欧洲文化入门复习资料

欧洲文化入门复习资料

基础知识

Terms or definitions.

Social Darwinism

>>>>For the term ―natural selection‖ Spencer substituted the ―survival of the fittest‖. Spencer’s term however, became a slogan for those who sought to apply to society the principle. The result was so-called social Darwinism. This theory advocated free play for all processes involved in the struggle for existence. It justified cutthroat competition between individuals and force between groups of people.

Achilles Heels

>>>>?Achilles is the great hero of Homer's great poem, the Iliad.When he was a child, his mother held his heel and dipped him in the waters of the river Styx to make him stronger and invulnerable; his heel is the only vulnerable part of the body. It was in this heel that he was to receive the wound, which killed him.

Trojan War

>>>>? The Iliad deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece, led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy. The heroes are Hector on the Trojan side and Achilles and Odysseus on the Greek. In the final battle, Hector was killed by Achilles and Troy was sacked and burned by the Greeks.

The Oedipus complex (恋母情节)

>>>> Sophocles is an outstanding dramatist in Greek culture and has had a strong impact on European literature. Some of his plots were taken over and adopted by later writers. Oedipus the King is the story of a man who unknowingly committed a terrible sin by killing his father and marrying his mother. The Austrian psychiatrist Sigmund Freud’s term ―the Oedipus complex‖ was also derived from Sophocles’s play.

She-Wolf (母狼雕像)

>>>> She-wolf is a statue which illustrates the legend o creation of Rome. The daughter of a king was loved by the war god Mars and bore him twin sons who were adrift on the Tiber River, nursed by a she-wolf. Upon reaching manhood, the brothers built a city. In making out the boundaries, they quarreled and fought. Romulus killed Remus and became the sole founder of Rome.

The Old Testament/ The New Testament/ The Bible.

>>>> The Bible is a collection of religious writings comprising two parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. It consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are first five books, called Pentateuch. The word ―Testament‖ means ―agreement‖ – namely, the agreement between God and Man.

>>>> The Bible is a collection of religious writings comprising two parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The New Testament is about the doctrine of Jesus Christ. The word ―Testament‖ means ―agreement‖ – namely, the agreement between God and Man.

>>>> The Bible is a collection of religious writings comprising two parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. It consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are first five books, called Pentateuch. The New Testament is about the doctrine of Je sus Christ. The word ―Testament‖ means ―agreement‖ –namely, the agreement between God and Man.

Genesis (创世纪)

>>>> Genesis belongs to the Pentateuch, which are the first five books of the Old Testament in the Bible. It is a religious account of the origin of the Hebrew people, including the origin of the world and of man, the career of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph.

Noah’s Ark (诺亚方舟)

>>>> This story belongs to Genesis, the Pentateuch, the Old Testament, the Bible. There was, however, one good man, Noah, who still remembered God and tried to be at peace with his conscience. So God spoke to Noah about His intention and told him to build an ark to protect him and his kins from the waters. Noah followed God’s instruction.

The Pax Romana (神圣罗马帝国)

>>>> In the early Roman history, the emperors in Rome relied on a strong army—the famous Roman legions—and an efficient bureaucracy to exert their rule, which was facilitated by a well-developed system of roads. Thus the Romans enjoyed a long period of peace lasting two hundred years, a remarkable phenomenon in history known as the Pax Romana.

Contending Schools of Thought (百家争鸣的罗马哲学流派)

>>>> Philosophers were active in ancient Greece before, during and after Socrates’ time. There had been 5 contending schools of thought. 1) The Sophists, who were teachers of the art of arguing. 2) The Cynics (The word ―cynic‖ means ―dog‖ in G reek.). 3) The Sceptics. 4) The Epicureans. 5) And opposed to the Epicureans were the Stoics.

Questions.

The significance of Greek civilization.

>>>> 1) Spirit of Innovation. ―They invented mathematics and science and philosophy; they first wrote history as opposed to mere annals; they speculated freely about the nature of the world and the ends of life, without being bound in the fetters of any inherited orthodoxy,‖

2) Supreme Achievement. The Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavour.

3) Lasting Effect.

a. Countless writers have quoted, adapted, borrowed from and otherwise used the Greek philosophers’ works.

b. In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics.

c. In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’s modernist masterpiece Ulysses.

Why is the Bible the important book in Western culture?

>>>> 1) The Bible is the essential of Western civilization, having shaped the Western civilization more decisively than anything else ever written. It is much more than a religious book and is really an encyclopaedia reflecting most extensively Western ideas and culture. All in one, the Bible is history, literature, and a record of great minds. It has left an enormous influence on the human race.

2) The use of Biblical themes has been a literary tradition of which the noted examples are Milton’s Paradise Los t, Bun yan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, Byron’s Cain, up to the contemporary Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises, and Steinbeck’s East of Eden.

3) In fact few great English and American writers of the seventeenth, eighteen, nineteenth, and twentieth century can be read and appreciated with satisfaction without a sufficient knowledge of the Bible. reservoirs

Which figure in western culture the most impresses you?

>>>> 1) Aristotle is one of three great philosophers in Greek culture. He was Plato’s pupil and became tutor of Alexander the Macedonian King later. After he retired, he founded his own school at the Lyceum, which is the second school in the world. He was also the great humanist and the great man of science.

2) For one thing, Aristotle emphasized direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact. This is different from Plato’s reliance on subjective thinking. Also, Aristotle thought that ―form‖ and matter together made up concrete individual realities. Here, too, he differed from Plato who held that ideas had a higher reality than the physical world.

3) To students of literature, Aristotle’s most influential writing is Poetic.

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欧洲文化入门复习资料

1、Two major elements in European culture：the Greco-Roman element and the Judeo-Christian element. 2、The Homer epics consists of the Iliad and the Odyssey. The Iliad deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece，led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy. The heroes are Hector on the Trojan side and Achilles and Odysseus on the Greek. In the final battle，Hector was killed by Achilles and Troy was sacked and burned by the Greeks. The Odyssey deals with the return of Odysseus after the Trojan war to his home island of Ithaca. It describes many adventures he ran into on his long sea voyage and how finally he was reunited with his faithful wife Penelope. 3、古希腊三大悲剧家：Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides Works of Aeschylus：Prometheus Bound，Persians，and Agamemnon .There are only two actors and one chorus in these plays. 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He rejected all conventions—whether of religion，of manner，dress，housing，food，or of decency. In fact，he lived by begging. He proclaimed his brotherhood，not only with the whole human race，but also with animals. On the other hand，he had no patience with the rich and the powerful The Sceptics （诡辩学家）followed Pyrrhon，who held that not all knowledge was attainable. Hence he and his followers doubted t the truth of what others accepted as true. The Epicureans were disciples of Epicurus，who believed pleasure to be the highest good in life，but by pleasure he meant，not sensual enjoyment，but freedom from pain and emotional upheaval. This he thought could be attained by the practice of virtue. His teaching wa s misunderstood by later people and the word“Epicurean”has come to mean indulgence in luxurious living. Epicurus was a materialist. Opposed to the Epicureans were the Stoics. To them，the most important thing in life was not pleasure，but duty. This developed into the theory that one should endure hardship and misfortune with courage. The chief Stoic was Zeno. He was also a materialist，asserting the existence of the real world. He believed that there is no such thing as chance，and that the course of nature is rigidly determined by natural laws. In the life of an individual man，virtue is the solo good；such things as health，happiness，possessions，are of no account. Since virtue resides in the will，everything good or bad in a man`s life depends only upon himself. If he has to die, he should die nobly，like Socrates. Greek architecture three styles：a.the Doric style （masculine style. powerful, sturdy, showing a good sense of propotion）, the Ionic style(feminine style), the Corinthian style(oranmental luxury) There famous temples: the Acropplis at Athens, the Parthenon. The impact of Greek culture: a,The Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other Eruropean countries.b. 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The Colosseum:斗兽场It is an enormous amphitheatre built in the centre of Rome in imperial times. It held more than 5000 spectatots. The relationship between Judaism and Christianity: They are closely related. the Jewish tradition gave birth to Christianity. Both originated in Palestine-the

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2014年10月北京自考欧洲文化入门模拟试题和答案100017 一、Read the following unfinished statements or questions carefully. For each unfinished statement or question，four suggested answers marked A，B，C and D are given. Choose the one which best completes the statement or answers the question by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points，2 points each) 第1题 In the second half of the 4th century B.C.， all Greece was brought under the rule of___________ ，King of Macedon. A. Homer B. Sophocles C. Alexander D. Alfred 【正确答案】 C 【你的答案】 本题分数2分 第2题 In ancient Greece，plays were performed in_____________. A. theatres B. open-air sports ground C. private houses D. open-air theatres 【正确答案】 D 【你的答案】 本题分数2分 第3题 The first emperor of the Roman Empire was________________. A. Constantine B. Julius Caesar C. Octavius D. Augustus 【正确答案】 D 【你的答案】 本题分数2分 第4题 The ancestors of the Jews are called Hebrews which mean______________. A. wanderers B. travelers

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欧洲文化入门听课笔记和重点总结 1.希腊罗马Homer Author of epics Sappho Lyric poet 三大悲剧家：Aeschylus Tragic dramatist Sophocles Tragic dramatist Euripides Tragic dramatist 喜剧家：Aristophanes Comedy writer 历史学家：Herodotus wrote about wars between Greeks and Persians Father of history Thucydides wrote about wars between Athens and Sparta and Athens and Syracuse the greatest historian that have ever lived 哲学和科学：Pythagoras All things were numbers founder of scientific mathematics Heracleitue Fire is the primary element Democritus Materialist， one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory Socrates Dissect of oneself，virtue was high worth of life， dialectical method Plato Man have knowledge because of the existence of certain general ideas