2015年山东大学考博英语部分试题及参考答案

2015年山东大学考博英语部分试题

完形填空

A recent poll indicated that half the teenagers in the United States believe that communication between them and their parents is__1__and further that one of the prime causes of this gap is __2__listening behavior.As a(an)__3__in point，one parent believed that her daughter had a severe__4__problem.She was so__5__that she took her to an audiologist to have her ear tested. The audiologist carefully tested both ears and reported back to the parent：“There‘s nothing wrong with her hearing.She’s just__6__you out.”

A leading cause of the__7__divorce rate(more than half of all marriages end in divorce)is the failure of husbands and wives to__8__effectively.They don‘t listen to each other.Neither person__9__to the actual message sent by the other.

In__10__fashion，political scientists report that a growing number of people believe that their elected and__11__officials are out of__12__with the constituents they are supposedly__13__. Why?Because they don‘t believe that they listen to them.In fact，it seems that sometimes our politicians don’t even listen to themselves.The following is a true story：At a

national__14__conference held in Albuquerque some years ago，then Senator Joseph Montoya

was__15__a copy of a press release by a press aide shortly before he got up before the audience to__16__a speech.When he rose to speak，__17__the horror of the press aide and the__18__of his audience，Montoya began reading the press release，not his speech.He began，“For immediate release. Senator Joseph M.Montoya，Democrat of New Mexico，last night told the National……”Montoya read the entire six-page release，__19__with the statement that he“was repeatedly__20__by applause.”

1.[A]scarce[B]little[C]rare[D]poor

2.[A]malignant[B]deficient[C]ineffective[D]feeble

3.[A]case[B]example[C]lesson[D]suggestion

4.[A]audio[B]aural[C]hearing[D]listening

5.[A]believing[B]convinced[C]assured[D]doubtless

6.[A]turning[B]tuning[C]tucking[D]tugging

7.[A]rising[B]arising[C]raising[D]arousing

8.[A]exchange[B]interchange[C]encounter[D]interact

9.[A]relates[B]refers[C]responds[D]resorts

10.[A]like[B]alike[C]likely[D]likewise

11.[A]nominated[B]selected[C]appointed[D]supported

12.[A]connection[B]reach[C]association[D]touch

13.[A]leading[B]representing[C]delegating[D]supporting

14.[A]legislative[B]legitimate[C]legalized[D]liberal

15.[A]distributed[B]awarded[C]handed[D]submitted

16.[A]present[B]publish[C]deliver[D]pursue

17.[A]to[B]with[C]for[D]on

18.[A]joy[B]enjoyment[C]amusement[D]delight

19.[A]conclude[B]to conclude[C]concluding[D]concluded

20.[A]disrupted[B]interfered[C]interrupted[D]stopped

阅读理解

第一篇

I’ve been writing for most of my life.The book Writing Without Teachers introduced me to one distinction(区别)and one practice that has helped my writing processes tremendously.The distinction is between the creative mind and the critical mind.While you need to employ both to get to a finished result,they cannot work in parallel no matter how much we might like to think so.

Trying to criticize writing on the fly is possibly the single greatest barrier to writing that most of us encounter.If you are listening to that5th grade English teacher correct your grammar while you are trying to capture a fleeting(稍纵即逝的)thought,the thought will die.If you capture the fleeting thought and simply share it with the world in raw form,no one is likely to understand.You must learn to create first and then criticize if you want to make writing the tool for thinking that it is.

The practice that can help you past your learned bad habits of trying to edit as you write is what Elbow calls“free writing.”In free writing,the objective is to get words down on paper non-stop,usually for15-20minutes.No stopping,no going back,no criticizing.The goal is to get the words flowing.As the words begin to flow,the ideas will come from the shadows and let themselves be captured on your notepad or your screen.

Now you have raw materials that you can begin to work with using the critical mind that you’ve persuaded to sit on the side and watch quietly.Most likely,you will believe that this will take more time than you actually have and you will end up staring blankly at the pages as the deadline draws near.

Instead of staring at a blank start filling it with words no matter how bad.Halfway through your available time,stop and rework your raw writing into something closer to finished product. Move back and forth until you run out of time and the final result will most likely be far better than your current practices.

1When the author says the creative mind and the critical mind“cannot work in parallel”in the writing process,he means.

A．one cannot use them at the same time B．they cannot be regarded as equally important C．they are in constant conflict with each other D．no one can be both creative and critical 2What prevents people from writing on is.

A．putting their ideas in raw form B．ignoring grammatical soundness

C．attempting to edit as they write D．trying to capture fleeting thoughts

3What is the chief objective of the first stage of writing?

A．To organize one’s thoughts logically.B．To get one’s ideas down.

C．To choose an appropriate topic.D．To collect raw materials.

4One common concern of writers about“free writing”is that. A．it overstresses the role of the creative mind B．it does not help them to think clearly C．it may bring about too much criticism D．it takes too much time to edit afterwards

5In what way does the critical mind help the writer in the writing process?

A．It allows him to sit on the side and observe.B．It helps him to come up with new ideas. C．It saves the writing time available to him.D．It improves his writing into better shape.

第二篇2002年1月六级

"The world's environment is surprisingly healthy.Discuss."If that were an examination topic, most students would tear it apart,offering a long list of complaints:from local smog(烟雾)

to global climate change,from the felling(砍伐)of forests to the extinction of species.The list would largely be accurate,the concern legitimate.Yet the students who should be given the highest marks would actually be those who agreed with the statement.The surprise is how good things are,not how bad.

After all,the world's population has more than tripled during this century,and world output has risen hugely,so you would expect the earth itself to have been affected.Indeed,if people lived,consumed and produced things in the same way as they did in1900(or1950,or indeed1980), the world by now would be a pretty disgusting place:smelly,dirty,toxic and dangerous.

But they don't.The reasons why they don't,and why the environment has not been mined, have to do with prices,technological innovation,social change and government regulation in re-sponse to popular pressure.That is why,today's environmental problems in the poor countries ought,in principle,to be solvable.

Raw materials have not run out,and show no sign of doing so.Logically,one day they must: the planet is a finite place.Yet it is also very big,and man is very ingenious.What has happened is that every time a material seems to be running short,the price has risen and,in response, people have looked for new sources of supply,tried to find ways to use less of the material, or looked for a new substitute.For this reason prices for energy and for minerals have fallen in real temp3s during the century.The same is true for food.Prices fluctuate,in response to harvests,natural disasters and political instability;and when they rise,it takes some time before new sources of supply become available.But they always do,assisted by new famp3ing and crop technology.The long temp3trend has been downwards.

It is where prices and markets do not operate properly that this benign(良性的)trend begins to stumble,and the genuine problems arise.Markets cannot always keep the environment healthy. If no one owns the resource concerned,no one has an interest in conserving it or fostering it: fish is the best example of this.

1.According to the author,most students________.

A)believe the world's environment is in an undesirable condition

B)agree that the environment of the world is not as bad as it is thought to be

C)get high marks for their good knowledge of the world's environment

D)appear somewhat unconcerned about the state of the world's environment

2.The huge increase in world production and population________.

A)has made the world a worse place to live in

B)has had a positive influence on the environment

C)has not significantly affected the environment

D)has made the world a dangerous place to live in

3.One of the reasons why the long-temp3trend of prices has been downwards is that________.

A)technological innovation can promote social stability

B)political instability will cause consumption to drop

C)new famp3ing and crop technology can lead to overproduction

D)new sources are always becoming available

4.Fish resources are diminishing because________.

A)no new substitutes can be found in large quantities

B)they are not owned by any particular entity

C)improper methods of fishing have mined the fishing grounds

D)water pollution is extremely serious

5.The primary solution to environmental problems is________.

A)to allow market forces to operate properly

B)to curb consumption of natural resources

C)to limit the growth of the world population

D)to avoid fluctuations in prices

第三篇2005年6月六级

Low-level slash-and-burn farming doesn’t harm rainforest.On the contrary,it helps farmers and improves forest soils.This is the unorthodox view of a German soil scientist who has shown that burnt clearings in the Amazon,dating back more than1,000years,helped creates patches of rich,fertile soil that farmers still benefit from today.

Most rainforest soils are thin and poor because they lack minerals and because the heat and heavy rainfall destroy most organic matter in the soils within four years of it reaching the forest floor.This means topsoil contains few of the ingredients needed for long-term successful farming. But Bruno Glaser,a soil scientist of the University of Bayreuth,has studied unexpected patches of fertile soils in the central Amazon.These soils contain lots of organic matter.

Glaser has shown that most of this fertile organic matter comes from“black carbon”---the organic particles from camp fires and charred(烧成炭的)wood left over from thousands of years of slash-and-burn farming.“The soils,known as Terra Preta,contained up to70times more black carbon than the surrounding soils,”says Glaser.

Unburnt vegetation rots quickly,but black carbon persists in the soil for many centuries. Radiocarbon dating shows that the charred wood in Terra Preta soils is typically more than1,000 years old.

“Slash-and-burn farming can be good for soils provided it doesn’t completely burn all the vegetation,and leaves behind charred wood,”says Glaser.“It can be better than manure(粪肥).”Burning the forest just once can leave behind enough black carbon to keep the soil fertile for thousands of years.And rainforests easily regrow after small-scale clearing.Contrary to the conventional view that human activities damage the environment,Glaser says:“Black carbon combines with human wastes is responsible for the richness of Terra Preta soils.”

Terra Preta soils turn up in large patches all over the Amazon,where they are highly prized by farmers.All the patches fall within500square kilometers in the central Amazon.Glaser says the widespread presence of pottery(陶器)confirms the soil’s human origins.

The findings add weight to the theory that large areas of the Amazon have recovered so well from past periods of agricultural use that the regrowth has been mistaken by generations of biologists for“virgin”forest.

During the past decade,researchers have discovered hundreds of large earth works deep in the jungle.They are up to20meters high and cover up to a square kilometer.Glaser claims that these earth works,built between AD400and1400,were at the heart of urban civilizations managed to feed themselves.

1.We learn from the passage that the traditional view of slash-and-burn farming is that_______.

A)it does no harm to the topsoil of the rainforest

B)it destroys rainforest soils

C)it helps improve rainforest soils

D)it diminishes the organic matter in rainforest soils

2.Most rainforest soils are thin and poor because_________.

A)the composition of the topsoil is rather unstable

B)black carbon is washed away by heavy rains

C)organic matter is quickly lost due to heat and rain

D)long-term farming has exhausted the ingredients essential to plant growth

3.Glaser made his discovery by__________.

A)studying patches of fertile soils in the central Amazon

B)examining pottery left over by ancient civilizations

C)test-burning patches of trees in the central Amazon

D)radiocarbon-dating ingredients contained in forest soils

4.What does Glaser say about the regrowth of rainforest?

A)They take centuries to regrow after being burnt.

B)They cannot recover unless the vegetation is burnt completely.

C)Their regrowth will be hampered by human habitation.

D)They can recover easily after slash-and-burn farming

5.From the passage it can be inferred that__________.

A)human activities will do grave damage to rainforests

B)Amazon rainforest soils used to be the richest in the world

C)farming is responsible for the destruction of the Amazon rainforests

D)there once existed an urban civilization in the Amazon rainforests

第四篇2006年12月六级

In a purely biological sense,fear begins with the body's system for reacting to things that can harm us-the so-called fight-or-flight response."An animal that can't detect danger can't stay alive,"says Joseph LeDoux.Like animals,humans evolved with an elaborate mechanism for processing information about potential threats.At its core is a cluster of neurons(神经元)deep in the brain known as the amygdala(扁桃核).

LeDoux studies the way animals and humans respond to threats to understand how we form memories of significant events in our lives.The amygdala receives input from many parts of the brain, including regions responsible for retrieving https://www.sodocs.net/doc/437885849.html,ing this information,the amygdala appraised a situation-I think this charging dog wants to bite me-and triggers a response by radiating nerve signals throughout the body.These signals produce the familiar signs of distress: trembling,perspiration and fast-moving feet,just to name three.

This fear mechanism is critical to the survival of all animals,but no one can say for sure whether beasts other than humans know they're afraid.That is,as LeDoux says,"if you put that system into a brain that has consciousness,then you get the feeling of fear."

Humans,says Edward M.Hallowell,have the ability to call up images of bad things that happened in the past and to anticipate future https://www.sodocs.net/doc/437885849.html,bine these higher thought processes with our hardwired danger-detection systems,and you get a near-universal human phenomenon:worry.

That's not necessarily a bad thing,says Hallowell."When used properly,worry is an incredible device,"he says.After all,a little healthy worrying is okay if it leads to constructive action-like having a doctor look at that weird spot on your back.

Hallowell insists,though,that there's a right way to worry."Never do it alone,get the facts and then make a plan,"he says.Most of us have survived a recession,so we're familiar with the belt-tightening strategies needed to survive a slump.

Unfortunately,few of us have much experience dealing with the threat of terrorism,so it's been difficult to get facts about how we should respond.That's why Hallowell believes it was okay for people to indulge some extreme worries last fall by asking doctors for Cipro and buying gas masks.

1.The"so-called fight-or-flight response"(Line2,Para.1)refers to"________".

A)the biological process in which human beings'sense of self-defense evolves

B)the instinctive fear human beings feel when faced with potential danger

C)the act of evaluating a dangerous situation and making a quick decision

D)the elaborate mechanism in the human brain for retrieving information

2.Form the studies conducted by LcDoux we learn that__________.

A)reactions of humans and animals to dangerous situations are often unpredictable

B)memories of significant events enable people to control fear and distress

C)people's unpleasant memories are derived from their feelings of fear

D)the amygdale plays a vital part in human and animal responses to potential danger

3.Form the passage we know that__________.

A)a little worry will do us good if handled properly

B)a little worry will enable us to survive a recession

C)fear strengthens the human desire to survive danger

D)fear helps people to anticipate certain future events

4.Which of the following is the best way to deal with your worries according to Hallowell?

A)Ask for help-from the people around you.

B)Use the belt-tightening strategies for survival.

C)Seek professional advice and take action.

D)Understand the situation and be fully prepared.

5.In Hallowell's view,people's reaction to the terrorist threat last fall was_________.

A)ridiculous B)understandable C)over-cautious D)sensiblePassage 六选五

How Poison Ivy Works

According to the American Academy of Dermatology,an estimated10to50million people in this country have an allergic reaction to poison ivy each year.Poison ivy is often very difficult to spot.It closely resembles several other common garden plants,and can also blend in with other plants and weeds.But if you come into contact with it,you'll soon know by the itchy,blistery rash that forms on your skin.Poison ivy is a red,itchy rash caused by the plant that bears its name.Many people get it when they are hiking or working in their garden and accidentally come into direct contact with the plant's leaves,roots,or stems.The poison ivy rash often looks like red lines,and sometimes it forms blisters.

1.______

About85percent of people are allergic to the urushiol in poison ivy,according to the American Academy of Dermatology.Only a tiny amount of this chemical--1billionth of a gram --is enough to cause a rash in many people.Some people may boast that they've been exposed to poison ivy many times and have never gotten the rash,but that doesn't necessarily mean they're not allergic.Sometimes the allergy doesn't emerge until you've been exposed several times,and some people develop a rash after their very first exposure.It may take up to ten days for the rash to emerge the first time.

2.______

Here are some other ways to identify the poison ivy plant.It generally grows in a cluster of low,weed-like plants or a woody vine which can climb trees or fences.It is most often found in moist areas,such as riverbanks,woods,and pastures.The edges of the leaves are generally smooth or have tiny"teeth".Their color changes based on the season--reddish in the spring; green in the summer;and yellow,orange,or red in the fall.Its berries are typically white.

3.______

The body's immune system is normally in the business of protecting us from bacteria,viruses, and other foreign invaders that can make us sick.But when urushiol from the poison ivy plant touches the skin,it instigates an immune response,called dermatitis,to what would otherwise be a harmless substance.Hay fever is another example of this type of response;in the case of hay fever,the immune system overreacts to pollen,or another plant-produced substance.

4.______

The allergic reaction to poison ivy is known as delayed hypersensitivity.Unlike immediate hypersensitivity,which causes an allergic reaction within minutes of exposure to an antigen, delayed hypersensitivity reactions don't emerge for several hours or even days after the exposure.

5.______

In the places where your skin has come into contact with poison ivy leaves or urushiol,within one to two days you'll develop a rash,which will usually itch,redden,burn,swell,and form blisters.The rash should go away within a week,but it can last longer.The severity of the reaction often has to do with how much urushiol you've touched.The rash may appear sooner in some parts of the body than in others,but it doesn't spread--the urushiol simply absorbs into the skin at different rates in different parts of the body.Thicker skin such as the skin on the soles of your feet,is harder to penetrate than thinner skin on your arms and legs.

A Because urushiol is found in all parts of the poison ivy plant--the leaves,stems, and roots--it's best to avoid the plant entirely to prevent a rash.The trouble is,poison ivy grows almost everywhere in the United States(with the exception of the Southwest,Alaska,and

Hawaii),so geography won't help you.The general rule to identify poison ivy,"leaflets three, let it be,"doesn't always apply.Poison ivy usually does grow in groups of three leaves,with a longer middle leaf--but it can also grow with up to nine leaves in a group.

B Most people don't have a reaction the first time they touch poison ivy,but develop an allergic reaction after repeated exposure.Everyone has a different sensitivity,and therefore a slightly different reaction,to poison ivy.Sensitivity usually decreases with age and with repeated exposures to the plant.

C Here's how the poison ivy response occurs.Urushiol makes its way down through the skin, where it is metabolized,or broken down.Immune cells called T lymphocytes(or T-cells)recognize the urushiol derivatives as a foreign substance,or antigen.They send out inflammatory signals called cytokines,which bring in white blood cells.Under orders from the cytokines,these white blood cells turn into macrophages.The macrophages eat foreign substances,but in doing so they also damage normal tissue,resulting in the skin inflammation that occurs with poison ivy.

D Poison ivy's cousins,poison oak and poison sumac,each have their own unique appearance. Poison oak grows as a shrub(one to six feet tall).It is typically found along the West Coast and in the South,in dry areas such as fields,woodlands,and thickets.Like poison ivy,the leaves of poison oak are usually clustered in groups of three.They tend to be thick,green,and hairy on both sides.Poison sumac mainly grows in moist,swampy areas in the Northeast,Midwest,and along the Mississippi River.It is a woody shrub made up of stems with rows of seven to thirteen smooth-edged leaflets.

E The culprit behind the rash is a chemical in the sap of poison ivy plants called urushiol. Its name comes from the Japanese word"urushi",meaning lacquer.Urushiol is the same substance that triggers an allergic reaction when people touch poison oak and poison sumac plants.Poison ivy,Eastern poison oak,Western poison oak,and poison sumac are all members of the same family --Anacardiaceae.

F Call your doctor if you experience these more serious reactions:

Pus around the rash(which could indicate an infection).

A rash around your mouth,eyes,or genital area.

A fever above100degrees.

A rash that does not heal after a week.

2015年山大考博英语真题部分答案

完形填空答案及翻译：

1.D

2.B

3.A

4.C

5.B

6.B

7.A

8.D

9.C10.A

11.C12.D13.B14.A15.C16.C17.A18.C19.C20.C

最近的一项民意测验显示：美国一半的青少年认为他们与父母的交流不好，而且造成这种隔阂的一个首要原因是有不理想的倾听行为。一个典型的例子是，一位母亲认为她女儿有严重的听力问题。她对此确信无疑，于是就带着女儿去听觉病矫治专家那儿检查她的耳朵。专家仔细检查了两只耳朵，然后告诉这位母亲说：“她的听力没问题，只是不理睬你而已。”

离婚率上升(一半以上的婚姻以离婚告终)的一个首要原因是夫妻间不能有效地交流。他们彼此充耳不闻。两人对对方发出的确切信息都毫无反应。

同样地，据政治科学家报道，越来越多的人相信他们选举指派的官员与其本应代表的选民失去了联系。为什么呢?因为这些人认为他们不需要倾听选民的意见。实际上，有时我们的政治家们似乎连自己的声音都

不听。下面是一个真实的例子：在几年前亚柏克尔克举行的全国立法会议上，一位新闻助理在当时的参议员约瑟夫。蒙图亚演讲前交给了他一份新闻稿。令该新闻助理大吃一惊而使听众感到有趣的是，当蒙图亚起来讲话时，他读的不是演讲稿而是那份新闻稿。蒙图亚先生以“即时新闻稿。新墨西哥州的民主党参议员约瑟夫。蒙图亚昨晚在全国……上说……”开始，读完了全部的六页新闻稿，并以他“不时被掌声打断”结尾。

阅读理解答案

第一篇：ACBDD

第二篇：ACDBA

第三篇：BCADD

第四篇：BDADB

六选五答案：EADCB

山东大学普外科博士入学考试历年考题整理

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