoology，poetry，rhetoric，he wrote epoch-making works，which dominated Europe thought for more than a thousand years. He did much to form，through his various and diverse interpreters，the philosophical，scientific and cosmological outlook of an entire world. Dante called him “the master of those who know” His works：Ethics（an introduction to moral philosophy），Politics，Poetics（a treatise on literary theory），and Rhetoric （dealing with the art of persuading an audience） Aristotle differed from his teacher in following ways：for one thing，Aristotle emphasized direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact. This is different from Plato`s reliance on subjective thinking；also，he thought that “form”（idea）and matter together made up concrete individual realities. Here ，he differed from Plato who held that ideas had a higher reality than the physical world Aristotle thought happiness that could only be achieved by leading a life of reason，goodness and contemplation should be a man`s aim in life. 10.contending schools of thought:百家争鸣 The Cynics：got their name because Diogenes，one of their leaders，decided to live like a dog and the word “cynic”means“dog”in Greek. He rejected all conventions—whether of religion，of manner，dress，housing，food，or of decency. In fact，he lived by begging. He proclaimed his brotherhood，not only with the whole human race，but also with animals. On the other hand，he had no patience with the rich and the powerful The Sceptics （诡辩学家）followed Pyrrhon，who held that not all knowledge was attainable. Hence he and his followers doubted t the truth of what others accepted as true. The Epicureans were disciples of Epicurus，who believed pleasure to be the highest good in life，but by pleasure he meant，not sensual enjoyment，but freedom from pain and emotional upheaval. This he thought could be attained by the practice of virtue. His teaching wa s misunderstood by later people and the word“Epicurean”has come to mean indulgence in luxurious living. Epicurus was a materialist. Opposed to the Epicureans were the Stoics. To them，the most important thing in life was not pleasure，but duty. This developed into the theory that one should endure hardship and misfortune with courage. The chief Stoic was Zeno. He was also a materialist，asserting the existence of the real world. He believed that there is no such thing as chance，and that the course of nature is rigidly determined by natural laws. In the life of an individual man，virtue is the solo good；such things as health，happiness，possessions，are of no account. Since virtue resides in the will，everything good or bad in a man`s life depends only upon himself. If he has to die, he should die nobly，like Socrates. Greek architecture three styles：a.the Doric style （masculine style. powerful, sturdy, showing a good sense of propotion）, the Ionic style(feminine style), the Corinthian style(oranmental luxury) There famous temples: the Acropplis at Athens, the Parthenon. The impact of Greek culture: a,The Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other Eruropean countries.b. The Greeks invented mathematics and science and phylosophy. Their spirt of innovation had immence influence in later generations c. The Greek is the birthland of the democracy. d.They set a great example of thinking rationally and logically. e. In literature, they have exerted an influence which can be still felt today. Epic poetry, tragedy, comedy, lyric poetry, historical writing f.architecture, sculpture. Romans and Greeks异同：Common:a. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of cittizen-assembly, hostile to monarchy and to servility. b. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified-Greek Zeus with Roman Jupiter, Greek Aphrodite with Roman Venus, and so on-and their myth to be fused. c.Their languages worked in similar ways, and were ultimately related, both being members of the Indo-European language family which stretches from Banglandesh to Iceland. 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