The_lottery(原文)

The morning of June 27th was clear and sunny, with the fresh warmth of a full-summer day; the flowers were blossoming profusely and the grass was richly green. The people of the village began to gather in the square, between the post office and the bank, around ten o'clock; in some towns there were so many people that the lottery took two days and had to be started on June 2th. but in this village, where there were only about three hundred people, the whole lottery took less than two hours, so it could begin at ten o'clock in the morning and still be through in time to allow the villagers to get home for noon dinner.

The children assembled first, of course. School was recently over for the summer, and the feeling of liberty sat uneasily on most of them; they tended to gather together quietly for a while before they broke into boisterous play. and their talk was still of the classroom and the teacher, of books and reprimands. Bobby Martin had already stuffed his pockets full of stones, and the other boys soon followed his example, selecting the smoothest and roundest stones; Bobby and Harry Jones and Dickie Delacroix-- the villagers pronounced this name "Dellacroy"--eventually made a great pile of stones in one corner of the square and guarded it against the raids of the other boys. The girls stood aside, talking among themselves, looking over their shoulders at the boys. and the very small children rolled in the dust or clung to the hands of their older brothers or sisters.

Soon the men began to gather. surveying their own children, speaking of planting and rain, tractors and taxes. They stood together, away from the pile of stones in the corner, and their jokes were quiet and they smiled rather than laughed. The women, wearing faded house dresses and sweaters, came shortly after their menfolk. They greeted one another and exchanged bits of gossip as they went to join their husbands. Soon the women, standing by their husbands, began to call to their children, and the children came reluctantly, having to be called four or five times. Bobby Martin ducked under his mother's grasping hand and ran, laughing, back to the pile of stones. His father spoke up sharply, and Bobby came quickly and took his place between his father and his oldest brother.

The lottery was conducted--as were the square dances, the teen club, the Halloween program--by Mr. Summers. who had time and energy to devote to civic activities. He was a round-faced, jovial man and he ran the coal business, and people were sorry for him. because he had no children and his wife was a scold. When he arrived in the square, carrying the black wooden box, there was a murmur of conversation among the villagers, and he waved and called. "Little late today, folks." The postmaster, Mr. Graves, followed him, carrying a three- legged stool, and the stool was put in the center of the square and Mr. Summers set the black box down on it. The villagers kept their distance, leaving a space between themselves and the stool. and when Mr. Summers said, "Some of

you fellows want to give me a hand?" there was a hesitation before two men. Mr. Martin and his oldest son, Baxter. came forward to hold the box steady on the stool while Mr. Summers stirred up the papers inside it. The original paraphernalia for the lottery had been lost long ago, and the black box now resting on the stool had been put into use even before Old Man Warner, the oldest man in town, was born. Mr. Summers spoke frequently to the villagers about making a new box, but no one liked to upset even as much tradition as was represented by the black box. There was a story that the present box had been made with some pieces of the box that had preceded it, the one that had been constructed when the first people settled down to make a village here. Every year, after the lottery, Mr. Summers began talking again about a new box, but every year the subject was allowed to fade off without anything's being done. The black box grew shabbier each year: by now it was no longer completely black but splintered badly along one side to show the original wood color, and in some places faded or stained.

Mr. Martin and his oldest son, Baxter, held the black box securely on the stool until Mr. Summers had stirred the papers thoroughly with his hand. Because so much of the ritual had been forgotten or discarded, Mr. Summers had been successful in having slips of paper substituted for the chips of wood that had been used for generations. Chips of wood, Mr.

Summers had argued. had been all very well when the village was tiny, but now that the population was more than three hundred and likely to keep on growing, it was necessary to use something that would fit more easily into he black box. The night before the lottery, Mr. Summers and Mr. Graves made up the slips of paper and put them in the box, and it was then taken to the safe of Mr. Summers' coal company and locked up until Mr. Summers was ready to take it to the square next morning. The rest of the year, the box was put way, sometimes one place, sometimes another; it had spent one year in Mr. Graves's barn and another year underfoot in the post office. and sometimes it was set on a shelf in the Martin grocery and left there.

There was a great deal of fussing to be done before Mr. Summers declared the lottery open. There were the lists to make up--of heads of families. heads of households in each family. members of each household in each family. There was the proper swearing-in of Mr. Summers by the postmaster, as the official of the lottery; at one time, some people remembered, there had been a recital of some sort, performed by the official of the lottery, a perfunctory. tuneless chant that had been rattled off duly each year; some people believed that the official of the lottery used to stand just so when he said or sang it, others believed that he was supposed to walk among the people, but years and years ago this p3rt of the ritual had been allowed to lapse. There had been, also, a ritual salute,

which the official of the lottery had had to use in addressing each person who came up to draw from the box, but this also had changed with time, until now it was felt necessary only for the official to speak to each person approaching. Mr. Summers was very good at all this; in his clean white shirt and blue jeans. with one hand resting carelessly on the black box. he seemed very proper and important as he talked interminably to Mr. Graves and the Martins.

Just as Mr. Summers finally left off talking and turned to the assembled villagers, Mrs. Hutchinson came hurriedly along the path to the square, her sweater thrown over her shoulders, and slid into place in the back of the crowd. "Clean forgot what day it was," she said to Mrs. Delacroix, who stood next to her, and they both laughed softly. "Thought my old man was out back stacking wood," Mrs. Hutchinson went on. "and then I looked out the window and the kids was gone, and then I remembered it was the twenty-seventh and came a-running." She dried her hands on her apron, and Mrs. Delacroix said, "You're in time, though. They're still talking away up there."

Mrs. Hutchinson craned her neck to see through the crowd and found her husband and children standing near the front. She tapped Mrs. Delacroix on the arm as a farewell and began to make her way through the crowd. The people separated good-humoredly to let her through: two or three

people said. in voices just loud enough to be heard across the crowd, "Here comes your, Missus, Hutchinson," and "Bill, she made it after all." Mrs. Hutchinson reached her husband, and Mr. Summers, who had been waiting, said cheerfully. "Thought we were going to have to get on without you, Tessie." Mrs. Hutchinson said. grinning, "Wouldn't have me leave m'dishes in the sink, now, would you. Joe?," and soft laughter ran through the crowd as the people stirred back into position after Mrs. Hutchinson's arrival.

"Well, now." Mr. Summers said soberly, "guess we better get started, get this over with, so's we can go back to work. Anybody ain't here?" "Dunbar." several people said. "Dunbar. Dunbar."

Mr. Summers consulted his list. "Clyde Dunbar." he said. "That's right. He's broke his leg, hasn't he? Who's drawing for him?"

"Me. I guess," a woman said. and Mr. Summers turned to look at her. "Wife draws for her husband." Mr. Summers said. "Don't you have a grown boy to do it for you, Janey?" Although Mr. Summers and everyone else in the village knew the answer perfectly well, it was the business of the official of the lottery to ask such questions formally. Mr. Summers waited with an expression of polite interest while Mrs. Dunbar answered.

"Horace's not but sixteen vet." Mrs. Dunbar said regretfully. "Guess I gotta fill in for the old man this year."

"Right." Sr. Summers said. He made a note on the list he was holding. Then he asked, "Watson boy drawing this year?"

A tall boy in the crowd raised his hand. "Here," he said. "I m drawing for my mother and me." He blinked his eyes nervously and ducked his head as several voices in the crowd said thin#s like "Good fellow, lack." and "Glad to see your mother's got a man to do it."

"Well," Mr. Summers said, "guess that's everyone. Old Man Warner make it?"

"Here," a voice said. and Mr. Summers nodded.

A sudden hush fell on the crowd as Mr. Summers cleared his throat and looked at the list. "All ready?" he called. "Now, I'll read the names--heads of families first--and the men come up and take a paper out of the box. Keep the paper folded in your hand without looking at it until everyone has had a turn. Everything clear?"

The people had done it so many times that they only half listened to the directions: most of them were quiet. wetting their lips. not looking around. Then Mr. Summers raised one hand high and said, "Adams." A man

disengaged himself from the crowd and came forward. "Hi. Steve." Mr. Summers said. and Mr. Adams said. "Hi. Joe." They grinned at one another humorlessly and nervously. Then Mr. Adams reached into the black box and took out a folded paper. He held it firmly by one corner as he turned and went hastily back to his place in the crowd. where he stood a little apart from his family. not looking down at his hand. "Allen." Mr. Summers said. "Anderson.... Bentham."

"Seems like there's no time at all between lotteries any more." Mrs. Delacroix said to Mrs. Graves in the back row.

"Seems like we got through with the last one only last week."

"Time sure goes fast.-- Mrs. Graves said.

"Clark.... Delacroix"

"There goes my old man." Mrs. Delacroix said. She held her breath while her husband went forward.

"Dunbar," Mr. Summers said, and Mrs. Dunbar went steadily to the box while one of the women said. "Go on. Janey," and another said, "There she goes."

"We're next." Mrs. Graves said. She watched while Mr. Graves came around from the side of the box, greeted Mr. Summers gravely and

selected a slip of paper from the box. By now, all through the crowd there were men holding the small folded papers in their large hand. turning them over and over nervously Mrs. Dunbar and her two sons stood together, Mrs. Dunbar holding the slip of paper.

"Harburt.... Hutchinson."

"Get up there, Bill," Mrs. Hutchinson said. and the people near her laughed.

"Jones."

"They do say," Mr. Adams said to Old Man Warner, who stood next to him, "that over in the north village they're talking of giving up the lottery."

Old Man Warner snorted. "Pack of crazy fools," he said. "Listening to the young folks, nothing's good enough for them. Next thing you know, they'll be wanting to go back to living in caves, nobody work any more, live hat way for a while. Used to be a saying about 'Lottery in June, corn be heavy soon.' First thing you know, we'd all be eating stewed chickweed and acorns. There's always been a lottery," he added petulantly. "Bad enough to see young Joe Summers up there joking with everybody."

"Some places have already quit lotteries." Mrs. Adams said.

"Nothing but trouble in that," Old Man Warner said stoutly. "Pack of young fools."

"Martin." And Bobby Martin watched his father go forward. "Overdyke.... Percy."

"I wish they'd hurry," Mrs. Dunbar said to her older son. "I wish they'd hurry."

"They're almost through," her son said.

"You get ready to run tell Dad," Mrs. Dunbar said.

Mr. Summers called his own name and then stepped forward precisely and selected a slip from the box. Then he called, "Warner."

"Seventy-seventh year I been in the lottery," Old Man Warner said as he went through the crowd. "Seventy-seventh time."

"Watson" The tall boy came awkwardly through the crowd. Someone said, "Don't be nervous, Jack," and Mr. Summers said, "Take your time, son."

"Zanini."

After that, there was a long pause, a breathless pause, until Mr. Summers. holding his slip of paper in the air, said, "All right, fellows." For a minute, no one moved, and then all the slips of paper were opened. Suddenly, all the women began to speak at once, saving. "Who is it?," "Who's got it?," "Is it the Dunbars?," "Is it the Watsons?" Then the voices began to say, "It's Hutchinson. It's Bill," "Bill Hutchinson's got it."

"Go tell your father," Mrs. Dunbar said to her older son.

People began to look around to see the Hutchinsons. Bill Hutchinson was standing quiet, staring down at the paper in his hand. Suddenly. Tessie Hutchinson shouted to Mr. Summers. "You didn't give him time enough to take any paper he wanted. I saw you. It wasn't fair!"

"Be a good sport, Tessie." Mrs. Delacroix called, and Mrs. Graves said, "All of us took the same chance."

"Shut up, Tessie," Bill Hutchinson said.

"Well, everyone," Mr. Summers said, "that was done pretty fast, and now we've got to be hurrying a little more to get done in time." He consulted his next list. "Bill," he said, "you draw for the Hutchinson family. You got any other households in the Hutchinsons?"

"There's Don and Eva," Mrs. Hutchinson yelled. "Make them take their chance!"

"Daughters draw with their husbands' families, Tessie," Mr. Summers said gently. "You know that as well as anyone else."

"It wasn't fair," Tessie said.

"I guess not, Joe." Bill Hutchinson said regretfully. "My daughter draws with her husband's family; that's only fair. And I've got no other family except the kids."

"Then, as far as drawing for families is concerned, it's you," Mr. Summers said in explanation, "and as far as drawing for households is concerned, that's you, too. Right?"

"Right," Bill Hutchinson said.

"How many kids, Bill?" Mr. Summers asked formally.

"Three," Bill Hutchinson said.

"There's Bill, Jr., and Nancy, and little Dave. And Tessie and me."

"All right, then," Mr. Summers said. "Harry, you got their tickets back?" Mr. Graves nodded and held up the slips of paper. "Put them in the box, then," Mr. Summers directed. "Take Bill's and put it in."

"I think we ought to start over," Mrs. Hutchinson said, as quietly as she could. "I tell you it wasn't fair. You didn't give him time enough to choose. Everybody saw that."

Mr. Graves had selected the five slips and put them in the box. and he dropped all the papers but those onto the ground. where the breeze caught them and lifted them off.

"Listen, everybody," Mrs. Hutchinson was saying to the people around her.

"Ready, Bill?" Mr. Summers asked. and Bill Hutchinson, with one quick glance around at his wife and children. nodded.

"Remember," Mr. Summers said. "take the slips and keep them folded until each person has taken one. Harry, you help little Dave." Mr. Graves took the hand of the little boy, who came willingly with him up to the box. "Take a paper out of the box, Davy." Mr. Summers said. Davy put his hand into the box and laughed. "Take just one paper." Mr. Summers said. "Harry, you hold it for him." Mr. Graves took the child's hand and removed the folded paper from the tight fist and held it while little Dave stood next to him and looked up at him wonderingly.

"Nancy next," Mr. Summers said. Nancy was twelve, and her school friends breathed heavily as she went forward switching her skirt, and took

a slip daintily from the box "Bill, Jr.," Mr. Summers said, and Billy, his face red and his feet overlarge, near knocked the box over as he got a paper out. "Tessie," Mr. Summers said. She hesitated for a minute, looking around defiantly. and then set her lips and went up to the box. She snatched a paper out and held it behind her.

"Bill," Mr. Summers said, and Bill Hutchinson reached into the box and felt around, bringing his hand out at last with the slip of paper in it.

The crowd was quiet. A girl whispered, "I hope it's not Nancy," and the sound of the whisper reached the edges of the crowd.

"It's not the way it used to be." Old Man Warner said clearly. "People ain't the way they used to be."

"All right," Mr. Summers said. "Open the papers. Harry, you open little Dave's."

Mr. Graves opened the slip of paper and there was a general sigh through the crowd as he held it up and everyone could see that it was blank. Nancy and Bill. Jr.. opened theirs at the same time. and both beamed and laughed. turning around to the crowd and holding their slips of paper above their heads.

"Tessie," Mr. Summers said. There was a pause, and then Mr. Summers looked at Bill Hutchinson, and Bill unfolded his paper and showed it. It was blank.

"It's Tessie," Mr. Summers said, and his voice was hushed. "Show us her paper. Bill."

Bill Hutchinson went over to his wife and forced the slip of paper out of her hand. It had a black spot on it, the black spot Mr. Summers had made the night before with the heavy pencil in the coal company office. Bill Hutchinson held it up, and there was a stir in the crowd.

"All right, folks." Mr. Summers said. "Let's finish quickly."

Although the villagers had forgotten the ritual and lost the original black box, they still remembered to use stones. The pile of stones the boys had made earlier was ready; there were stones on the ground with the blowing scraps of paper that had come out of the box Delacroix selected a stone so large she had to pick it up with both hands and turned to Mrs. Dunbar. "Come on," she said. "Hurry up."

Mr. Dunbar had small stones in both hands, and she said. gasping for breath. "I can't run at all. You'll have to go ahead and I'll catch up with you."

The children had stones already. And someone gave little Davy Hutchinson few pebbles.

Tessie Hutchinson was in the center of a cleared space by now, and she held her hands out desperately as the villagers moved in on her. "It isn't fair," she said. A stone hit her on the side of the head. Old Man Warner was saying, "Come on, come on, everyone." Steve Adams was in the front of the crowd of villagers, with Mrs. Graves beside him.

"It isn't fair, it isn't right," Mrs. Hutchinson screamed, and then they were upon her.

学而不思则罔;思而不学则殆：《论语六则》翻译赏析

学而不思则罔；思而不学则殆：《论语六则》翻译赏析 论语六则子曰："学而时习之，不亦说乎？有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎？人不知而不愠，不亦君子乎？"①子曰："温故而知新，可以为师矣。"②子曰："学而不思则罔；思而不学则殆。"③子贡问曰："孔文子何以谓之‘文’也？"子曰："敏而好学，不耻下问，是以谓之‘文’也。"④子曰："默而识之，学而不厌，诲人不倦，何有于我哉！" ⑤子曰："三人行，必有我师焉；择其善者而从之，其不善者而改之。"⑥ [作者简介] 孔子（前551—前479），名丘，字仲尼。鲁国陬邑（今山东曲阜东南）人。春秋末期思想家、政治家、教育家，儒家学派的创始人。先世为宋国贵族。少年时家境衰落。成年后做过"委吏"（司会计）和"乘田"（管畜牧）等。五十岁时由鲁国中都宰升任司寇，摄行相事。后罢官，曾周游列国，终不再仕。晚年致力于教育，整理《诗》《书》等古代文献，并把鲁国史官所记《春秋》加以删修，成为我国第一部编年体历史着作。孔子曾大力宣传"仁"的学说。在世界观上，对殷周以来的鬼神宗教迷信活动采取存疑态度，认为"未知生，焉知死",提出"敬鬼神而远之"的见解。在认识论和教育思想方面，注重"学"与"思"的结合，提出了"学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆"和"温故而知新"等观点。首创私人讲学之风，主张"有教无类",因材施教。相传有弟子三千，贤人七十二。但鄙视"学稼""学圃",看不起劳动人民。在政治上主张"君君、臣臣、父父、子子"都应名实相副；在维护贵族统治的基础上提倡德治和教化。自汉以后，孔子学说成为两千余

年封建文化的正统，影响极大。现存《论语》一书，是研究孔子学说的主要资料。子贡（前520—？），姓端木，名赐。春秋末期卫国人。孔子学生。善于辞令。《论语》是孔子弟子及其再传弟子关于孔子言行的记录，共二十篇。内容有孔子谈话，答弟子问及弟子间的相互讨论。它是研究孔子思想的主要依据。东汉列为"七经"之一，（七经：《诗》《书》《礼》《易》《春秋》《论语》《孝经》）。南宋时，朱熹把它和《大学》《中庸》《孟子》合为"四书",成为儒家的重要经典。注本有三国魏何晏《论语集解》，南北朝梁皇侃《论语义疏》，宋邢《论语正义》，朱熹《论语集注》，清刘宝楠《论语正义》等。 [注释、说明] ①出自《学而》：学习需要不断复习才能掌握。学了知识，按时复习，这是愉快的事。这里既有学习方法，也有学习态度。朋，这里指志同道合的人。有志同道合的人从远方来，在一起探讨问题，是一种乐趣。人家不了解，我却不怨恨，是君子的风格。这是讲个人修养问题。子：先生，指孔子。时习：按一定的时间实习（或温习）。君子：这里指道德上有修养的人。说：通"悦",高兴，愉快。愠：恼恨，怨恨。有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎：有志同道合的朋友从远方来，不也很快乐吗？②出自《为政》：复习旧的知识，能够从中有新的体会或发现。这样，就可以做老师了。罔：迷惑，迷惑而无所得。殆：疑惑，精神疲倦而无所得。温故而知新，可以为师矣：复习了旧知识，又领悟了新知识，（这样的人）就可以做老师了。③出自《为政》：只读书而不肯动脑筋思考，就会感到迷惑；只是一味空想而不肯读书，就会有疑惑。这里阐述了学习和思考的辩证关系，也是讲学习方法的。

《素书》原文及译文

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冁．(ch ．．（教育童蒙）而裨后学，厥．．．．ǎ．n)．．然．（笑貌）以喜矣。以此正蒙养 （他的）功岂浅鲜哉。及命付诸梨枣 ．．（古代印书的木刻板,多用梨木或枣木刻成,所以称雕版印刷的版为梨枣），而为数语。以弁．(biàn放在前面)其首。 康熙三十四年五月端阳日愚伯兴祚题。 翻译 我从青年时期束发从师学习以来，就喜欢读古人的著作，每次浏览其中的大概意思，对其起源发展，成功和失败的原因，也曾经探究其中的要点。至于分析文章言辞的精致巧妙的内蕴，分辨字句的细微差别，这正是我所缺乏的。 戊午年，我奉天子的命令担任福建的巡抚，绍兴的章子和习子在福州教授我的儿子。当时，我的侄子楚材，也一起陪同。楚材天性孝顺友爱，能够专心努力学习，擅长科举各科，尤其喜欢读经书和史书，在平时老师的讲解之外，能够有一些其他的体会。他和我的侄孙吴调侯，每天用文人研究学问的精神相互勉励，调侯样貌非凡，才气过人，注重道德修养。他们以家中延续的学问为渊源，常常想要承继先祖的功业并且将其发扬光大。两人才学超凡，下笔洋洋洒洒数千言，却没有随意之处，这大概是他们古文造诣深厚的缘故吧。 今年春天，我负责管辖大同一带，处身极边苦寒之地，因与朋友各处一方感慨良多。他们两人寄给我《古文观止》一作，翻阅选文，认为简练而完备，评论和注解详细却不繁琐，对字的读音的审定，对

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《论语》六则 原文：子曰：“学而时习之，不亦说乎？ 字词：说：通假字，通“悦”，愉快高兴。 （译）先生说：“学了并时常温习它，不也高兴吗？ 原文：有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎？人不知而不愠，不亦君子乎？” 字词：愠：（yùn）怨恨。 （译）有同门师兄弟从远方来，不也快乐吗？人家不了解（我)，（我）却不怨恨，不也是道德上有修养的人吗？” 原文：子曰：“温故而知新，可以为师矣。” 字词：以为：“以（之）为”省略式，“凭（这个）做” （译）先生说：“温习旧的知识便能有新的理解和体会，可以凭（这个）做老师了”。 原文：子曰：“学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。” 字词：罔：迷惑不解，现在写作“惘”。殆：危险。 （译）先生说：“只学习却不思考，就会感到迷惑不解，只思考但不学习就会陷入困境。” 原文：子贡问曰：“孔文子何以谓之‘文’也？” 字词：何以：“以何”的倒装，凭什么，为什么。文：谥号，古代贵族死后，据其生平事迹评定的称号。 （译）子贡问（先生）说：“孔文子（死后）凭什么被称做‘文’呢？” 原文：子曰：“敏而好学，不耻下问，是以谓之‘文’也。” 字词：耻：“以……为耻”，认为可耻、感到羞耻。是以：即“以是”的倒装，因此。 （译）先生说：“聪敏而且爱好学习，不以向比自己学识或地位低的人请教为耻，因此被称做‘文’。” 原文：子曰：“默而识之，学而不厌，诲人不倦，何有于我哉！” 字词：识：古今异义词，古义是“记”，读“zhì”。今义是“知道、认得、能辨别”。厌：满足。诲（huì）：教导。倦：厌倦，失去耐心。 何有于我哉：“于我有何哉”的倒装,对我来说有哪一样呢？ （译）先生说：“默默的记住它，学习而不知满足，教导别人而不知疲倦，对我来说有哪一样呢？” 原文：子曰：“三人行，必有我师焉；择其善者而从之，其不善者而改之。” 字词：焉：“与之”。“在其中” （译）先生说：“几个人在一起走，一定有我的老师在其中；选取他们好的东西加以学习、采纳，他们（身上）不好的东西（自己身上如果有，就）加以改正。” “而”的用法 1.表顺承：学而时习之温故而知新敏而好学学而不厌 择其善者而从之，其不善者而改之 2.表转折：人不知而不愠，不亦君子乎？学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。 3.表修饰：默而识之 1

古文观止原文及翻译

狱中与诸甥侄书（［南朝·宋］范晔） 【题解】这是范晔在狱中写给甥姪约、谢纬等的一封信，也是他对自己一生的总结。信中虽说“吾狂衅覆灭，岂复可言”，而事实上这“狂衅”正反映了他无视封建礼法的叛逆精神和虽杀身而无悔的进取态度。 范晔以《后汉书》垂名青史，然而他对中国古代文学理论的贡献也不容忽视。本文关于文学特点、宫商声律以及文笔之分的论述，虽然比较简略，语焉未详，却开了文学概念由先秦两汉的尚实崇用转变为六朝的缘情绮丽的先声，在文学批评史上，无疑应占有重要地位。 因为是书信，故全文侃侃而谈，平易亲近，读来真切感人。至于文中自诩《后汉书》为“天下之奇作”，“殆无一字空设”，以至“乃自不知所以称之”，则表明他的自负之高。 【原文】覆灭［1］，岂复可言，汝等皆当以罪人弃之［2］。然平生行已在怀，犹应可寻，至於能不［3］，意中所解，汝等或不悉知。 吾少懒学问，晚成人，年三十许政始有向耳［4］。自尔以来，转为心化［5］，推老将至者，亦当未已也。往往有微解［6］，言乃不能自尽。为性不寻注书［7］，心气恶［8］，小苦思便愦闷［9］，口机又不调利［10］，以此无谈功［11］。至於所通解处，皆自得之於胸怀耳［12］。文章转进，但才少思难，所以每於操笔，其所成篇，殆无全称者［13］。 常耻作文士。文患其事尽于形［14］，情急于藻［15］，义牵其旨［16］，韵移其意［17］。虽时有能者，大较多不免此累［18］，政可类工巧图缋［19］，竟无得也。常谓情志所托［20］，故当以意为主，以文传意。以意为主，则其旨必见［21］；以文传意，则其词不流［22］。然后抽其芬芳［23］，振其金石耳［24］。此中情性旨趣，千条百品［25］，屈曲有成理［26］。自谓颇识其数［27］，尝为人言，多不能赏，意或异故也。 性别宫商［28］，识清浊［29］，斯自然也。观古今文人，多不全了此处；纵有会此者，不必从根本中来。言之皆有实证，非为空谈。年少中谢庄最有其分［30］，手笔差易［31］，文不拘韵故也［32］。吾思乃无定方，特能济难适轻重［33］，所禀之分［34］，犹当未尽，但多公家之言［35］，少于事外远致［36］，以此为恨［37］，亦由无意于文名故也。本未关史书，政恒觉其不可解耳［38］。 既造《后汉》［39］，转得统绪［40］。详观古今著述及评论，殆少可意者［41］。班氏最有高名［42］，既任情无例，不可甲乙辨［43］。后赞于理近无所得［44］，唯志可推耳［45］。博赡不可及之［46］，整理未必愧也［47］。吾杂传论［48］，皆有精意深旨，既有裁味［49］，故约其词句。至于《循史》以下及《六夷》诸序论，笔势纵放，实天下之奇作［50］。其中合者［51］，往往不减《过秦》篇［52］。尝共比方班氏所作，非但不愧之而已。欲遍作诸志，《前汉》所有者悉令备［53］。虽事不必多，且使见文得尽；又欲因事就卷内发论，以正一代得失，意复未果。赞自是吾文之杰思［54］，殆无一字空设，奇变不穷，同含异体［55］，乃自不知所以称之。此书行，故应有赏音者。…纪传例?为举其大略耳［56］，诸细意甚多。自古体大而思精，未有此也。恐世人不能尽之，多贵古贱今，所以称情狂言耳［57］。 吾於音乐，听功不及自挥［58］，但所精非雅声为可恨［59］。然至于一绝处［60］，亦复何异邪［61］！其中体趣，言之不尽。弦外之意，虚响之音，不知所从而来。虽少许处，而旨态无极［62］。亦尝以授人，士庶者中未有一豪似者［63］。此永不传矣！ 吾书虽小小有意，笔势不快。余竟不成就。每愧此名。 —选自中华书局标点本《宋书》 【译文】我因为疏狂放肆而终遭杀身之祸，这还有甚么可说的呢，你们也都将被当作罪人而被判处死刑。但我一生的行状自己心里清楚，还是可以追忆回顾的。至于能不能这样，尤其是头脑中所想到的，你们或许不一定全部知晓。

《论语六则》翻译

《论语》六则 1、原文：子曰：“学而时习之，不亦说乎？ （译）先生说：“学了并时常温习它，不也高兴吗？ 2、原文：有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎？人不知而不愠，不亦君子乎？” （译）有同门师兄弟从远方来，不也快乐吗？人家不了解（我)，（我）却不怨恨，不也是道德上有修养的人吗？” 3、原文：子曰：“温故而知新，可以为师矣。” （译）先生说：“温习旧的知识便能有新的理解和体会，可以凭（这个）做老师了”。 4、原文：子曰：“学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。” （译）先生说：“只学习却不思考，就会感到迷惑不解，只思考但不学习就会陷入困境。” 原文：子曰：“三人行，必有我师焉；择其善者而从之，其不善者而改之。” （译）先生说：“几个人在一起走，一定有我的老师在其中；选取他们好的东西加以学习、采纳，他们（身上）不好的东西（自己身上如果有，就）加以改正。” 期行 陈太丘与友期行，期日中。过中不至，太丘舍去，去后乃至。元方时年七岁，门外戏。客问元方：“尊君在不？”答曰：“待君久不至，已去。”友人便怒曰：“非人哉！与人期行，相委而去。”元方曰：“君与家君期日中，日中不至，则是无信；对子骂父，则是无礼。”友人惭，下车引之。元方入门不顾。 【译文】陈太丘与友人相约出行，约定在正午，正午过后友人还没有来，太丘就离开了，走后客人才到。元方这时才七岁，正在门外玩耍。客人问元方：“您父亲在家吗？”元方回答说：“等了您很久您却没有来，已经走了。”太丘的朋友便很生气，说：“真不是君子啊！与别人相约出行，却抛下别人自己走了。”元方说：“您与我父亲约定在正午出行。正午还不到，就是不讲信用；对着别人的儿子骂他的父亲，就是没有礼貌。”朋友感到无比惭愧，忙下车拉元方的手。元方走入家门，不再回头。 乘船 华歆、王朗俱乘船避难，有一人欲依附，歆辄难之。朗曰：“幸尚宽，何为不可？” 后贼追至，王欲舍所携人。歆曰：“本所以疑，正为此耳。既已纳其自托，宁可以急相弃邪？” 遂携拯如初。世以此定华、王之优劣。 译文 华歆、王朗一起乘船逃难。（途中）有一个人想要搭船。华歆感到很为难。王朗说：“（船里）恰好还很宽松，为什么不同意？“后来作乱的人追上来了，王朗想要抛弃所携带的那个人。华歆说”先前之所以犹豫不决，正因为考虑到这种情况了。既然已经接纳他，难道可以因为情况紧急就抛弃他吗？”于是还像当初一样携带救助这个人。世人通过这件事来评定华歆、王朗的优劣。 伤仲永》 金溪民方仲永，世隶耕。仲永生五年，未尝识书具，忽啼求之。父异焉，借旁近与之，即书诗四句，并自为其名。其诗以养父母、收族为意，传一乡秀才观之。自是指物作诗立就，其文理皆有可观者。邑人奇之，稍稍宾客其父，或以钱币乞之。父利其然也，日扳(pān)仲永环谒(yè)于邑(yì)人，不使学。 余闻之也久。明道中，从先人还家，于舅家见之，十二三矣。令作诗，不能称前时之闻。又七年，还自扬州，复到舅家，问焉。曰：“泯(mǐn)然众人矣。”