Reductive Reasoning

Reductive Reasoning

Getting to the bottom of'reduction'problems in screwcap wines

By Jamie Goode

HIGHLIGHTS

?With the widespread use of screwcaps,some technical issues have emerged surrounding post-bottling sulfur chemistry,known as"reduction"in the trade.

?More than2%of wines closed with tin-Saran screwtops may show mercaptan odors,while Saranex screwtops are not implicated.

?Screwcap-sealed wines affected by mercaptans should be a major concern for winemakers because the wine is emphatically not reaching the consumer"the way the winemaker intended."

The last decade has seen a revolution in the dull-sounding but vitally important field of wine bottle closures.Ten years ago,cork was still pretty much the universal closure,although the murmurs of dissatisfaction about its poor performance,with unacceptably high taint rates,were getting louder.The most progressive winemakers were beginning to try out alternatives,and back in1997,most people were backing plastic corks as the taint-free alternative to succeed cork.

Screwcaps weren't yet on the radar:they'd been trialed in Australia in the1970s and had been abandoned because of poor consumer acceptance.It wasn't until1999that Orlando's Phil Laffer reintroduced them for a high-end Riesling in Australia,offering consumers a choice between the same wine in screwcap and cork:The former sold out long before the latter.The following year,a group of14vignerons from the Clare Valley banded together and released their Rieslings under screwcap.This prompted a mass migration to this closure in both Australia and, even more strongly,in New Zealand.It became clear that in some markets,notably Australia,New Zealand and the UK,there was little consumer opposition to this novel way of sealing wine bottles.

Now cork's major opponent was no longer plastic corks,but screwcaps.The battle lines were drawn between those who still championed cork,and those who insisted that all wines should be sealed with screwcap. Screwcaps had established themselves as the key alternative to cork philosophically,if not yet in volume terms--plastic corks currently still sell significantly more worldwide than screwcap,but they lack the same sort of advocacy that screwcaps enjoy.

A Matter of Balance

But with the widespread use of screwcap,some technical issues have emerged,surrounding post-bottling sulfur chemistry,known more commonly as"reduction"in the trade.It's hard to discuss these dispassionately,because such is the volume of the war of words between advocates of screwcap and cork that these discussions rapidly get fanned into flames.Add to this that the subject matter itself is horridly technical,and the fact that we don't have all the data we'd like,and there's a need for calm,balanced treatment of these issues,which is what I'm attempting with this article.

The issue under discussion,screwcap reduction,first came to light in the closures study by the Australian Wine Research Institute(AWRI),which commenced in1999."It can be argued that closing the bottle remains one of the greatest technical issues facing the wine industry,"suggested lead authors Peter Godden and Leigh Francis in the report's introduction."The winemaker can control many aspects of wine production to create a wine suitable for the marketplace,and yet there can be an unpredictable incidence of problems once the wine is bottled,due in large part to the properties of the closures used."

The same wine,a respectable Clare Valley Sémillon,was bottled using14different closures,and followed with regular chemical and sensory analysis.The results after21months in bottle were published in2001,and showed that while the screwcapped wine kept fruit freshness and retained free sulfur dioxide the best of all the closures,it also suffered from a sensory defect described by the expert tasters as"rubber/struck flint."This was a surprising finding,and caused a great deal of head scratching and anxiety within the trade.

Shortly after publication,Godden had this to say about it:"We are very confident that the'rubber-like'character is not a taint,but is an unwelcome modification due to chemically reduced sulfur,as a result of lack of oxygen. However,it is certainly an important character in screwcap-closed wine,and we have highlighted its existence to avoid mass-bottling of wine under extremely anaerobic conditions which might then develop a similar character somewhere in the future."This reduction was still evident five years post-bottling with the Sémillon used in the trial.

What Causes Reduction?

The AWRI results raised a number of questions.What is the explanation for this reduction?Was this problem specific to this wine?How much of an issue is it with real-world wines being drunk by consumers?And what does it suggest about the role of the closure in wine development?

The prevailing view at the time was that the ideal closure would be one that seals hermetically,allowing no oxygen transmission at all.But a further trial from AWRI seemed to indicate that an anaerobic closure is entirely unsuitable for wine.This trial involved comparing a Chardonnay wine sealed three different ways:with cork, with screwcap and then hermetically sealed in a glass ampule.The Chardonnay wine underwent some development in all three cases,but with the screwcap there was a bit of reduction and with the ampule a lot. Another study,this time looking at a Penfolds Bin389red wine sealed with synthetic cork,natural cork and screwcap,also encountered some reduction in the screwcapped bottle.

We need to pause here for a technical aside.The screwcap itself is just a means for holding a liner in apposition to the rim of the bottle.It is the properties of this liner that determine the oxygen transmission levels of the closure. Currently,two different liners are available for wine.The first,and most widely used,is called"tin/Saran."This consists of a Saran backing,with a metal layer(usually tin,but it can be aluminium)that is covered by a thin layer of PVDC,which is in contact with the wine.This metal liner allows very little oxygen transmission at all.It is the liner used almost universally in Australia and New Zealand.In the U.S.and Europe,it is still the most widely used liner,but you are also likely to encounter the alternative liner,known as"Saranex only,"and consists solely of Saranex.This allows more oxygen transmission,and is not implicated in the screwcap reduction story. Back to the issue of reduction.What is happening here?It all has to do with the issue of sulfur-compound chemistry.During fermentation,yeasts can produce sulfides.This occurs when they are stressed:for example, when there is low must nitrogen they may turn to the sulfur-containing amino acid cysteine as a nitrogen source, resulting in sulfide production.They can also produce sulfides when they are forced to operate anaerobically or are temperature-stressed,which is why good winemaking practice is to monitor juice nitrogen status,give plenty of aeration to fermenting musts and avoid dramatic shifts in temperature.In the worst case scenarios,reduced

wines smell of hydrogen sulfide,which gives them an eggy,dirty-drains aroma.Hydrogen sulfide can be oxidized to mercaptans(also known as thiols,and smelling of burned-match,rubber,earth or cooked cabbage),which can be oxidized to dislufides(described variously as having aromas that are vegetal,cabbagey,garlic-like,rubbery or onion-like).

Mercaptans can also arise by other means.The presence of these sulfur compounds in wine is known as "reduction,"but this term is actually a bit of a misnomer,and can lead winemakers into trouble when they respond to their presence by giving the wine oxygen:This is because it is possible for part-oxidized wines to have these aromas,and giving even more oxygen to them clearly wouldn't be a good idea.

There's another complication here.Some of the sulfur-containing compounds we're talking about can be bad in some contexts and good in others.The best example of this is in Sauvignon Blanc,where a range of thiols have been implicated as being positive contributors to the aroma of wines made from this variety.In the right context,a little bit of thiol can be positive--a complexing factor.

Redox Potential

So why is reduction a problem that's associated with screwcap use?It's to do with a concept known as redox potential.This is a measure of how oxidative or reductive a system,such as a wine in barrel or bottle is,and it is measured in millivolts(mV)--the higher the reading,the less reductive.Typically,an aerated red wine will have a redox potential of400--450mV,whereas storage in the absence of air for some time will reduce this to200--250 mV.If levels get as low as150mV,then there is a danger that reduction problems can occur.

Exposure to oxygen through winemaking practices such as racking,topping up barrels and filtering,increases the level of dissolved oxygen in the wine and increases the redox potential,which will then return to200--300mV.

In white wines,this redox level will change much more rapidly than in red wines,because red wines have a higher concentration of phenolic compounds such as tannins that are able to interact with oxygen,and act as buffers.Another variable here is the level of free sulfur dioxide in the wine,which will act protectively by reacting with the products of oxidation.

Sauvignon Republic's international Sauvignon Blancs all are packaged with screwcaps.

Yeast lees also scavenge oxygen and protect the wine in a similar fashion,helping to lower the redox potential and create a more reductive environment.In modern winemaking,reductive conditions are encouraged:The protection of wines from oxygen by the use of stainless steel tanks and inert gases helps to preserve fresh fruit characters.These reductive conditions--those in which oxygen is more or less excluded--can also favor the development of smelly forms of sulfur compounds.

Post-bottling,the redox state of the wine will be influenced by a number of factors,including the state of the wine at bottling,the free sulfur dioxide levels,the oxygen pick-up during the bottling procedure,headspace extent and composition(air or inert gas),and the oxygen transmission by the closure.As we've seen,reduction seems to be a problem in these sorts of analytical studies involving metal-lined screwcaps,and the obvious explanation is that the low redox environment of the screwcap-sealed wine is causing some unwanted sulfur chemistry to occur,with sulfur compounds shifting from a less smelly(and thus unnoticed)form to a more smelly(and thus noticeable), more reduced form.This is assuming the wine is bottled clean,of course.

A Minor Technical Problem?

What are we to make of screwcap reduction?Is it a real world problem on a par with cork taint,or is it just a minor technical problem--a teething issue that just needs a bit of tweaking?The latter position has been the one consistently adopted by proponents of screwcaps.

Since the publication of the first AWRI report in2001,there has been just a trickle of data on the subject of screwcap reduction.But little by little,a clearer picture has emerged,and the current weight of evidence suggests that the issue of mercaptans in screwcapped wines is problematic enough that some caution should be exercised in their use.Winemaker(Stonecroft,Hawkes Bay)and Ph.D.chemist Alan Limmer has been a bit of a thorn in the side of the screwcap lobby.He has written widely on the subject,bringing his knowledge of wine chemistry to bear.In particular,Limmer has pointed out that screwcap reduction is not a problem that can be completely eliminated by better winemaking,as many have claimed.

"In essence we are talking about thiol accumulation,post-bottling,from complex sulfides that do not respond to pre-bottling copper treatment,"Limmer claims,in response to the assertion that fining with copper removes reduction defects."This reaction occurs to all wines containing the appropriate precursors,irrespective of closure type.But the varying levels of oxygen ingress between closures leads to significantly different outcomes from a sensory point of view."

Limmer's explanation for screwcap reduction is that sulfides present in the wine at bottling necessitate a very small level of oxygen ingress through the closure,otherwise they can become reduced to thiols.Because sulfides are less smelly,it is possible for a wine that is clean at bottling to taste reduced after bottling if the closure doesn't permit enough oxygen ingress.So the use of a closure,such as cork,which does allow a little oxygen ingress(but not too much)is a necessary concession to the vagaries of sulfur chemistry.

"It's not the winemaker's fault these compounds exist in the wine at bottling."

--Alan Limmer,Ph.D.

Of course,we'd rather not have the sulfides in the wine at all,which would then avoid problems with reduction to mercaptans at a later stage.But,as Limmer points out:"Controlling ferments to not produce the complex sulfides is beyond our means currently.This sulfide behavior of the ferment is more controlled by the yeast genetics than the winemaker,"he explains.

"It is not the winemaker's fault these compounds exist in the wine at bottling.We can minimize it to some extent by providing optimum nutrient conditions for the ferment,and employing some specific winemaking regimes. But,the research tells us this only has a slight impact on the complex sulfide pattern produced by the yeast." Limmer reinforces his point:"The patterns are quite specific to each yeast type,almost irrespective of nutrient conditions.Every wine contains these complex sulfides."

Keep it Clean

But others think that care taken during winemaking,and particular at bottling,can reduce the risk of any reduction significantly.Wise counsel would be that winemakers intending to use tin-lined screwcaps should ensure that they are in control of bottling parameters.It is important to get the wine clean before bottling,without

any trace of mercaptan or disulfide.A healthy ferment should be the first priority.

When it comes to bottling,free sulfur dioxide levels that are a little lower than those used with other closures are advisable,as is a knowledge of the variation in oxygen pick-up on the bottling line used.It should be emphasized that allowing more oxygen pick-up or leaving a larger headspace of air does not counter post-bottling reduction, but rather results in oxidation.

Copper fining can help in some circumstances:This certainly gets rid of mercaptans,but it doesn't eliminate disulfides which,as we have seen,can revert in a low redox environment to mercaptans.Besides,copper fining will also remove the desirable sulfides which are important for varietal character in Sauvignon Blanc and other grapes.

Do Consumers Notice?

The extent of screwcap reduction is currently unclear.The only large survey to look for it,the faults clinic of the UK-based International Wine Challenge(IWC),reported that2.2%of screwcapped wines suffered from mercaptan problems in2006,and in2007provisional results were slightly up,at2.7%.This sounds alarming,but it should be borne in mind that cork taint irredeemably ruins bottles it affects,while very few consumers will have a problem with low-level mercaptans in their wines.

I doubt that most of the wine trade would spot this as a problem in all but the most extreme cases,so it is unfair to equate it with the very well recognized problem of cork taint.Having said this,though,screwcap-sealed wines affected by mercaptans should be a major concern for winemakers,because the closure is modifying the flavor of the wine,which is emphatically not reaching the consumer"the way the winemaker intended."

It would be dangerously complacent for the industry to take the view that if the consumer doesn't notice it,then it doesn't matter.How do you spot low-level mercaptans?"They impact from an organoleptic perspective towards the end of the palate,"Limmer says,"imparting a'mineral'or bitter/hard/astringent aspect.This has the appearance of shortening or closing up the palate,so the wine does not display a fine,fresh,long finish,but ends abruptly,and somewhat harshly."

The picture emerging is a complex one,but a simplified"screwcaps taint wine"message would be dangerous if it caused producers to back away from adopting alternative closure solutions,which would then have the secondary effect of removing any incentive from the cork industry to put its house in order and do all it can to reduce taint levels.However,complications like this reduction issue should put pressure on winemakers to be more curious about the closures they are using,and pay more attention to the potential loss of quality that can occur during the bottling process.

(完整word)批判性推理入门Critical Reasoning for beginners全笔记

Critical Reasoning for beginners by Marianne Talbot Oxford Lesson 1How to recognize arguments and What is the nature of arguments Arguments are a set of sentences such that one of them (the conclusion) is being said to be true, and the other(s) (the premises) are being offered as reasons for believing the truth of the one. An argument isn't a set of contradictions. Part of the point of an argument is to move us on from where we are to somewhere a bit further. Arguments lead to deeper thoughts. (from where we are to where we want) An Argument: (one or more) Premises Conclusion (Function) [to prove---reasons] [suppose true] relationship among sentences e.g. It's Friday. Marianne always wears jeans on Friday. Therefore Marianne will wear jeans today. Play attention to suppressed premises（隐藏前提）. context——all sentences may be argument. implication（实质蕴涵） entailment（逻辑蕴涵） Distinguish arguments from (a) sets of sentences not related as arguments (1) aren't related at all e.g. The sea is salt. Sydney is in Australia. (2) related but not an argument e.g. Towards lunchtime clouds formed and the sky blackened. Then the storm broke. (b) sentences (assertions) 'if...then...' e.g. If it is snowing, the mail will be late. (implication not entailment) An argument is a set of sentences, one of which is being asserted. An assertion is a single sentence (possibly complex) ,that is being expressed in assertive mode.

新GMAT 综合推理(Integrated Reasoning)备考及OG13例题解析

1 新GMAT 综合推理（Integrated Reasoning ）备考及OG13例题解析 >>>>>>>DS 工作室<<<<<<<为您倾情整理 现行的GMAT 考试将持续到2012年6月2日。从2012年6月5日开始，全球将统一进行改革后的新GMAT 考试。改革后的GMAT 考试将新加入30分钟的 “Integrated Reasoning”综合推理部分，取消了分析性写作的ISSUE 部分。综合推理（Integrated Reasoning ，以下简称IR ）部分的考试时间为30分钟，由12道题组成。IR 一共有四种题型，分别分：Graphics Interpretation 图表解析，Two-Part Analysis 联立分析，Table Analysis 表格分析，Multi-Source Reasoning 多源推理。 Graphic Interpretation 图形解读 题型描述：题目给出一个图表或者图形，考生根据该图通过下拉菜单选择最准确的答案。此题型旨在考查考生对不同图表形式的解读、整合、辨别以及推断能力。所用图表包括坐标式图表（条形图，线性图，散布式图，气泡式图），饼图，流程图，组织结构图等。 Two-Part Analysis 二段式分析 题型描述：题目包含了文本和图表，考生在阅读完文本之后需要从图表中选择出每一栏相对应的正确答案。此题型考查了考生评估两者权衡、解决联立方程以及辨别两者关系的能力。 Table Analysis 表格分析 题型描述：每道表格分析题都包含一个可分类的数据表格，考生可根据需要对表格进行重新排序，以此找出和问题相关的信息和数据，并解答问题。此题型考查考生发现数据、组织数据并由此得出结论有效解决问题的能力。

verbalreasoning

绿皮书: 填空 Exercise 1 1. 起初，我被她严肃的样子吓到了；但是当我更深入的了解她之后，我发觉她是非常（搞笑的）。【如果不是为了做题，我认为可译为“她的笑点很低”】 2. 新生婴儿既不是一个被动形体，也不是主动形体，而是一个可以被称作主动（接受）的形体，热切注意着外界的情景和声音。 3. 武器运输（停顿）带来的喘息之机给作战各方一个机会去重新评估自己的处境。 4. 重组DNA实验的倡议者决定（支持）联邦政府监管他们的工作，他们希望通过这样的妥协，能够预先阻止拟定中的来自州政府和地方政府的可能更为严格的控制。 5. 即使那些不同意卡门观点的人也很少因为她把观点表达出来而诟病她，因为她的观点不仅是有争议的，而且是（经过缜密思考的）。 6. 在目前变暖的趋势超出了正常气候的波动范围之前，科学家将会对于大气中二氧化碳含量的增加导致长期气温上升效应的可能性存在相当程度的（不确定性）。【until单独出现与before意思一样。】 7. 目前数据表明，尽管在恐惧和攻击之间存在（过渡）状态，但恐惧和攻击无论在生理上还是心理上都是截然不同的。 8. 尽管伊冯·雷娜1974年的电影有女权主义的内涵，但这部电影要（早于）电影的制作人参与到女权政治运动中。【feminist: adj. Of or relating to feminism [AHD]】 9. 他们的忠诚对象的（次序），首先是对自己，其次是亲属，然后是本部落成员，最后是全体同胞。 10. 根除污染不仅仅是一个（美学）问题，尽管大自然宏伟的美确实是一个很重要的考虑因素。 Exercise 2 1. 该公司只期待其销售额在明年有一个（适度的）增长，尽管为恢复其零售业务，已做出了为期一年的努力。 2. 托马斯·佩恩，他的政治著作通常很华丽，在私生活方面，他却惊人的（简朴）：住着租来的房子，吃得很少，穿着朴素的衣服。

Numerical-Reasoning-Test1-Solutions(1)

Numerical Reasoning Free Practice Test 1 Solution Booklet

Q1 Which share has shown the largest absolute range in price over the last year? (A) Huver Co. (B) Drebs Ltd (C) Fevs Plc (D) Fauvers The information that we need is shown in the table Share price. The range is the difference between the maximum and the minimum prices. Calculate the range for each share; Huver Co. = 1360 – 860 = 500 Drebs Ltd = 22 – 11 = 11 Fevs Plc = 1955 – 1242 = 713 Fauvers = 724 – 464 = 260 Steapars = 2630 – 2216 = 414 So the correct Answer is (C) Fevs Plc

Q2 What was yesterday’s cost difference between 50 shares in Fevs plc and 100 shares in Steapars? (A) 164,726 Euros (B) 172,577 Euros (C) 164,045 Euros (D) None of these The information that we need is shown in the table Share price. Step 1 Calculate yesterday’s share price for each share Fevs plc = 1586/0.91 = 1742.86 x 50 = 87,143 Steapars = 2537/1.01 = 2511.88 x 100 = 251,188 Difference = 251,188 - 87,143 = 164,045 So the correct Answer is (C) 164,045 Euros Q3 Today’s Drebs Ltd share price represents a 40% increase on the price one month ago. What was the price a month ago? (A) 25.20 Euros (B) 12.68 Euros (C) 12.90 Euros (D) 12.86 Euros The information that we need is shown in the table Share price. Step 1 Drebs Ltd’s share price is shown as 18 Euros. This is a 40% increase and so represents 140%. Step 2 The price a year ago (100%) is calculated as follows; 100 x 18 / 140 = 12.86 So the correct Answer is (D) 12.86 Euros

Legal Reasoning

Legal Reasoning Inductive and Deductive pattern in argument Inductive and deductive refer to two distinct logical processes. Inductive reasoning is a movement from a specific examples or activities to generalization or rule. Deductive reasoning is a movement from a generalization to specific. (一)Inductive Reasoning Inductive reasoning is reasoning in which the premises seek to supply strong evidence for (not absolute proof of) the truth of the conclusion. While the conclusion of a deductive argument is certain, the truth of the conclusion of an inductive argument is probable, based upon the evidence given. The philosophical definition of inductive reasoning is more nuanced than simple progression from particular/individual instances to broader generalizations. Rather, the premises of an inductive logical argument indicate some degree of support (inductive probability) for the conclusion but do not entail it; that is, they suggest truth but do not ensure it. In this manner, there is the possibility of moving from general statements to individual instances (for example, statistical syllogisms, discussed below). An example of an inductive argument: 90% of biological life forms that we know of depend on liquid water to exist. Therefore, if we discover a new biological life form it will probably depend on liquid water to exist. This argument could have been made every time a new biological life form was found, and would have been correct every time; however, it is still possible that in the future a biological life form not requiring water could be discovered. As a result, the argument may be stated less formally as: All biological life forms that we know of depend on liquid water to exist. All biological life probably depends on liquid water to exist. The forms of inductive reasoning 1.1 Generalization A generalization (more accurately, an inductive generalization) proceeds from a premise about a sample to a conclusion about the population.

InductiveReasoningTest1-Solutions

Inductive Test 1 Solutions Booklet AssessmentDay

Q1What comes next in the sequence? (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D (E) E Rule 1: The direction of the lines alternates between NW-SE and NE-SW. Rule 2: The short column moves one place to the right each time.

Q2What comes next in the sequence? (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D (E) E Rule 1: The unshaded circle moves from top left, to bottom middle, to top right, and then the pattern repeats. Rule 2: The shaded circle moves one place clockwise each time.

Q3What comes next in the sequence? (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D (E) E Rule 1: The symbol alternates between facing right and left. Rule 2: The right sided circle alternates between shaded and unshaded.

Verbal-Reasoning-样题

Verbal Reasoning Questions Q1 If more care had been put into estimating the difficulties, it is less likely the project would have failed. True False Cannot say Q2 XSoft witheld information from the Department regarding how long the project would take. True False Cannot say. Q3 The Department’s profits were dependent upon how long the project took. True False Cannot say

Q4 The gun was invented because the human race needs to protect themselves. True False Cannot say Q5 Guns are the reason our society is the way it is today. True False Cannot say Q6 Financial incentives had no part to play in the development of the gun. True False Cannot say.

Q7 The ethical actions of corporations has changed over the last ten years. True False Cannot say Q8 Corporations can influence the public’s quality of life. True False Cannot say Q9 Ten years ago, it was up to each corporation to decide whether they acted morally or not. True False Cannot say

Reductive Reasoning

Reductive Reasoning Getting to the bottom of'reduction'problems in screwcap wines By Jamie Goode HIGHLIGHTS ?With the widespread use of screwcaps,some technical issues have emerged surrounding post-bottling sulfur chemistry,known as"reduction"in the trade. ?More than2%of wines closed with tin-Saran screwtops may show mercaptan odors,while Saranex screwtops are not implicated. ?Screwcap-sealed wines affected by mercaptans should be a major concern for winemakers because the wine is emphatically not reaching the consumer"the way the winemaker intended." The last decade has seen a revolution in the dull-sounding but vitally important field of wine bottle closures.Ten years ago,cork was still pretty much the universal closure,although the murmurs of dissatisfaction about its poor performance,with unacceptably high taint rates,were getting louder.The most progressive winemakers were beginning to try out alternatives,and back in1997,most people were backing plastic corks as the taint-free alternative to succeed cork. Screwcaps weren't yet on the radar:they'd been trialed in Australia in the1970s and had been abandoned because of poor consumer acceptance.It wasn't until1999that Orlando's Phil Laffer reintroduced them for a high-end Riesling in Australia,offering consumers a choice between the same wine in screwcap and cork:The former sold out long before the latter.The following year,a group of14vignerons from the Clare Valley banded together and released their Rieslings under screwcap.This prompted a mass migration to this closure in both Australia and, even more strongly,in New Zealand.It became clear that in some markets,notably Australia,New Zealand and the UK,there was little consumer opposition to this novel way of sealing wine bottles. Now cork's major opponent was no longer plastic corks,but screwcaps.The battle lines were drawn between those who still championed cork,and those who insisted that all wines should be sealed with screwcap. Screwcaps had established themselves as the key alternative to cork philosophically,if not yet in volume terms--plastic corks currently still sell significantly more worldwide than screwcap,but they lack the same sort of advocacy that screwcaps enjoy. A Matter of Balance But with the widespread use of screwcap,some technical issues have emerged,surrounding post-bottling sulfur chemistry,known more commonly as"reduction"in the trade.It's hard to discuss these dispassionately,because such is the volume of the war of words between advocates of screwcap and cork that these discussions rapidly get fanned into flames.Add to this that the subject matter itself is horridly technical,and the fact that we don't have all the data we'd like,and there's a need for calm,balanced treatment of these issues,which is what I'm attempting with this article.

Non-Verbal Reasoning Practice,图形推理,非语言推理

If you want to answer these questions in multiple-choice format, use the separate multiple-choice answer sheet. If you’d prefer to answer them in standard write-in format, just follow the instructions in the question. The test should take around 30 minutes. Section 1 — Find the Figure Like the First Two

/ 10

Each of these questions has five squares on the left that are arranged in order. One of the squares is missing. One of the squares on the right should go in its place. Find which one of the five squares on the right should go in place of the empty square.Example: Answer: a a b c d e a b c d e Section 2 — Complete the Series b c d e a

a b c d e a b c d e a b c d e a b c d e a b c d e / 10

Unit 4 Nature of Scientific Reasoning

The Nature of Scientific Reasoning Jacob Bronowski 2 Jacob Bronowski 雅各布·布朗诺斯基 ?Polish-Jewish, 1908-1974, British mathematician,biologis t,historian of science, theater author, poet and inventor. ?“The Nature of Reasoning ”was first delivered as a lecture at the MIT and then reprinted as part of Bronowski ’s book Science and Human Values (1956). Semantic Mapping Many scientific terms are made up of parts that derive from Greek.Know the meaning of the parts of a word can help you understand the meaning of the word as a whole. 2014/12/31 astron bios onto pharmakon physis ge meteoron -logy, -ics, -ing -graphy -metry, -meter star life being medicine or drug nature the earth or land of the atmosphere the science or study of the writing or drawing of the measuring of astronomy, astrology biology, biodegradable ontology pharmacological, pharmaceutical physiology, metaphysics geology, geography, geometry meteorologist mechanics, linguistics engineering, accounting autobiography asymmetry 5 squares? 5 squared?52 5 cubes? 5 cubed? 5 3

外企招聘面试笔试题库LogicalReasoningTest8-Solutions

Logical Reasoning Test 8 Solutions Booklet Difficulty: Hard Instructions This logical reasoning test comprises 15 questions, each containing a grid of symbols. In each question one of the symbols is missing. Your task is to choose which one of the options best fits the missing symbol. Each question will have 12 possible answers, one of which is correct. You will have to work quickly and accurately to perform well in this test. There is no overall time limit for the test, but there is a limit of 70 seconds for each question. Try to find a time and place where you will not be interrupted during the test. The test will start on the next page

Q1What replaces the question mark? Rule 1: From top to bottom, the total number of lines increases by one each time. This pattern begins again on the next column. Rule 2: From left to right, the lines move one place clockwise each time. This pattern continues onto the next row. Rule 3: From left to right, the lines alternate between horizontal and vertical. This pattern continues onto the next row. Q2What replaces the question mark? Rule 1: From left to right, the circle alternates between shaded and unshaded. This pattern continues onto the next row. Rule 2: From left to right, the arrow moves one place counterclockwise to the next corner each time.This pattern continues onto the next row. Rule 3: Both arrows always point in opposite directions.

参加四大笔试前必做的Verbal-Reasoning-Test1-Solutions[1]

Verbal Reasoning Practice Test 1 Solution Booklet

Instituted in 1979 as a temporary measure to limit population growth, China’s one child policy remains in force today and is likely to continue for another decade. China’s population control policy has attracted criticism because of the manner in which it is enforced, and also because of its social repercussions. Supporters of the Chinese government’s policy consider it a necessary measure to curb extreme overpopulation, which has resulted in a reduction of an estimated 300 million people in its first twenty years. Not only is a reduced population environmentally beneficial, it also increases China’s per capita gross domestic product. The one-child policy has led to a disparate ratio of males to females – with abortion, abandonment and infanticide of female infants resulting from a cultural preference for sons. Furthermore, Draconian measures such as forced sterilization are strongly opposed by critics as a violation of human reproduction rights. The one-child policy is enforced strictly in urban areas, whereas in provincial regions fines are imposed on families with more than one child. There are also exceptions to the rules – for example, ethnic minorities. A rule also allows couples without siblings to have two children – a provision which applies to millions of sibling-free adults now of child-bearing age. Q1 China’s one-child policy increases the country’s wealth. True False Cannot say The fourth sentence states that the policy increases China’s per capita gross domestic product, however this is just one economic indicator and is based on output per person. The passage does not tell us if overall, the country as a whole has increased wealth due to the one child policy. Since the passage does not tell us either way, we must respond Cannot Say. Q2 The passage suggests that two-child families will dramatically increase, as sibling-free adults reach child-bearing age. True False Cannot say The last sentence merely presents the fact that millions or sibling-free couples are able to have two children, and does not speculate as to the implications. Q3 The main criticism of China’s one-child policy is that it violates human rights. True False Cannot say The second sentence states that both the policy’s manner of enforcement and its social repercussions are criticised – but does not state which is the main criticism. So based on the information we are given, we cannot say.

Inductive-Reasoning-Test1-Solutions

Inductive Reasoning Free Sample Test 1 Solutions Booklet Difficulty Rating: Difficult Instructions This inductive reasoning test comprises 22 questions. You will have 25 minutes in which to correctly answer as many as you can. In each question you will be presented with a logical sequence of five figures. You will need to determine which of the possible answers best matches the next figure in the sequence, or replaces a missing figure in the sequence. You will have to work quickly and accurately to perform well in this test. It is recommended to keep working until the time limit is up. Try to find a time and place where you will not be interrupted during the test. When you are ready, turn over the page. AssessmentDay