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欧洲文化入门期末复习题

填空题：（20%）

1. The richness of European Culture was created by ________element and _________element.

2. The Homer’s epics consisted of_________.

3. “I came, I saw, I conquered.” By _______.

4. ___________is by far the most influential in the West.

5. The Hebrews history was recorded in _________of the Bible.

6. The New Testament is about _________.

7. The story about God’s flooding to the human being and only good-virtue being saved was recorded in Genesis, Pentateuch, the Old Testament, the Bible, which was known as _________.

8. The Birth of Jesus was recorded in ________.

9. The story about Jesus being pinned in the cross to death was known as _________.

10. In _______ a Germanic (日耳曼) general killed the last Roman emperor and took control of the government.

Key: 1. Greco-Roman Judeo-Christian

2. Iliad and Odyssey 6. the doctrine of Jesus Christ

3. Julius Caesar 7. Noah’s Ark.

4. Christianity 8. Matthew

5. the Old Testament 9. The Last Supper

10. 476

1. Both ___________are the best representative of the middle English.

2. _________ paved the way for the development of what is the present-day European culture.

3. Renaissance started in ________ and ________ with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture.

4. In Renaissance literature of Italy, _______ was the representative poet.

5. At the heart of the Renaissance philosophy was the assertion of _________.

6. The idea of the greatness of man is reflected in __________ literature.

7. The national religion established after reformation in England was called _______.

8. It was under the reign of _______ that reformation was successful in England.

9. The representative novelist of Renaissance in Spain was __________ with his famous work_______, which marked European culture entry into

a new stage.

10. The modern world, so far as mental outlook is concerned, begins in ________.Keys: 1. Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales

2. the Middle Ages

3. Florence and Venice

4. Petrarch

5. the greatness of man.

6. Shakespeare’s

7. The church of England or The Anglican Church.

8. Henry Ⅷ

9. Cervantes Don Quixote 10. the 17th century

1. _________ formed the basis of all modern planetary astronomy and led to Newton’s discovery of the laws of gravitation.

2. With the publication of _______, Hemingway became the spokesman for what Gertrude Stein had called “a lost generation”.

3. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. By _____.

4. In _______, the Bill of Rights was enacted by the English Parliament.

5. There are two leaders in the English Revolution. _______ was the man of action and ________ the man of thought.

6. The best representative of French neoclassicism is ________.

7. Swan Lake was composed by _______.

8. _ _____ has been called “the French Dickens”

9. ______ was the founder of the naturalist school.

10. In the French realism, _________ was the only short story teller. Keys:1. Kepler’s Laws 6. Molière

2. The Sun Also Rise 7. Tchaikovsky

3. Francis Bacon 8. Balzac

4. 1689 9. Zola

5. Cromwell, Milton 10. Maupassant

作文题（20%）1、My understanding of Renaissance

2、My understanding of Crusades

3、My understanding of Bible

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Macaulay called Thucydides “the greatest historian that ever lived” 6.Pythagoras was a bold thinker who had the idea that all things were numbers. He was t he founder of scientific mathematics. 7.Heracleitus believed fire to be the primary element of the universe，out of which everything else had arisen. To him,“all is flux，nothing is stationary”. He alsosaid，“you cannot step twice into the same river；for fresh waters are ever flowing in upon you. The sun is new everyday”he held the theory of the mingling of opposites and believed that it was the strife between the opposites that produced harmony. 8.Democtitus speculated about the atomic structure of matter. Indeed，he was one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory. He was one of the earliest philosophical materialists and Marx`s first published work was a study of Democritus. 9Socrates taught Plato，who taught Aristotle. They were active in Athens in the 5th and the 4th century B.C. Socrates was known through Dialogues by Plato. 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The reply he gave was：men have knowledge because of the existence of certain general“ideas”，like beauty，truth，goodness. Only these ideas are completely real，while the physical world is only relatively real. For this reason，Plato`s philosophy is called Idealism. Many of his ideas were absorbed into Christian thought Aristotle studied in Plato`s Academy for years. Later he became the tutor of Alexander the Macedonian King. In him the great humanist and the great man of science meet. On logic, moral philosophy，politics，metaphysics（形而上学），psychology，physics，zoology，poetry，rhetoric，he wrote epoch-making works，which dominated Europe thought for more than a thousand years. He did much to form，through his various and diverse interpreters，the philosophical，scientific and cosmological outlook of an entire world. Dante called him “the master of those who know” His works：Ethics（an introduction to moral philosophy），Politics，Poetics（a treatise on literary theory），and Rhetoric （dealing with the art of persuading an audience） Aristotle differed from his teacher in following ways：for one thing，Aristotle emphasized direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact. This is different from Plato`s reliance on subjective thinking；also，he thought that “form”（idea）and matter together made up concrete individual realities. Here ，he differed from Plato who held that ideas had a higher reality than the physical world Aristotle thought happiness that could only be achieved by leading a life of reason，goodness and contemplation should be a man`s aim in life. 10.contending schools of thought:百家争鸣 The Cynics：got their name because Diogenes，one of their leaders，decided to live like a dog and the word “cynic”means“dog”in Greek. He rejected all conventions—whether of religion，of manner，dress，housing，food，or of decency. In fact，he lived by begging. He proclaimed his brotherhood，not only with the whole human race，but also with animals. On the other hand，he had no patience with the rich and the powerful The Sceptics （诡辩学家）followed Pyrrhon，who held that not all knowledge was attainable. Hence he and his followers doubted t the truth of what others accepted as true. The Epicureans were disciples of Epicurus，who believed pleasure to be the highest good in life，but by pleasure he meant，not sensual enjoyment，but freedom from pain and emotional upheaval. This he thought could be attained by the practice of virtue. His teaching wa s misunderstood by later people and the word“Epicurean”has come to mean indulgence in luxurious living. Epicurus was a materialist. Opposed to the Epicureans were the Stoics. To them，the most important thing in life was not pleasure，but duty. This developed into the theory that one should endure hardship and misfortune with courage. The chief Stoic was Zeno. He was also a materialist，asserting the existence of the real world. He believed that there is no such thing as chance，and that the course of nature is rigidly determined by natural laws. In the life of an individual man，virtue is the solo good；such things as health，happiness，possessions，are of no account. Since virtue resides in the will，everything good or bad in a man`s life depends only upon himself. If he has to die, he should die nobly，like Socrates. Greek architecture three styles：a.the Doric style （masculine style. powerful, sturdy, showing a good sense of propotion）, the Ionic style(feminine style), the Corinthian style(oranmental luxury) There famous temples: the Acropplis at Athens, the Parthenon. The impact of Greek culture: a,The Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other Eruropean countries.b. 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Difference: a.The Romans built up a vast empire: The Greeks didn’t. b.The Romans were confident in their military and administrative capabilities. c.The Greeks enjoyed an artistic and intellectural inheritance much richer than the Romans. Roman peace: The emperors relied on a strong army-the famous Roman regions-and an efficient bureaucracy to exert their rule, which was facilitated by a well-developed system of roads. Thus the Romans enjoyed a long period of oece lasting 200 years, a remarkable phenomenon in history known as the Pax Romana. Virgil:The greatest of Latin poet, wrote the greatest epic, the Aeneid. Tragic hero: Aeneas was a truely tragic hero because to fufil his hitoric mission he had to betray the great passion of his life. While he gained an empire, his love for Dido, qyeen of Carhage. While he gained an empire, he lost something no empire could compensate, happiness in life. The Colosseum:斗兽场It is an enormous amphitheatre built in the centre of Rome in imperial times. It held more than 5000 spectatots. The relationship between Judaism and Christianity: They are closely related. the Jewish tradition gave birth to Christianity. Both originated in Palestine-the

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