外文翻译--金属热处理

外文原文

Metal heat treatment

Metal heat treatment is a kind of craft to heat pieces of metals at the suitable temperature in some medium and to cool them at different speed after some time.

The metal heat treatment is one of the important crafts in the machine-building, comparing with other technologies, the heat treatment seldom changes the form of the work pieces and chemical composition of the whole .it improve the serviceability of the work piece through changing their micro- work pieces, chemical composition, or surface. Its characteristic is improving inherent quality of work pieces which can not be watched by our eyes.

In order to make the metal work piece have mechanics , physics and chemical property which are needed, besides the use of many materials and various kinds of crafts which are shaped , the heat treatment craft is essential. Steel is a wide-used material in the mechanical industry, its complicated micro-composition can be controlled through the heat treatment , so the heat treatment of the steel is a main content of the metal heat treatment . In addition aluminium, copper, magnesium, titanium and their alloys also can change their mechanics , physics and chemical property through the heat treatment to make different serviceability.

During the process of development from the Stone Age to the Bronze Age and to the Iron Age, the function of the heat treatment is gradually known by people. As early as 770 B.C.~222 B.C., the Chinese in production practices had already found the performance of the copper and iron changed by press and temperature . White mouthfuls of casting iron’s

gentle-treatment is a important craft to make farm implements.

In the sixth century B.C., the steel weapon was gradually adopted. In order to improve the hardness of the steel, quench craft was then developed rapidly. Two sword and one halberd found in YANXIA, Hebei of China , had “MA structure” in its micro-composition which was quenched.

With the development of quenching technology, people gradually found the influence of cold pharmaceutical on quality of quenching. Pu yuan a people of the Three Kingdoms(now, Shanxi province Xiegu town)made3000 knives for Zhu Ge-liang.the knives were quenched in Chengdu according to legend. This proved that the chinese had noticed the cooling ability of waters with different quality in ancient times, and the cooling ability of the oil and urine at the same time were found. People found a sword in Zhongshan tomb which were up to the Western Han Dynasty (B.C. 206 -A.D. 24 ),in whose heart department carbon was about 0.15-0.4%, but on whose surface carbon was about more than 0.6%.this has shown the use of the carburization craft. But as the secret of individual's " craftsmanship " at that time, the development was very slow.

In 1863, Britain metallo graphy expert and geologist's discoverity that six kinds of different metallography organizations existed in the steel under the microscope, proved that the inside of steel would change while heating and cooling. the looks of steel at the high temperature would change into a harder looks when urgently colded. Frenchmen Osmon established Allotropic theory , and Englishmen Austin first made the iron- carbon looks picture .these tow theories set the theoretical foundation for the modern heat treatment craft . Meanwhile, people also studied the metal protection in the heating to avoid the metal's oxidizing and out of carbon in

the course.

1850~1880s, there were a series of patent to use kinds of gases to heat (such as hydrogen , coal gas , carbon monoxide etc. ). Englishman's Rec obtained the patent of bright heat treatment of many kinds of metal in 1889-1890.

Since the 20th century, the development of metal physics and transplantation application of other new technologies,make the metal heat treatment craft develop on a large scale even more. A remarkable progress was carburizition of gas in a tube of stoves in industrial production during 1901~1925; 1930s the appeariance of the electric potential different count and then the use of carbon dioxide and oxygen made stove carbon of atmosphere under control . In 1960s, hot treatment technology used the function of the plasma field, developed the nitrogen, carburization craft.The application of laser , electron beam technology, made the metal obtain new method about surface heat treatment and chemical heat treatment.

The metal heat treatment craft

The heat treatment craft generally includes heating, keeping and cooling and sometimes only heating and cooling two progresses . The course links up each other.

Heating is one of the important processes of the heat treatment . There are a lot of heating methods of the metal heat treatment . the first heat source were the charcoal and coal , then liquid and gaseous fuel. The application of the electricity is easy to control the heating, and no environmental pollution. the heat source could be heated directly or indirectly by the use of salt or metal of melting or the floating particle.

While metal heated, the work piece in air , is often oxidized or take off carbon ( steel's surface carbon content

reduces).this does harm to the metal's surface performanc which is heated. Therefore metal should heat in the the vacuum or the melted salt, in controlled atmosphere or protected atmosphere . Sometimes it is heated in the protect means of coating or pack .

Heating temperature is one of the important craft parameters of the heat treatment craft , choosing and controling heating temperature is a main matter of guaranting heat treatment quality. Heating temperature may change according to the different purposes of the heat treatment and different metal materials , but usually it is up to the temperature at which high temperature frame could be abtained.it must keep some time at the high temperature to make the inside and outside of the metal reach the some heating level,so that its micro-frame would turn out wholely.we call this period of time "keep-heat"time. There is no "keep-heat"time when adopting density heating and surface heat treatment of high energy because of the rapidity. But the chemical heat treatment often need much more time to sustain the heat .

Cooling is an indispensable step in the craft course of heat treatment too . cooling methods are different because of crafts , mainly at controling the speed of cooling. generally anneals is slowest in speed, the cooling normalizing is a little fast in speed, the quenched cooling is much faster in speed. But there are different demands according to the kindof steel, for example empty hard steel can be cooled with normalize as quick as the speed by hard quench .

The metal heat treatment craft can be divided into whole heat treatment , surface heat treatment and chemical heat treatment.Every kind could be divided into different crafts according to heating medium , heating temperature and cooling

method. The same kind of metal adopting different heat treatment crafts can get different organizations which have different performance . The steel is the widest-used metal on the industry, and its micro- organization is the most complicated, so the steel heat treatment craft is various in style.

The whole heat treatment is to change the whole mechanics performance of work piece through heating the work piece wholely and then cooling at the proper speed. The whole heat treatment of steel roughly has four basic crafts of annealing , normalizing , quenching and flashing back .

Annealing means heating the work piece to the proper temperature ,then adopting different temperature retention time according to the material and size of work piece and then cooling slowly, whose purpose is to make the metal organization to achieve or close to the balance state, obtain good craft performance and serviceability, or prepare for quench further. normalizing is to cool in the air after heating the work piece at suitable temperature , its result is similar to annealing except that the organization out of normalizing are more refined which is often used to inhance the cutting performance of the material and is occationally used for the final heat treatment of material which are not high-requested. .

Quenching is to cool work piece which has been heated and kept in warm fast in the cold medium as water , oil , other inorganic salts ,or organic aqueous solution and so on . The steel quenched becomes hard and fragile too. To reduce its fragility , we must first keep the quenched piece of steel in a certain temperature which is higher than room temperature but lower than 650℃for a long time,and then cool it again. this progress is called the flashing back . Annealing , normalizing,

quenching , flashing back is " four fires " in the whole heat treatment . the quenching contact close to flashing back ,and they are often used together.

" Four fire "is divided into kinds of heat treatment crafts by different heating temperatures and diferent ways of cooling. What is " quality adjust " is a kind of craft combining "quench" with "high-temper a ture flash back" to make the work piece obtain certain intensity and toughness. Some alloy saturation out of quench can improve its hardness, intensity, electricity and magnetism after it is kept in the high proper temperature for a little long time . Such heat treatment craft is called “effective dealing”.

Deformation-heat-treatment is the combination of pressure-deformation and heat treatment on work piece ,this mothod could enhance its intensity; and vacuum-heat-treatment is that work piece is heated in atmosphere or vacuum.It can make the work piece not oxidize or take off carbons , keep its surface bright and neat and improve its performance. At the same time ,it can carry on the chemical heat treatment by the pharmaceutics.

Surface heat treatment on work piece is only to heat its cover to change the metal-layer's mechanics performance. In order to only heat the layer of work piece without making too much heat spreading into the inside, the heat source used must be of high density of energy , namely it can offer greater heat energy on the unit's area of the work piece and make its layer or parts reach high temperature in short-term or instantaneously. The main method of the surface heat treatment is "flame quenching" and "reaction heat" treatment and the heat source used commonly are flame as oxygen acetylene or propane, reaction electric current, laser and electron beam,ect.

The chemical heat treatment is to alter the chemical composition, organization and performance of the top layer of work piece.The difference between Chemical and surface heat treatment is that the latter just change the chemical composition of the top layer of work piece . The former is to set the work piece heating in the medium (the gas , liquid , solid ) including carbon , nitrogen or other alloying elements,and then to keep it warm for longer time, thus to make elements as the carbon,nitrogen,boron and chromium,etc permeate through the top layer of work piece.Sometimes after permeation, there is other heat treatment craft to carry on such as quenching and flashing back . The main method of the chemical heat treatment include carbon,nitrogen, and metal permeation.

The heat treatment is one of the important processes in machine components and tool and mould manufacture. Generally speaking, it guarantees and improves various kinds of performance of the work piece , for instance wear proof and anti-corrosion. It also improve the organization and state of the tough work piece to ensure various kinds of cooling and heating work.

For example tin are annealed for a long time to turn into malleable cast iron which is of plasticity. proper heat treatment craft can prolong the gear wheel's service life at double or dozens of times than these without heat treatment ; In addition, the cheap carbon steel with some alloying elements permeated will own the alloy steel performance whose prices hold high so that it can replace some heat-resisting steel , stainless steel ; all tool and mould need to be through the heat treatment before in use..

中文译文

金属热处理

金属热处理是将金属工件放在一定的介质中加热到适宜的温度，并在此温度中保持一定时间后，又以不同速度冷却的一种工艺。

金属热处理是机械制造中的重要工艺之一，与其他加工工艺相比，热处理一般不改变工件的形状和整体的化学成分，而是通过改变工件内部的显微组织，或改变工件表面的化学成分，赋予或改善工件的使用性能。其特点是改善工件的内在质量，而这一般不是肉眼所能看到的。

为使金属工件具有所需要的力学性能、物理性能和化学性能，除合理选用材料和各种成形工艺外，热处理工艺往往是必不可少的。钢铁是机械工业中应用最广的材料，钢铁显微组织复杂，可以通过热处理予以控制，所以钢铁的热处理是金属热处理的主要内容。另外，铝、铜、镁、钛等及其合金也都可以通过热处理改变其力学、物理和化学性能，以获得不同的使用性能。

在从石器时代进展到铜器时代和铁器时代的过程中，热处理的作用逐渐为人们所认识。早在公元前770～前222年，中国人在生产实践中就已发现，铜铁的性能会因温度和加压变形的影响而变化。白口铸铁的柔化处理就是制造农具的重要工艺。

公元前六世纪，钢铁兵器逐渐被采用，为了提高钢的硬度，淬火工艺遂得到迅速发展。中国河北省易县燕下都出土的两把剑和一把戟，其显微组织中都有马氏体存在，说明是经过淬火的。

随着淬火技术的发展，人们逐渐发现淬冷剂对淬火质量的影响。三国蜀人蒲元曾在今陕西斜谷为诸葛亮打制3000把刀，相传是派人到成都取水淬火的。这说明中国在古代就注意到不同水质的冷却能力了，同时也注意了油和尿的冷却能力。中国出土的西汉(公元前206～公元24)中山靖王墓中的宝剑,心部含碳量为0.15～0.4%，而表面含碳量却达0.6%以上，说明已应用了渗碳工艺。但当时作为个人“手艺”的秘密，不肯外传，因而发展很慢。

1863年，英国金相学家和地质学家展示了钢铁在显微镜下的六种不同的金相组织，证明了钢在加热和冷却时，内部会发生组织改变，钢中高温时的相在急冷时转变为一种较硬的相。法国人奥斯蒙德确立的铁的同素异构理论，以及英国人奥斯汀最早制定的铁碳相图，为现代热处理工艺初步奠定了理论基础。与此同时，人们还研究了在金属热处理的加热过程中对金属的保护方法，以避免加热过程中金属的氧化和脱碳等。

1850～1880年，对于应用各种气体(诸如氢气、煤气、一氧化碳等)进行保护加热曾有一系列专利。1889～1890年英国人莱克获得多种金属光亮热处理的专利。

二十世纪以来，金属物理的发展和其他新技术的移植应用，使金属热处理工艺得到更大发展。一个显著的进展是1901～1925年，在工业生产中应用转筒炉进行气体渗碳；30年代出现露点电位差计,使炉内气氛的碳势达到可控，以后又研究出用二氧化碳红外仪、氧探头等进一步控制炉内气氛碳势的方法；60年代，热处理技术运用了等离子场的作用，发展了离子渗氮、渗碳工艺；激光、电子束技术的应用，又使金属获得了新的表面热处理和化学热处理方法。

金属热处理的工艺:

热处理工艺一般包括加热、保温、冷却三个过程，有时只有加热和冷却两个过程。这些过程互相衔接，不可间断。

加热是热处理的重要工序之一。金属热处理的加热方法很多，最早是采用木炭和煤作为热源，进而应用液体和气体燃料。电的应用使加热易于控制，且无环境污染。利用这些热源可以直接加热，也可以通过熔融的盐或金属，以至浮动粒子进行间接加热。

金属加热时，工件暴露在空气中，常常发生氧化、脱碳(即钢铁零件表面碳含量降低)，这对于热处理后零件的表面性能有很不利的影响。因而金属通常应在可控气氛或保护气氛中、熔融盐中和真空中加热，也可用涂料或包装方法进行保护加热。

加热温度是热处理工艺的重要工艺参数之一，选择和控制加热温度，是保证热处理质量的主要问题。加热温度随被处理的金属材料和热处理的目的不同而异，但一般都是加热到相变温度以上，以获得高温组织。另外转变需要一定的时间，因此当金属工件表面达到要求的加热温度时，还须在此温度保持一定时间，使内外温度一致，使显微组织转变完全，这段时间称为保温时间。采用高能密度加热和表面热处理时，加热速度极快，一般就没有保温时间，而化学热处理的保温时间往往较长。

冷却也是热处理工艺过程中不可缺少的步骤，冷却方法因工艺不同而不同，主要是控制冷却速度。一般退火的冷却速度最慢，正火的冷却速度较快，淬火的冷却速度更快。但还因钢种不同而有不同的要求，例如空硬钢就可以用正火一样的冷却速度进行淬硬。

金属热处理工艺大体可分为整体热处理、表面热处理和化学热处理三大类。根据加热介质、加热温度和冷却方法的不同，每一大类又可区分为若干不同的热处理工艺。同一种金属采用不同的热处理工艺，可获得不同的组织，从而具有不同的性能。钢铁是工业上应用最广的金属，而且钢铁显微组织也最为复杂，因此钢铁热处理工艺种类繁多。

整体热处理是对工件整体加热，然后以适当的速度冷却，以改变其整体力学性能的金属热处理工艺。钢铁整体热处理大致有退火、正火、淬火和回火四种基本工艺。

退火是将工件加热到适当温度，根据材料和工件尺寸采用不同的保温时间，然后进行缓

慢冷却，目的是使金属内部组织达到或接近平衡状态，获得良好的工艺性能和使用性能，或者为进一步淬火作组织准备。正火是将工件加热到适宜的温度后在空气中冷却，正火的效果同退火相似，只是得到的组织更细，常用于改善材料的切削性能，也有时用于对一些要求不高的零件作为最终热处理。

淬火是将工件加热保温后，在水、油或其他无机盐、有机水溶液等淬冷介质中快速冷却。淬火后钢件变硬，但同时变脆。为了降低钢件的脆性，将淬火后的钢件在高于室温而低于650℃的某一适当温度进行长时间的保温，再进行冷却，这种工艺称为回火。退火、正火、淬火、回火是整体热处理中的“四把火”，其中的淬火与回火关系密切，常常配合使用，缺一不可。

“四把火”随着加热温度和冷却方式的不同，又演变出不同的热处理工艺。为了获得一定的强度和韧性，把淬火和高温回火结合起来的工艺，称为调质。某些合金淬火形成过饱和固溶体后，将其置于室温或稍高的适当温度下保持较长时间，以提高合金的硬度、强度或电性磁性等。这样的热处理工艺称为时效处理。

把压力加工形变与热处理有效而紧密地结合起来进行，使工件获得很好的强度、韧性配合的方法称为形变热处理；在负压气氛或真空中进行的热处理称为真空热处理，它不仅能使工件不氧化，不脱碳，保持处理后工件表面光洁，提高工件的性能，还可以通入渗剂进行化学热处理。

表面热处理是只加热工件表层，以改变其表层力学性能的金属热处理工艺。为了只加热工件表层而不使过多的热量传入工件内部，使用的热源须具有高的能量密度，即在单位面积的工件上给予较大的热能，使工件表层或局部能短时或瞬时达到高温。表面热处理的主要方法有火焰淬火和感应加热热处理，常用的热源有氧乙炔或氧丙烷等火焰、感应电流、激光和电子束等。

化学热处理是通过改变工件表层化学成分、组织和性能的金属热处理工艺。化学热处理与表面热处理不同之处是后者改变了工件表层的化学成分。化学热处理是将工件放在含碳、氮或其他合金元素的介质(气体、液体、固体)中加热，保温较长时间，从而使工件表层渗入碳、氮、硼和铬等元素。渗入元素后，有时还要进行其他热处理工艺如淬火及回火。化学热处理的主要方法有渗碳、渗氮、渗金属。

热处理是机械零件和工模具制造过程中的重要工序之一。大体来说，它可以保证和提高工件的各种性能，如耐磨、耐腐蚀等。还可以改善毛坯的组织和应力状态，以利于进行各种冷、热加工。

例如白口铸铁经过长时间退火处理可以获得可锻铸铁，提高塑性；齿轮采用正确的热

处理工艺，使用寿命可以比不经热处理的齿轮成倍或几十倍地提高；另外，价廉的碳钢通过渗入某些合金元素就具有某些价昂的合金钢性能，可以代替某些耐热钢、不锈钢；工模具则几乎全部需要经过热处理方可使用。

模具热处理外文翻译文献

模具热处理外文翻译文献 (文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) 原文： Heat Treatment of Die and Mould Oriented Concurrent Design Abstract: Many disadvantages exist in the traditional die design method which belongs to serial pattern. It is well known that heat treatment is highly important to the dies. A new idea of concurrent design for heat treatment process of die and mould was developed in order to overcome the existent shortcomings of heat treatment process. Heat treatment CAD/CAE was integrated with concurrent circumstance and the relevant model was built. These investigations can remarkably improve efficiency, reduce cost and ensure quality of R and D for products. Key words:die design; heat treatment; mould Traditional die and mould design,mainly by experience orsemi—experience，is

外文翻译---浇铸钛和金的显微结构和机械性能

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外文翻译--金属热处理

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英语翻译

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金属材料热处理工艺(详细工序及操作手法)

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速钢的锻件、焊接件以及供应状态不合格的原材料；2.一般在毛坯状态进行退火。 2.正火 操作方法：将钢件加热到Ac3或Acm 以上30-50度，保温后以稍大于退火的冷却速度冷却。 目的：1.降低硬度，提高塑性，改善切削加工与压力加工性能； 2.细化晶粒，改善力学性能，为下一步工序做准备； 3.消除冷、热加工所产生的内应力。 应用要点：正火通常作为锻件、焊接件以及渗碳零件的预先热处理工序。对于性能要求不高的低碳的和中碳的碳素结构钢及低合金钢件，也可作为最后热处理。对于一般中、高合金钢，空冷可导致完全或局部淬火，因此不能作为最后热处理工序。 3.淬火 操作方法：将钢件加热到相变温度Ac3或Ac1以上，保温一段时间，然后在水、硝盐、油、或空气中快速冷却。 目的：淬火一般是为了得到高硬度的马氏体组织，有时对某些高合金钢（如不锈钢、耐磨钢）淬火时，则是为了得到单一均匀的奥氏体组织，以提高耐磨性和耐蚀性。 应用要点：1.一般用于含碳量大于百分之零点三的碳钢和合金钢； 2.淬火能充分发挥钢的强度和耐磨性潜力，但同时会造成很大的内应力，降低钢的塑性和冲击韧度，故要进行回火以得到较好的综合力学性能。

翻译 钢的热处理

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金属材料及热处理工艺常用基础英语词汇翻译对照

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材料成型及控制工程外文文献翻译

本科毕业论文 外文文献及译文 文献、资料题目：The effects of heat treatment on the microstructure and mechani- cal property of laser melting dep- ositionγ-TiAl intermetallic alloys 文献、资料来源：Materials and Design 文献、资料发表（出版）日期：2009.10.25 院（部）：材料科学与工程学院 专业：材料成型及控制工程 班级： 姓名： 学号： 指导教师： 翻译日期：2011.4.3

中文译文： 热处理对激光沉积γ-TiAl金属间化合物合金的组织与性能的影响摘要： Ti-47Al-2.5V-1Cr 和Ti-40Al-2Cr (at.%)金属间化合物合金通过激光沉积（LMD）成形技术制造。显微组织的特征通过光学显微镜（OM）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、投射电子显微镜（TEM）、和X射线衍射仪（XRD）检测。沿轴向评估热处理后的沉积试样室温下的抗拉 性能和维氏硬度。结果表明：由γ-TiAl 和α 2-Ti 3 Al构成的γ-TiAl基体试样具有全 密度柱状晶粒和细的层状显微组织。Ti-47Al-2.5V-1Cr基体合金和Ti-40Al-2Cr基体合金沿轴向的室温抗拉强度大约分别为650 MPa、600MPa，而最大延伸率大约为0.6% 。热处理后的Ti-47Al-2.5V-1Cr和Ti-40Al-2Cr合金可以得到不同的显微组织。应力应变曲线和次表面的拉伸断裂表明沉积和热处理后的试样的断裂方式是沿晶断裂。 1.简介 金属间化合物γ-TiAl合金由于其高熔点（﹥1450℃）、低密度（3g/cm3）、高弹性模量（160-180GPa）和高蠕变强度（直到900℃）成为很有前景的高温结构材料，一直受到广泛研究[1–4]。但是对于其结构应用来说，这种材料主要缺点之一是在室温下缺少延展性。此外，这种合金运用传统的制造工艺诸如锻压、轧制和焊接，加工起来比较困难[5]。 对于TiAl组份，传统的铸造技术不利条件是粗大的铸态组织导致室温下的机械性能变差。另一方面，在传统的缓慢冷却固结过程中诸如气孔和缩孔等金相缺陷是不可避免的。产品的形状和尺寸受热应力诱发结晶的制约，铸件的地延展性导致裂纹缺陷。虽然适当的组件可以通过传统的铸造工艺制造，但是这种方法相当昂贵、耗时。一些其他制造和加工方式如放电等离子烧结（SPS）[6,7]、混合粉末半固态成型[8]、烘托冶金反应[9]和激光工程粉末冶金零件近净成形(LENS) [10]一直受到广泛研究，以便制造出高质量的TiAl合金部件。然而，在此类金属的粉末冶金过程中不可避免的氮化和氧化的增强，进一步恶化了TiAl合金的延展性。 激光沉积（LMD）是一种利用电脑辅助设计（CAD）模型分层快速凝固材料添加剂为增效组分的制造技术。在LMD过程中，大功率激光束的运动有计算机数控（CNC）系统控制，而该系统由CAD模型发展而来。金属粉末注入激光聚焦带，然后从粉末输出喷嘴连续熔化。由于该方法冷却凝固速度高，连续层可堆积成全密度和极细小的快速凝固微观组织的近净成形零件。利用CAD文档的LMD添加剂分层制造的方式，可以得到任意复杂形状和尺寸的

钢铁热处理中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 原文: Heat Treatment of Steel Types of Heat Treating Operations Five Operations are detailed in this lesson as the basis of heat treatment. Explanations of these operations follow. Full annealing Full annealing is the process of softening steel by a heating and cooling cycle, so that it may be bent or cut easily. In annealing, steel is heated above a transformation temperature and cooled very slowly after it has reached a suitable temperature. The distinguishing characteristics of full annealing are: (a) temperature above

the critical temperature and (b) very slow cooling, usually in the furnace. Normalizing Normalizing is identical with annealing, except that the steel is air cooled; this is much faster than cooling in a furnace. Steel is normalized to refine grain size, make its structure more uniform, or to improve machinability. Hardening Hardening is carried out y quenching a steel, that is, cooling it rapidly from a temperature above the transformation temperature. Steel is quenched in water or brine for the most rapid cooling, in oil for some alloy steels, and in air for certain higher alloy steels. After steel is quenched, it is usually very hard and brittle; it may even crack if dropped. To make the steel more ductile, it must be tempered. Tempering Tempering consistes of reheating a quenched steel to a suitable temperature below the transformation temperature for an appropriate time and cooling back to room temperature. How this process makes steel tough will be discussed later. Stress relieving Stress relieving is the heating of steel to a temperature below the transformation temperature, as in tempering, but is done primarily to relieve internal stress and thus prevent distortion or cracking during machining.

金属的热处理外文翻译

外文资料翻译 Heat Treatment of Metal The generally accepted definition for heat treating metals and metal alloys is “heating and cooling a solid metal or alloy in a way so as to obtain specific conditions and I or properties.”Heating for the sole purpose of hot working(as in forging operations) is excludedfrom this definition．Likewise，the types of heat treatment that are sometimes used for productssuch as glass or plastics are also excluded from coverage by this definition．Transformation Curves. The basis for heat treatment is the time-temperature-transformation curves or TTT curveswhere，in a single diagram all the three parameters are plotted．Because of the shape of thecurves，they are also sometimes called C-curves or S-curves． Material forming processes In this section，a short description of the process examples will begiven. But assembly andjoining processes are not described here. Forging Forging can be characterized as: mass conserving, solid state of work material (metal), andmechanical primary basic process-plastic deformation. A wide variety of forging processes areused, and Fig.9.1(a) shows the most common of these: drop forging. The metal is heated to asuitable working temperature and placed in the lower die cavity. The upper die is then lowered sothat the metal is forced to fill the cavity.

材料科学专业英语第二章翻译

ferrous alloys 铁合金 More than 90% by weight of the metallic materials used by human beings are ferrous alloy. This represents an immense family of engineering materials with a wide range of microstructures and related properties. The majority of engineering designs that require structural load support or power transmission involve ferrous alloys. As a practical matter, those alloys fall into two broad categories based on the carbon in the alloy composition. Steel generally contains between wc=0.05% and wc=4.5%. 超过90%的重量的金属材料使用的人类是铁合金。这是一个巨大的工程材料的家庭与广泛的微观结构和相关的属性。大部分的工程设计,需要结构性的负载支持或电力传输涉及铁合金。作为一个实际问题,这些合金分为两大类基于碳在合金成分。钢一般包含在wc = 0.05%和wc = 4.5%。 Within the steel category,we shall other than carbon is used.A compositon of 5% total noncarbon high alloy steels. Those alloy additions are chosen carefully becouse they invariably bring with them sharply increased material costs. They are justified only by essential improvements in improvements such as higher strength or improved corrosion resistance 在钢的类别,我们将使用碳。写的5%的总无碳高合金钢。这些合金添加的内容都是经过精心挑选因为他们总是携带材料成本大幅增加。他们是合理的只有基本的改进在进步,如高强度或改进的耐蚀性 2.1.1The earth contains a large number of metals which are useful to man. One of the most important of these is iron. Modern industry needs considerable quantities of this metal, either in the form of iron or in the from of steel. A certain number of non-ferrous metals, including aluminum and zinc, are also important, but even today the majority of our engineering products are of iron or steel. Moreover, iron possesses magnetic properties, which have made the development of electrical power possible.地球包含大量的金属是有用的人。其中最重要的是铁。现代工业需要大量这样的金属,无论是在形式的铁或钢的.一定数量的有色金属,包括铝和锌,也很重要,但即使是在今天,我们的大部分工程产品的铁或钢。此外,铁具有磁特性,使电力可能的发展. the iron which we find on earth is not pure.it contains some impurities that must be removed by smelting. the process of smelting. consists of heating the ore in a blast furnace with coke and limestone, andreducing it to metal.铁,我们发现在地球上不纯。它包含一些杂质,必须被冶炼。这个过程的冶炼.由加热矿石与焦炭在高炉和石灰石,以及减少它的金属 blasts of not air enter the furnace from the bottom and provide the oxygen that is necessary for thereduction of the ore.爆炸的不是空气进入炉从底部,并提供了氧气,这是必要的森林采伐量减少矿石. The ore becomes molten,and its oxides combine with carbon from the coke.the non-metallic constituents of the ore combine with the limestone to form a liquid slag. This floats top of the molten iron,and passes out of the furnace athrough a tap.the metal which remains is pig iron.矿石变成熔融,及其氧化物结合碳从可口可乐. 非金属成分的矿石结合灰岩形成液态渣. 这花车顶部的熔铁,然后流出炉通过一个水龙头,金属仍是生铁. We can melt this down again in another furnace a cupola with more coke and limestone, and tap it out into a ladle or directly into molds. This is cast iron. Cast iron does not have the strength of steel. It is brittle and may fracture under tension. But it possesses certain properties that make it very useful in the manufacture of machinery. In the molten state it is very fluid, therefore, it is easy to cast it into intricate shapes. 我们可以融化这下又在另一个炉的圆顶和更多的可口可乐和石灰石,轻敲出一个包或直接进入模具。这是铸铁。铸铁没有钢的强度。它是脆弱和可能断裂在张力。但它具有特定的属性,使它非常有用的生产机械。在熔融状态很流畅,因此,很容易铸造成复杂的形状。 Also it is easy to machine it. Cast iron contains small proportions of other substances. These non-metallic constituents of cast iron include carbon, silicon and sulphur, and the presence of these substances affects the behavior of the metal. Iron which contains a negligible quantity of carbon, for example, wrought iron behaves differently form iron which contains a lot of carbon. 也很容易机它。铸铁包含小比例的其他物质。这些非金属的成分铸铁包括碳、硅、硫,这些物质的存在影响行为的金属。铁,包含一个微不足道的碳的数量,例如铁艺行为不同形式铁含有大量的碳。The carbon in cast iron is present partly as free graphite and partly as a chemical combination of iron and carbon which is called cementite. This is a very hard substance, and it makes the iron hard too. However, iron can only hold about 1.5% of cementite. Any