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欧洲文化入门总复习题

欧洲文化入门复习题（2、3章）

一：选择（51’）

1:Hebrew---Israelite---Jew Jew---Jewish---Judaism Judaism---Christianity

2:Pentateuch(摩西五经)：Genesis(创世纪)、Exodus(出埃及记)、Leviticus(利未记)、Numbers(民数计)、Deuteronomy(申命记)

3：The fall of man: Adam and Eve、the Garden of Eden

4: Noah’s Ark

5:Moses(a famous Hebrew leader) 、Exodus、40 years、the mountainous Sinai、Ten Commandments

6:While in Babylon in the 6th century B.C., the Hebrews, now known as Jews, formed synagogues(大会堂) to practise their religion.

7:如今有多少犹太人？15 million

8:Jesus 出生地：那瑟勒死亡地：耶路撒冷郊外髑髅地·各各地

Baptism: 30 years、John baptist

9:Diocletian destroyed、Constantine and the Edict of Milan in 133、Theodosius official

10: the new testament(新约)：the birth、teaching、death（The Crucifixion耶稣被钉十字架）、resurrection of Jesus

11：现代英语两大宝库：the English Bible and Shakespeare

12:228 years

13:the Code of Chivalry：to protect the week, to fight for church, to be loyal to his lord, to respect women of noble birth.

14:half civilized Germanic tribes: Visigoths, the Franks, the Angle and Saxons, the Vandals

15:Feudalism(封建主义) the Manor(庄园) serfs(农奴) Charles Martel in 732. 16:After 1054, the Roman Catholic church and Eastern Orthodox church

17:three groups in feudalism: clergy(牧师最高) lords peasants(农民最低)

18：the crusades(十字军) 8 times 200 years

By 1291, the moslems had taken over the last Christain stronghold.

19:Emperor of the Romans(神圣罗马皇帝): Charlemagne(查理曼大帝)

20:Alfred the Great(Anglo-Saxdon) contributed to medieval European culture

21:real scientific progress began in the 12th and 13th centuries.

Roger bacon(a monk) is an advocate of scientific research.Opus maius, and encyclopedia（自然哲学总则）

22:National Epics: Beowulf(Anglo-saxon/英国) Song of Roland(French/法国) 荷马史诗代表作Iliad(伊利亚特）和Odysse（奥德赛）

Geoffrey Chaucer(杰弗里乔叟) and the Canterbury tales(坎特伯雷故事)

23：Romanesque(罗马建筑) Gothic(哥特式建筑)：stained glass windows are the Holy Scriptures

24:哲学三杰（苏格拉底，柏拉图，亚里士多德）顺序不能打乱

二：简答（6道）

1:Two Major Elements in European Culture

European culture is made up of many elements, which have gone through changes over the centuries. Two of these elements are considered to be more enduring and they are: the Greco-Roman element, and the Judeo-Christian element. However, there has been a complex interplay between the two, which adds to the richness of the culture.

2:Why should Chinese students of English bother about European culture?

Well, English culture is a part of European culture and language cannot be learned without some knowledge of the culture Behind it.

Further, European culture itself is a part of world culture. Some knowledge of it is necessary to us as citizens of the world, particularly when our country is going ahead with modernization and taking an active part in world affairs.

3：Ten Commandments(摩西十诫)

1）You shall have no other gods before me.

除了我以外，你不可有别的神。

2）You shall not make for yourself an idol.不可为自己雕刻偶像。

4）Observe the sabbath day and keep it holy. 守安息日为圣日。

5）Honor your father and mother. 孝敬父母。

6）You shall not murder. 不可杀人。

7）Neither shall you commit adultery. 不可奸淫。

8）Neither shall you steal. 不可偷盗。

9.）Neither shall you bear false witness against your neighbor.

不可作假见证陷害人。

4:为什么基督教是西方最大的宗教？

Among all the religions by which people seek to worship, Christianity is by far the most influential in the West. Every phase of man’s life is touched by this religion, so much so that it has become part and parcel of Western culture.

5: Why are Judaism and Christianity closely related?

In fact, it was the Jewish tradition which gave birth to Christianity. Both originated in Palestine--the hub of migration and trade routes, which led to exchange of ideas over wide areas.

6: 为什么叫中世纪？

7:为什么叫dark ages?

8:为什么叫the age of faith?

9:why could the “Christian Church” become the only central of power.

10:the Code of Chivalry(骑士公约)：

to protect the week, to fight for church, to be loyal to his lord, to respect women of noble birth.

三：论述（5道）

1: What was the Hebrew’s major contribution to world civilization ?

About 1300 B.C., the Hebrews came to settle in Palestine, known as Canaan at that time, and formed small kingdoms. Their history was handed down orally from one generation to another in the form of folktales and stories, which were recorded later in the Old Testament, which still late became the first part of the christian Bible. Though a minor tribe in ancient Middle East with a small population, the Hebrews made one of the greatest contribution to the word civilization.

2:Why do we say the Bible has shaped Western culture more decisively than anything else ever written ?

The Bible is the most popular book in the culture of mankind. It is the essential of western civilization, having shaped the western civilization more decisively than anything else ever written.

3:What happened in Western Europe after the decline of the Roman Empire ?

(1) In 476 A.D. a Germanic general killed the last Roman emperor and took control of the government. A great many Germanic kingdoms began to grow into the nations known as England, France, Spain, Italy, and Germany. (2) Between the 5th to 11th centuries, Western Europe was the scene of frequent wars and invasions. The political unity had given way to widespread destruction and confusion. Hunger and disease killed many lives; towns and villages fell into ruin and great areas of land lay waste. (3) During the medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church. In the late Middle Ages, Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learning for hundreds of year.

4: What made Italy the birthplace of the Renaissance ?

(1)Renaissance started in Florence and Venice with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture. Form Italy the movement went to embrace the rest of Europe. (2) Because of its geographical position, foreign trade developed early in Italy into contact with other cultures and gave rise to urban economy and helped Italy to accumulate wealth which was an essential factor for the flowering of art and literature. (3) For two centuries beginning from the late 15th century, Florence was the golden city which gave birth to a whole generation of poet, scholars, artists and sculptors. There was in Florence a revival of interest in classical learning and rising of humanist ideas.

5:What is the significance of the Reformation in European civilization ?

The significance of the Reformation in European civilization is profound. (1) Before Reformation. It was under the absolute rule of the Roman Catholic Church and the Holy Roman Empire. Economically, peasants all over Europe had to pay a good amount of their gains to the Pope. The Reformation brought changes to all these. (2) In educational and cultural matters, the monopoly of the Church was broken. (3) In religion, Protestantism brought into different forms of Christianity to challenge the absolute rule of the Roman Catholic Church. (4) In language, the dominant position of Latin had to give way to the national languages as a rule of various translations of the Bible into the vernacular. (5) In spirit, absolute obedience became out-moded and the spirit of quest, debate, was ushered of the Roman Catholic Church and Europe was to take a new course of development, a scientific revolution was to be under way and, capitalism was to set in with its dynamic economic principles.

6:What is the merit which Charlemagne and Alfred the Great share ?

(1) Charlemagne was crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by the Pope in 800, and Alfred the Great was the ruler of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex. Both of them contribution greatly to the medieval European culture.

(2) Charlemagne and Alfred the Great all encourage learning. For example, Charlemagne set up monastery schools, gave support to scholars and set scribes to work copying various ancient books. Alfred worried about the disappearance and made Wessex the Anglo-Saxon cultural centre by introducing teachers and schools, founding new monasteries, and promoting translations into the vernacular from Latin works.

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Dante called him “the master of those who know” His works：Ethics（an introduction to moral philosophy），Politics，Poetics（a treatise on literary theory），and Rhetoric （dealing with the art of persuading an audience） Aristotle differed from his teacher in following ways：for one thing，Aristotle emphasized direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact. This is different from Plato`s reliance on subjective thinking；also，he thought that “form”（idea）and matter together made up concrete individual realities. Here ，he differed from Plato who held that ideas had a higher reality than the physical world Aristotle thought happiness that could only be achieved by leading a life of reason，goodness and contemplation should be a man`s aim in life. 10.contending schools of thought:百家争鸣 The Cynics：got their name because Diogenes，one of their leaders，decided to live like a dog and the word “cynic”means“dog”in Greek. He rejected all conventions—whether of religion，of manner，dress，housing，food，or of decency. In fact，he lived by begging. He proclaimed his brotherhood，not only with the whole human race，but also with animals. On the other hand，he had no patience with the rich and the powerful The Sceptics （诡辩学家）followed Pyrrhon，who held that not all knowledge was attainable. Hence he and his followers doubted t the truth of what others accepted as true. The Epicureans were disciples of Epicurus，who believed pleasure to be the highest good in life，but by pleasure he meant，not sensual enjoyment，but freedom from pain and emotional upheaval. This he thought could be attained by the practice of virtue. His teaching wa s misunderstood by later people and the word“Epicurean”has come to mean indulgence in luxurious living. Epicurus was a materialist. Opposed to the Epicureans were the Stoics. To them，the most important thing in life was not pleasure，but duty. 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The Colosseum:斗兽场It is an enormous amphitheatre built in the centre of Rome in imperial times. It held more than 5000 spectatots. The relationship between Judaism and Christianity: They are closely related. the Jewish tradition gave birth to Christianity. Both originated in Palestine-the

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欧洲文化入门参考资料这是一本中国大学生了解欧洲文化的英语教科书，为了教学需要而编写的。学习英语的中国大学生在阅读英文书刊和同英语国家人士的交往中，往往感到由于缺乏欧洲文化知识而增加了许多困难。英语中有数不清的典故、名言、成语、人名、地名等等来自古希腊罗马的哲学、文学、历史著作，希伯莱的圣经，文艺复兴时期的艺术创作或者牵涉到各时期思想、科技、政治、社会方面的重要事件和人物。如果对这些所知无多，读书未必全懂，对谈也难顺利。而一旦对这些有了较多知识，则不仅了解程度会提高，而且由于通过文化来学习语言，语言也会学得更好。《欧洲文化入门》教学大纲一、课程基本信息 1、课程英文名称：European Culture: An Introduction 2、课程类别：专业限选课程 3、课程学时：32学时 4、学分：2 5、先修课程：《高级英语》、《英国文学选读》、《美国文学选读》 6、适用专业：英语 7、大纲执笔：英语专业教研室 8、大纲审批：外语系学术委员会 9、制定(修订)时间：2005 二、课程的目的与任务：本课程为专业选修课程，旨在通过该课程的学习，学生比较系统地学习有关欧洲文化的基本知识，以提高学生的文化知识和文化修养，并为以后开专业课提供大量重要的背景文化知识，从而更好地了解和学习英语，提高文学欣赏水平。三、课程的基本要求：本教学大纲对象是高等院校英语专业高年级学生，全部用英语授课。了解欧洲文化对英语发展的影响和欧洲文化发展的脉络；了解来自古希腊罗马的哲学、文学、历史著作，希伯莱的圣经，文艺复兴时期的艺术创作的典故、名言、成语、人名、地名等；了解欧洲各时期思想、科技、政治、社会方面的重要事件和人物；将欧洲文化与同时期的中国文化进行比较；学生应准备一些工具书、参考书、选本、译本。四、教学内容、要求及学时分配：希腊、罗马文化基督教及其《圣经》中世纪文艺复兴与宗教改革十七世纪启蒙运动浪漫主义马克思主义与达尔文学说现实主义现代主义及其它五、考试考核办法：笔试六、教材及参考书：

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