英语语言学知识要点1

Exercises for Lecture 1 Introduction

2009年09月20日 15:05

I.

1. By ‘scientific’ is meant linguistics is based on the systematic

investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure.

2. In his study of a language a linguist usually tries to collect and

observe language facts, make generalizations, formulate hypotheses, and fully prove the validity of these hypotheses.

3. General linguistics deals with the study of language as a whole.

4. General linguistics studies the basic concepts, theories,

descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study, in contrast to those branches of study which relate linguistics to the research of other areas.

5. The difference between general linguistics and a linguistic branch

such as semantics lies in the fact that general linguistics studies language as a whole, whereas a linguistic branch such as semantics deals with the particular area. For instance, semantics studies the particular aspect of language, or meaning.

6. Linguistics includes phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax,

semantics, pragmatics, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, and applied

linguistics and so on.

7. There are different independent branches of linguistics because

language is a complicated entity with multiple layers and facets, so it is hardly possible for the linguists to deal with it all at once. They have to concentrate on one aspect of it at a time.

8. Phonetics is the study of sounds used in linguistic communication.

9. Phonology deals with how sounds are put together and used to convey

meaning in communication.

10. Morphology is the study of the way in which linguistic symbols are arranged and combined to form words.

11. Syntax is the study of the rules of the combination of words to form

grammatically permissible sentences in languages.

12. Semantics is the study of meaning.

13. Pragmatics is the study of meaning in context of language use.

14. Sociolinguistics is the study of the social aspects of language and its

relation with society.

15. Psycholinguistics is the study of the relation of language to psychology.

16. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the solution of such

practical problems as the recovery of speech ability. The study of such

applications is generally known as applied linguistics. But in a narrow sense applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic theories and

principles to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages.

17. Descriptive linguistics is a linguistic study which aims to describe and

analyze the language people actually use.

18. Prescriptive linguistics is a linguistic study which aims to lay down rules

for “correct and standard” behavior in using language, i.e. to tell people what they should say and what they should not say.

19. Modern linguistics is mainly descriptive.

20. The aim of prescriptive linguistics is to lay down rules for “correct and

standard” behavior in using language, or to set models for language users to follow.

21. The task of modern linguistic is to describe the language people actually

use, whether it is “correct” or not.

22. The difference between prescriptive and descriptive linguistics is that prescriptive linguistics is to lay down rules for language users, whereas descriptive linguistics is to describe the language phenomena as they are. Therefore, the former is subjective, while the latter is objective and more scientific.

23. Modern linguistics is supposed to be objective, because it aims to describe

language as it is.

24. Synchronic linguistics is the description of a language at some point of

time in history.

25. Diachronic linguistics is the description of a language as it changes

through time. It is also termed historical linguistics.

26. The difference between synchronic and diachronic linguistics is that the

former deals with language at some point of time in history, while the latter over a period of time.

27. Modern linguistics favors synchronic approach because it is less difficult

and concerned with the current existence of language.

28. The two major media of linguistic communication are speech and writing.

29. Modern linguistics regards as primary speech, or the spoken language.

30. F. de Saussure is regarded as the founder of modern linguistics.

31. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members

of a speech community. It is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by.

32. Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. It is the concrete

use of the conventions and the application of the rules, or the naturally occurring language events.

33. Langue is the abstract linguistic system whereas parole is concrete and is

the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is relatively stable, while parole varies from person to person and from situation to situation.

34. According to Chomsky, competence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules

of his language.

35. According to Chomsky, performance is the actual realization of the ideal

user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.

36. N. Chomsky proposed the distinction between competence and performance.

37. Noam Chomsky is an American linguist, who is famous for his syntactic studies

all over the world, and who focuses on the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.

38. Saussure’s langue and parole and Chomsky’s competence and performance

differ in that the former takes a sociological view of language, whereas the latter a psychological perspective.

39. The difference between traditional grammar and modern linguistics is that

traditional grammar is prescriptive while modern linguistics is descriptive,

that traditional grammar tended to emphasize the importance of writing while modern linguistics gives priority to speech, and that traditional grammar forced languages into a Latin-based framework while modern linguistics does not.

40. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human

communication.

41. According to Sapir, language is a purely human and non-instinctive method

of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols.

42. According to Hall, language is ‘the institution whereby humans communicate

and interact with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory symbols.’

43. According to Chomsky, language is ‘a set (finite or infinite) of sentences,

each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements.’

44. Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that

distinguish it from any animal system of communication.

45. Productivity refers to the fact that language makes possible the

construction and interpretation of new signals by its users, which is why they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences they have never heard before. This feature is unique to human language.

46. Displacement is the property that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. This feature provides speakers with an opportunity to talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused by separation in time and place.

47. Double articulation refers to the duality of structure, the fact that

language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels.

At the lower or the basic level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless by themselves. But the sounds of language can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning, which are found at the higher level of the system.

II.

Identify whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).

1. Linguistics is the systematic study of language.

True.

2. Linguistics deals with a particular language.

False.

Linguistics studies not any particular language, e.g. English, Chinese, Russian, Arabic, and Latin, but it studies languages in general.

3. Linguistics is scientific because it is helpful to language use.

False.

Linguistics is scientific because it is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure.

4. The task of a linguist is to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system.

True.

5. Linguistics is generally divided into general and specific linguistics.

False.

We have general linguistics and applied linguistics. We do not have specific linguistics.

6. General linguistics deals with the general aspects of language application.

False.

General linguistics deals with language as a whole, not with language application in particular.

7. General linguistics does not study theories of language.

False.

General linguistics does study theories of language.

8. Phonetics studies human sound patterning and the meaning of sounds in communication.

False.

Phonetics studies the way human sounds are produced.

9. Phonology studies how a sound is produced.

False.

Phonology studies human sound patterning and the meaning of sounds in communication.

10. Morphology is the study of sentences.

False.

Morphology is the study of the rules of word formation.

11. Syntax is the study of the rules of words.

False.

Syntax is the study of the rules of the combination of words to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages.

12. Semantics is the study of word meaning.

False.

Semantics is the study of meaning.

13. Pragmatics is the study of meaning in context of language use.

True.

14. Sociolinguistics deals with the relation between language and society.

True.

15. Psycholinguistics deals with the relation of language to psychology.

True.

16. Applied linguistics means the language application to specific areas.

False.

It means the application of findings in linguistic studies to the solution of such practical problems as the recovery of speech ability, or, in a narrow sense, the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages.

英语语言学讲解

《英语语言学概论》课程教学大纲 一、课程说明: 《语言学概论》课程是英语专业本科阶段的一门必修课。 《语言学概论》研究始于20 世纪初，其目的是揭示人类深层结构，对语言和语言交际作出客观、科学描述。现已形成了语音学、音系学、形态学、句法学、语义学、语用学等一系分支学科。语言学研究社会学等人文学科的结合逐步形成了社会语言学这样的交叉学科。 对于主修语言学的学生来说，了解语言学的知识和语言理论是完全必要和有益的。 本课程的对象是英语专业高年级学生，在本科阶段第6学期和第7 学期开设。其中第一、二、三、四、五、七、八、十一章为必修，其余章节为选修。 二、教学目的及要求: 本课程的具体要求是：比较全面，系统地了解《语言学概论》这一领域的研究成果，以及一些最主要、最有影响的语言理论和原则，从而加深对人类语言这一人类社会普遍现象的理性认识，并具备一定的运用语言学理论解释语言现象、解决具体语言问题的能力。 本课程是一门知识性比较强的课程。在教学过程中，应重点讲授主要理论、原则、和研究方法，使学生着重掌握基本概念和基本理论，在理解消化的基础上记忆。 本课程的对象是英语专业学生，在讲解过程中原则上采用英语范例，但不排除一些有助于学习者理解的、针对性强的汉语例子。应鼓 励学生结合自己的语言实践提供更多的例子来解释相关理论，以达到理论和实践相结合的目的。

三、教学重点与难点: 本课程的教学重点是语言学的基本知识和基本理论，语音学、词汇学、句法学、语义学和语用学这些语言学的核心内容。 本课程的教学难点是音韵学理论、句法结构和各个语言学流派的理论观点及其局限性。 四、与其它课程的关系: 本课程是一门主干性课程。与其相关的课程，如语法学、词汇学和语体学等都是语言学的分支，属于选修课程。 五、学时与学分: 学时：72学时 学分：4学分 六、教学内容： 第一章绪论 本章主要教学内容: 1．语言学习的意义 2．语言的定义。 3．语言的定义特征 4．语言的起源。 5．语言的功能。 6．语言学的定义。 7．语言学的核心内容。 8．宏观语言学的定义及分支。

人教版高中英语必修一unit1知识点总结

Survey n. 纵览,视察,测量v. 审视,视察,通盘考虑,调查 1. We stood on the top of the mountain and surveyed the countryside. 我们站在山顶上，眺望乡村。 2. A quick survey of the street showed that no one was about. 扫视街道, 空无一人。 Add v. 增加 1. He added some wood to increase the fire. 他加了一些木柴，使火旺些。 2. If you add 4 to 5, you get 9. 四加五等于九。 3. Add up all the money I owe you. 把我应付你的钱都加在一起。 Upset a. 烦乱的,不高兴 v. 颠覆,推翻,扰乱,使心烦意乱,使不舒服 1. I'm always upset when I don't get any mail. 我接不到任何邮件时总是心烦意乱。 2. He has an upset stomach. 他胃不舒服。 3. The news quite upset him. 这消息使他心烦意乱。 Ignore v. 不顾,不理,忽视 1. I said hello to her, but she ignored me completely! 我向她打招呼, 可她根本不理我! 2. I can't ignore his rudeness any longer. 他粗暴无礼, 我再也不能不闻不问了。 Calm n. 平稳,风平浪静 a. 平静的,冷静的 v. 平静下来,镇静 1. It was a beautiful morning, calm and serene. 那是一个宁静、明媚的早晨。 2. You should keep calm even in face of danger. 即使面临危险，你也应当保持镇静。 3. Have a brandy it'll help to calm you (down). 来点儿白兰地--能使你静下来。 calm down vt. 平静下来(镇定下来) 1. His rage was soon calmed down by the rustic peace. 乡村的宁静很快就使他的怒气平静下来。 2. I told myself to calm down. 我告诫自己要冷静下来。 have got to conj. 不得不(必须) 1. You may not like him, but you have got to admire his persistence. 你可以不喜欢他，但你不得不佩服他那种坚忍不拔的精神。 2. I couldn't have got to the meeting on time -- unless I had caught an earlier train. 我不可能及时赶到会场，除非我赶上了较找的一班火车。 Concern n. 关心,关系, 关切的事,忧虑 v. 涉及,与...有关,影响;使关心 1. How much money I earn is none of your concern. 我挣多少钱与你无关。 2. These problems concern all of us. 这些问题影响到我们每一个人。 3. This restaurant is a family concern. 这家饭店是由一家人经营的。 be concerned about vt. 关心(挂念) 1. It is reassuring to be enquired after when you're ill. It shows your friends haven't stopped being concerned about you. 如果能询问一下你是何时生病的我们也就放心了。因为你的朋友一直在关心你。 2. The government's claim to be concerned about unemployment is sheer hypocrisy. 政府声称对失业表示关注纯属做做姿态。 Cheat n. 骗子,欺骗行为 v. 欺骗,作弊 1. His father was cheated of his land. 他的父亲被人骗走了地产。 2. He never cheats to pass examination. 他考试从不作弊。 3. He was cheated (out) of his rightful inheritance. 他依法应得的遗产被人骗走了. Reason n. 理由,原因,理智,理性 v. 说服,推论,下判断 1. She can reason very clearly. 她能很清晰地思考。 2. Copernicus reasoned that the earth revolved around the sun. 哥白尼论证了地球绕着太阳转。 3. We have reason to believe that he was murdered. 我们有理由相信他是被谋杀的。 list n. 目录,名单,明细表 v. 列出,列于表上,记入名单内 1. He wrote down his name on the list. 他将他的名字写在清单上。 2. He listed all the things he had to do. 他把自己必须做的事列成表。 Share n. 部份,股份,分担 v. 共享,共有,分配 1. If you want a share of the pay, you'll have to do your fair share of the work. 要是你想得到一份报酬，你就必须做好你该分担的那一份工作。 2. She's got all her money in stocks and shares. 她所有的钱都投放到股票里去了。

简明英语语言学知识点汇总

新编简明英语语言学知识点汇总1 Introduction 1.1 What is linguistics? Scientific study of language.

Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Characteristics: ①language is system,elements of language are combined according to the rules;

②language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what it stands for, A rose by any other name would smell as well; ③language is vocal because the primary medium for all language is sound; Language is a system which consists of two structures. At the lower level there is a structure of sounds,which are meaningless by themselves.But the sounds can grouped or regrouped together into a larger numbers of units of meaning such as morpheme or words,which are found at the higher level of system(carp & park).Then the higher level can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite numbers of sentences;

人教版五年级英语下册Unit1知识点汇总

Unit1 My day 知识整理 △话题：谈论每天的活动及时间安排 △词汇：do morning exercises（做早操） eat breakfast/lunch/dinner（吃早餐/午餐/晚餐） have...class（上…课），play sports（做运动） cleanmyroom（打扫我的房间），go forawalk (散步) go shopping（购物），takeadancingclass（上舞蹈课） △拓展词汇：get up（起床），go to bed（上床睡觉） washmy clothes（洗我的衣服）， watch TV（看电视） do homework（做作业）， play music（演奏音乐） cook dinner（煮晚餐）， at home（在家） inthemorning（在上午），intheafternoon（在下午） intheevening（在晚上），atnight（在半夜） △句型： ①询问做某事在几点 When doyou＋动词原形（短语）＋其他？ —— At ＋时间 —— I(＋频度副词)＋动词原形（短语）＋at＋时间。 例句：When do you get up in the morning? —— At 7:30. —— I often get up at 7:30. ②询问周末的活动安排

What do you often do on the weekend ？ I often (always/sometime/usually) ＋…（周末的活动）＋with … （某人）＋ontheweekend （onSaturdays/on Sundays ）. 例句：What do you do on the weekend ？ I often take a dancing class with my friendon Sundays. △知识点： 1：注意介词的搭配 at ＋具体时间（几点）/night/home at 9 o ’clock in ＋国家/季节 in Spain on ＋星期 on the weekend/on Sundays with ＋人 with my father/mother/friend 2：表示时间频率词的区别 always 表示总是，一直； usually 表示经常，通常； often 表示经常，常常； sometimes 表示有时，间或。 按它们的频率大小排列如下： always （100%）→usually （80%）→often （60%）→sometimes （40%） 3：其他知识点 also 用于句中 1) 也 too too 用于肯定句中 用于句末

Unit1知识点整理

Vocabulary 1.flame ◎n. The whole building was soon in flames. burst into flames ※literary a sudden strong feeling a flame of passion anger desire hope ◎v. literary to become suddenly bright with light or colour, especially red or orange: Erica’s cheeks fla med (with anger.) https://www.sodocs.net/doc/962628203.html,sh---lace ◎ something firmly to something else, or to tie two things together firmly using a rope After lashing the boat to the bank, we ran for shelter from the storm. ◎to hit/attack sth. with violent force The man lashed the horse to go faster. Giant waves /wind/rain/sea lashed the sea wall. ◎if an animal lashes its tail, or if its tail lashes, it moves its tail fast and violently from side to side, often when it is angry ◎to criticize someone angrily –used especially in newspapers: Democrats lashed Republican plans, calling them extreme. Gallins lashed back at those who accused him of corruption. ※Olson lashed out at the media.(critcize sb. suddenly) She would suddenly lash out at other children.( to suddenly try to hit sb) n. (作为惩罚的)鞭打,抽打: They each received 20 lashes for stealing. *eye?brow /?a?bra?/眉毛 lash/eyelash睫毛 3.scoff ◎If you scoff at something, you laugh at it in a way that shows you think it is ridiculous David scoffed at her fears. Officials scoffed at the idea. ‘You, a scientist!’ he scoffed. It’s easy to scoff when you haven’t tried it yourself. 4.sway ◎to move slowly from one side to another:

新版简明英语语言学 Chapter 6 pragmatics 语用学

Chapter 6 pragmatics 语用学 知识点： 1.*Definition: pragmatics; context 2.*sentence meaning vs utterance meaning 3.*Austin’s model of speech act theory 4.Searle’s classification of speech acts 5.*Grice’s Cooperative Principle 考核目标： 识记：*Definition: pragmatics; context 领会：Searle’s classification of speech acts 综合应用：sentence meaning vs utterance meaning；Austin’s model of speech act theory；Grice’s Cooperative Principle 一、定义 1. Pragmatics语用学: Pragmatics: the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. Pragmatic can also be regarded as a kind of meaning study.语用学研究的是语言使用者是如何使用句子成功进行交际的。语用学也可以看作是一中意义研究。(它不是孤立地去研究语义，而是把语义置于使用语境中去研究的一门学科。) 2. Context 语境：The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language, it’s generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer. 语境这个概念对语言的语用研究来说是必不可少的。一般认为他是由言者和听者的共享知识所构成的。 二、知识点 6.1.2 pragmatics vs. semantics语用学与语义学 二十世纪初，Saussure’s Course in General Linguistics 一书的出版标志着现代语言学研究的开始，同时也为现代语言学奠定了基础调，即语言应该作为一个独立的，内在的系统来加以研究。 语用学和语义学既有相关性又有相异性。两者都是对意义的研究。传统语义学把语义看成是抽象的，内在的，是语言本身的特性，不受语境的影响。因此传统语义学只研究语义的内在特征，不把语义研究置于语境中来考察。语用学研究的是交际过程中语言意义的表达和理解。语用学家认为不把意义放在语境中来考虑就不可能对语义进行充分的描述，因此在研究语义时是否考虑语境便成了传统语义学和语用学的根本区别所在。 Semantics 和Pragmatics的区分 Pragmatics studies how meaning is conveyed in the process of communication. The basic difference between them is that pragmatics considers meaning in context, traditional semantics studies meaning in isolation from the context of use.

英语语言学概论大纲(DOC)

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Unit 1 1. mean的用法 1）mean to do意欲做 e.g. I didn’t mean to hurt you. 2）mean doing意味着 e.g. Missing the train means waiting for another hour. 3) be meant for 适合做 e.g. He is not meant for a teacher and will always be unhappy in the school. means 方式，方法，途径 by all means 当然可以，没问题by no means 绝不 by means of 借助……手段；依靠……方法 练习：他说他不适合读书因为懒。He says he _______a student for his laziness. 这次考试失败意味着要再考一次。Failing this exam _______________another one. 我并不是故意迟到的。I didn’t ____________ be l ate for school. 2. celebrate vt. & vi. (1) 庆祝；祝贺celebrate Christmas / one’s birthday / a victory (成功) (2) 赞扬；称颂 e.g. The names of many heroes are celebrated by the poets. 词语辨析：celebrate, congratulate celebrate表示“庆祝”后常接日期,事情或场合，表示“赞扬”时，宾语可以是人，也可是物。 congratulate后常接人，表示向某人祝贺congratulate sb. on/upon (doing) sth. congratulations (to sb) on sth/ doing sth. 3. 英语中表示“发生”的词或短语均为不及物，不用于被动语态，主语为所发生的事。词语辨析：take place, happen, occur, come about, break out的比较 1)take place“发生,举行”侧重安排或计划而发生的事,带有“非偶然”的意思 e.g. Great changes have taken place in China in the past 10 years. 2) happen “发生”常指具体客观事物或情况的偶然或未能预见地发生。happen 还可以表示“碰巧发生了什么事”常构成sb/sth. happens to do或It happens that… e.g. It happened to rain that day. The traffic accident occurred on Wednesday. 3）occur “发生，出现”,较正式用词，指事情偶然地、意外地发生或思想突然浮在心头。occur to 有“想起”的意思。 e.g. A good idea occurred to me. 4）break out (火灾、战争、疾病)突然发生、爆发 e.g. The Second World War broke out in 1939. 5）come about “发生”, 往往注重事情发生的原因。且很多时候与how 连用。 与happen 用法较接近

英语 语言学 知识点整理

★Haliday—child language. Macrofunctions: ideational, interpersonal, textual. ★what are major branches of linguistics? what does each study? Phonetics----the study of the phonic medium of language, it’s concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages. Phonology---the study of sounds systems—the inventory of distinctive sounds that occur in a language and the patterns into which they fall. Morphology---It’s a branch of a grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. Syntax-------it's a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of a language. Semantics---It’s simply defined as the study of meaning in abstraction. Pragmatics---the study of meaning in context of words. The study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. Sociolinguistics—the study of language with reference to society. Psycholinguistics---the study of language with reference to the working of the mind. Applied linguistics---the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning. Chapter2 Phonology ★three branches of phonetics:①Articulatory —describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ. ②Auditory-–studies the physical properties of speech sounds, reaches the important conclusion that phonetic identity is only a theoretical ideal. ③Acoustic-–studies the physical properties of speech sounds ,the way sound travel from the speaker to the hearer. ★Organs of Speech : Pharyngeal cavity–咽腔Oral cavity–口腔greatest source of modification of air stream found here Nasal cavity–鼻腔 ★Broad transcription: The transcription of speech sounds with letter symbols only. (leaf /l/) ★Narrow transcription: The transcription of speech sound with letters symbols and the diacritics.(dark /l/~) ★Phonetics and Phonology区别: are concerned with the same aspect of language- the speech sounds. ①Phonetics: it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages; phonetic features they possess; how they can be classified, etc. ②Phonology: it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. ★rules in Phonology:①Sequential rules: Rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language. ②Assimilation rules: The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by’ copying ’a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. ③Deletion rule: It’s a phonological rule which tells us when a sound is to be deleted although its orthographically represented. ★Suprasegmental超切分特征: The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segment are called suprasegmental features. the main suprasegmental features include stress ,intonation and tone.(intonation: when pitch, stress and sound lenth are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation. //tone: Tone are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords. Tone is a suprasegmental feature.) Chapter3 Morphology ★open class words: new words can be added to these classes regularly. Such as nouns, verbs,