模具设计外文文献

The Development Status and Trend of Mold

The mold is the manufacturing industry important craft foundation, in our country, the mold manufacture belongs to the special purpose e quipment manufacturing industry. China although very already starts t

o make the mold and the use mold, but long-

term has not formed the industry. Straight stabs 0 centuries 80's lat er periods, the Chinese mold industry only then drives into the devel opment speedway. Recent years, not only the state-

owned mold enterprise had the very big development, the three investm ents enterprise, the villages and towns (individual) the mold enterpr ise's development also rapid quietly.

Although the Chinese mold industrial development rapid, but compa res with the demand, obviously falls short of demand, its main gap co ncentrates precisely to, large-

scale, is complex, the long life mold domain. As a result of in aspec

t and so on mold precision, life, manufacture cycle and productivity, China and the international average horizontal and the developed cou ntry still had a bigger disparity, therefore, needed massively to imp ort the mold every year .

The Chinese mold industry must continue to sharpen the productivity, from now on will have emphatically to the profession internal structu re adjustment and the state-of-art enhancement.

The structure adjustment aspect, mainly is the enterprise structure t

o the specialized adjustment, the product structure to center the ups cale mold development, to the import and export structure improvement, center the upscale automobile cover mold forming analysis and the str ucture improvement, the multi-

purpose compound mold and the compound processing and the laser techn ology in the mold design manufacture application, the high-

speed cutting, the super finishing and polished the technology, the i nformaton direction develops .

The recent years, the mold profession structure adjustment and the or ganizational reform step enlarges, mainly displayed in, large-

scle, precise, was complex, the long life, center the upscale mold an d the mold standad letter development speed is higher than the common mold product; The plastic mold an the compression casting mold propo rtion increases; Specialized mold factory quantty and its productivit y increase;

"The three investments" and the private enterprise develops rapidly; The joint stocksystem transformation step speeds up and so on. Distri butes from the area looked,take

Zhejiang Delta and Yangtze River delta as central southeast coastal a rea development quickly to mid-

west area, south development quickly to north. At present develops qu ickest, the mold produces the most centralized province is Guangdong and Zhejiang, places such as Jiangsu, Shanghai, Ahui and Shandong als o has a bigger development in recent years.

Although our country mold total quantity had at present achieved the suitable scale, the mold level also has the very big enhancement, after but design manufacture horizontal overall rise and fall indust ry developed country and so on Yu De, America, date, France, Italy ma ny. The current existence question and the disparity mainly display i n following several aspects:

(1)The total quantity falls short of demand

Domestic mold assembling one rate only, about 70%. Low-

grade mold, center upscale mold assembling oneself rate only has 50% about.

(2)the enterprise organizational structure, the product structure, th

e technical structure and the import and export structure does not ga ther

In our country mold production factory to be most is from the lab or mold workshop which produces assembles oneself (branch factory), f rom produces assembles oneself the proportion to reach as high as abo ut 60%, but the overseas mold ultra 70% is the commodity mold. The sp ecialized mold factory mostly is "large and complete", "small and ent

ire" organization form, but overseas mostly is "small but", "is speci ally small and fine". Domestic large-

scale, precise,complex, the long life mold accounts for the total qua ntity proportion to be insufficient 30%, but overseas in 50% above 20

04 years, ratio of the mold import and export is 3.7:1, the import an

d export balances th

e after net import volume to amount to 1.32 billi on US dollars, is world mold net import quantity biggest country.

(3)The mold product level greatly is lower than the international sta ndard The production cycle actually is higher than the international water broad product level low mainly to display in the mold precision, cavity aspect and so on surface roughness, life and structure.

(4)Develops the ability badly, economic efficiency unsatisfactory our country mold enterprise technical personnel proportion low

The level is lower, also does not take the product development, and i

s frequent in the passive position in the market. Our country each mo

ld staff average year creation output value approximately, ten thousa nd US dollars, overseas mold industry developed country mostly 15 to1 0, 000 US dollars, some reach as high as 25 to10, 000 US dollars, rel ative is our country quite part of molds enterprises also continues t

o use the workshop type management with it, truly realizes the enterp rise which the modernized enterprise manages few

To create the above disparity the reason to be very many, the mol

d long-

term has not obtained the value besides the history in as the product which should have, as well as the most state-

owned enterprises mechanism cannot adapt the market economy, but also has the following several reasons:

(1)Country to mold industry policy support dynamics also insufficient

ly

Although the country already was clear about has promulgated the mol

d profession industrial policy, but necessary policy few, carried out

dynamics to be weak. At present enjoyed the mold product increment d uty enterprise nation 185; the majority enterprise still the tax burd en is only overweight. The mold enterprise carries on the technologic al transformations introduction equipment to have to pay the consider able amount the tax money, affects the technology advancement, moreov er privately operated enterprise loan extremely difficult.

(2)Talented person serious insufficient, the scientific research deve lopment and the technical attack investment too urine

Mold profession is the technology, the fund, the work crowded industr y, along

with the time progress and the technical development, grasps the tale nted person which and skilled utilizes the new technology exceptional ly short, the high-

quality mold fitter and the enterprise management talent extremely is also anxious. Because the mold enterprise benefit unsatisfactory and takes insufficiently the scientific research development and the tec hnical attack, the scientific research unit and the

universities, colleges and institutes eye stares at is creating incom e, causes the mold profession invests too few in the scientific resea rch development and the technical attack aspect, causes the mold tech nological development step doe not to be big, progresses does not be quick.

(3)The craft equipment level is low, also is not good, the using fact or is low.

Recent years ,our country engine bed profession progressed quickl y, has been able to provide the quite complete precision work equipme nt, but compared with the overseas equipment, still had a bigger disp arity. Although the domestic many enterprises have introduced many ov erseas advanced equipment, but the overall equipment level low are ve ry more than the overseas many enterprises. As a result of aspect the and so on system and fund reason, introduces the equipment not neces sary, the equipment and the appendix not necessary phenomenon are ext remely common, the equipment utilization rate low question cannot obt ain the comparatively properly solution for a long time .

(4)Specialization, standardization, commercialized degree low, the co operation ability

Because receives "large and complete" "small and entire" the infl uence since long ago, mold specialization level low, the specialized labor division is not careful, the commercialized degree is low. At p resent domestic every year produces mold, commodity mold minister 40% about, other for from produce uses for oneself.

Between the molds enterprise cooperates impeded, completes the compar atively large-

scale mold complete task with difficulty. Mold standardization level low, mold standard letter use cave rare is low also to the mold quali ty, the cost has a more tremendous influence, specially has very trem endous influence.

(5)The mold material and the mold correlation technology fall

The mold material performance, the quality and the variety questi on often can affect the mold quality, the life and the cost, the dome stically produced molding tool steel and overseas imports the steel p roducts to compare has a bigger disparity. Plastic, plate, equipment energy balance, also direct influence mold level enhancement.

At present, our country economy still was at the high speed devel opment phase,

on the international economical globalization development tendency is day by day obvious, this has provided the good condition and the opp ortunity for the our country mold industry high speed development. On the one hand, the domestic mold market will continue high speed to d evelop, on the other hand, the mold manufacture also gradually will s hift as well as the transnational group to our country carries on the mold purchase trend to our country extremely to be also obvious. The refore, will take a broad view the future, international, the domesti c mold market overall development tendency prospect will favor, estim ated the Chinese mold will obtain the high speed development under th e good market environment, our country not only can become the mold g reat nation, moreover certainly gradually will make the powerful nati on to the mold the ranks to make great strides forward. "The Eleventh Five-

Year Plan" period, the Chinese mold industry level not only has the v ery big enhancement in the quantity and the archery target aspect, mo reover the profession structure, the product level, the development i nnovation ability, enterprise's system and the mechanism as well as t he technology advancement aspect also can obtain a bigger development. The mold technology has gathered the machinery, the electron, chemist ry, optics, the material, the computer, the precise monitor and the i nformation network and so on many disciplines, is a comprehensive nat ure multi-disciplinary systems engineering.

The mold technology development tendency mainly is the mold produ

ct to larger-

scale, precise, more complex and a more economical direction develops, the mold product technical content unceasingly enhances, the mold man ufacture cycle unceasingly reduces, the mold production faces the inf ormation, is not having the chart, is fine, the automated direction d evelops, the mold enterprise to the technical integration, the equipm ent excellent, is producing approves the brand, the management inform ation, the management internationalization direction develops.

Mold profession in "The Eleventh Five-

Year Plan" period needs to solve the key essential technology should be the mold information, the digitized technology and precise, ultra fine, high speed, the highly effective manufacture technology aspect breakthrough. Along with the national economy total quantity and the industry product technology unceasing development, all the various tr ades and occupations tothe mold demand quantity more and more big, th

e specification more and more is also high.

Although mold type many, but its development should be with empha sis both can meet the massive needs, and has the comparatively high-tech content, specially at present domestic still could not be self-sufficient, needs the massive imports the mold and can represent the development direction large-

scale, precise, is complex, the long life mold. Standard letter type, quantity, level and the production of the mold have significant infl uence to the entire mold profession development. Therefore, some impo

rtant mold standard letters also must prioritize, moreover its develo pment speed should quickly to the mold development speed, like this b

e able unceasingly to raise our country mold standardization level, t hus improves the mold quality, reduces the mold production cycle, red uces the cost. Because our country mold product holds the bigger pric

e superiority in the international market, therefore regarding the ex portation prospect good mold product also should take key develops. A ccording to the above required quantity big, the technical content is high, represents the development direction, the export prospect good principle choice prioritize product, moreover chooses the product to have at present to have the certain technology base, belongs has the condition, has the product which the possibility develops.

Our country mold profession still will have to enhance from now on th

e general character technology had:

(1)To establish in the CAD/CAE platform the advanced mold design tech nology, enhances modernization which the mold designed, information, intellectualization, standardized level .

(2)Establishes in the CAM/CAPP foundation the advanced mold processin

g technology and the advanced manufacture technology unifies, raises

the automated level and the production efficiency which the mold proc esses.

(3)The mold production enterprise's information management technology. For example PDM (product data management), ERP (enterprise resource m anagement), MIS (mold manufacture management information system) and information network technology the and so on INTERMET platform applic ation, the promotion and the development .

(4)Are high speed, Gao Jing, the compound mold processing technology research and the application. For example the ultra fine ramming mold manufacture technology, the precise plastic and the compression cast ing mold manufacture technology and so on.

(5)Enhances the mold production efficiency, reduces the cost and redu ces the mold production cycle each kind of fast economical mold manuf

acture technology.

(6)The advanced manufacture technology application. For example hot t echnology and so on flow channel technology, gas auxiliary technology, hypothesized technology, nanotechnology, rapid scanning technology, r eversion project, parallel project in the mold research, the developm ent, the processing process application.

(7)The raw material the simulation technology which forms in the mold.

(8)The advanced mold processing and the appropriation equipment resea rch and the development .

(9)The mold and the mold standard letter, the important auxiliary sta ndardized technology.

(10)The mold and its the product examination technology.

(11)High quality, the new mold material research and the development and its the correct application .

(12)The mold production enterprise's modern management technology

Die trend

1.Mold CAD / CAE / CAM being integrated, three-

dimensional, intelligent and network direction

(1)Mold software feature integrated

Die software features of integrated software modules required relativ ely complete, while the function module using the same data model, in order to achieve Syndicated news management and sharing of informati on to support the mold design, manufacture, assembly, inspection, tes ting and production management of the entire process to achieve optim

al benefits. Series such as the UK Delcam's software will include a s urface / solid geometric modeling, engineering drawing complex geomet ry, advanced rendering industrial design, plastic mold design expert system, complex physical CAM, artistic design and sculpture automatic

programming system, reverse engineering and complex systems physical line measurement systems. A higher degree of integration of the soft ware includes: Pro / ENGINEER, UG and CATIA, etc.. Shanghai Jiao tong University, China with finite element analysis of metal plastic form ing systems and Die CAD / CAM systems; Beijing Beihang Haier Software Ltd. CAXA Series software; Jilin Gold Grid Engineering Research Cent er of the stamping die mold CAD / CAE / CAM systems.

(2)Mold design, analysis and manufacture of three-dimensional

Two-

dimensional mold of traditional structural design can no longer meet modern technical requirements of production and integration.Mold design,analysis,manufacturing three-dimensional technology, paperless software required to mold a new gen eration of three-

dimensional, intuitive sense to design the mold, using three-dimensional digital model can be easily used in the product structure of CAE analysis, tooling manufacturability evaluation and CNC machin ing, forming process simulation and information management and shaing.

Such as Pro / ENGINEER, UG and CATIA software such as with parametri c, feature-

based, all relevant characteristics, so that mold concurrent engineer ing possible.

In addition, Cimatran company Mold expert, Delcam's Ps-

mold and Hitachi Shipbuilding of Space-

E/mold are professional injection mold 3D design software, interacti ve 3D cavity, core design, mold base design configuration and typical structure. Australian company Moldflow realistic three-

dimensional flow simulation software MoldflowAdvisers been widely pra ised by users and applications.China Huazhong University of Science h ave developed similar software HSC3D4.5F and Zhengzhou University, Z-mold software.For manufacturing, knowledge-

based intelligent software function is a measure of die important sig

n of advanced and practical one.Such as injection molding experts Cim atron's software can automatically generate parting direction based p

arting line and parting surface, generate products corresponding to t he core and cavity, implementation of all relevant parts mold, and fo r automatically generated BOM Form NC drilling process, and can intel ligently

process parameter setting, calibration and other processing results.

(3)Mold software applications, networking trend

With the mold in the enterprise competition, cooperation, product ion and management, globalization, internationalization, and the rapi d development of computer hardware and software technology, the Inter net has made in the mold industry, virtual design, agile manufacturin g technology both necessary and possible.

The United States in its "21st Century Manufacturing Enterprise S trategy" that the auto industry by 2006 to achieve agile manufacturin g / virtual engineering solutions to

automotive development cycle shortened from 40 months to 4 months.

2.Mold testing, processing equipment to the precise, efficient, and m ulti-direction

(1)Mold testing equipment more sophisticated, efficientSophisticated Complex, large-

scale mold development, testing equipment have become increasingly de manding.

Precision Mould precision now reached 2~3m, more domestic manufac turers have to use Italy, the United States, Japan and other countrie s in the high-

precision coordinate measuring machine, and with digital scanning.

Such as Dongfeng Motor Mould Factory not only has the capacity 3250m m × 3250mm Italian coordinate measuring machine, also has a digital photography optical scanner, the first in the domestic use of digital photography, optical scanning as a means of spatial three-dimensional access to information, enabling the establishment from th

e measurement o

f physical → model output of engineerin

g drawings →→ the whole process of mold making, reverse engineering a successful technology development and applications. This equipment include: sec ond-generation Britis

h Renishaw high-

speed scanners (CYCLON SERIES2) can be realized and contact laser pro be complementary probe, laser scanner accuracy of 0.05mm, scanning pr obe contact accuracy of 0.02 mm.

Another German company GOM ATOS portable scanners,Japan Roland's PIX -30, PIX-

4 desktop scanner and the United Kingdom Taylor Hopson's TALYSCAN150 multi-sensor, respectively Three-

dimensional scanner with high speed, low-

cost and functional composite and so on.

(2)CNC EDM

Japan Sodick linear motor servo drive using the company's

AQ325L, AQ550LLS-WEDM have driven

fast response, transmission and high positioning accuracy, the advant ages of small thermal deformation. Switzerland Chanmier company NCEDM with P-

E3 adaptive control, PCE energy control and automatic programming exp ert systems.

Others also used the powder mixed EDM machining technology, micro-finishing pulse power and fuzzy control (FC) technologies.

(3)High-speed milling machine (HSM)

Milling is an important means of cavity mold.

The low-temperature high-

speed milling with the workpiece, cutting force is small, smooth proc essing, processing quality, processing efficiency (for the general mi lling process 5 to 10 times) and can process hard materials (<60HRC) and many other advantages. Thus in the mold processing more and more attention. Ruishikelang company UCP710-type five-

axis machining center, machine tool positioning accuracy up to 8μm, home-made closed-

loop vector control spindle with a maximum speed 42000r/min. Italy RA MBAUDI's high-

speed milling, the processing range of up to 2500mm × 5000mm × 1800 mm, speed up 20500r/min, cutting feed speed of 20m/min. HSM generally used large, medium-

sized mold, such as motor cover mold, die casting mold, large plastic surface machining, the surface precision up to 0.01mm.

工业设计专业英语英文翻译

工业设计原著选读 优秀的产品设计 第一个拨号电话1897年由卡罗耳Gantz 第一个拨号电话在1897年被自动电器公司引入，成立于1891年布朗强，一名勘萨斯州承担者。在1889年，相信铃声“中央交换”将转移来电给竞争对手，强发明了被拨号系统控制的自动交换机系统。这个系统在1892年第一次在拉波特完成史端乔系统中被安装。1897年，强的模型电话，然而模型扶轮拨条的位置没有类似于轮齿约170度,以及边缘拨阀瓣。电话，当然是被亚历山大格雷厄姆贝尔（1847—1922）在1876年发明的。第一个商业交换始建于1878（12个使用者），在1879年，多交换机系统由工程师勒罗伊B 菲尔曼发明,使电话取得商业成功,用户在1890年达到250000。 直到1894年，贝尔原批专利过期，贝尔电话公司在市场上有一个虚拟的垄断。他们已经成功侵权投诉反对至少600竞争者。该公司曾在1896年，刚刚在中央交易所推出了电源的“普通电池”制度。在那之前，一个人有手摇电话以提供足够的电力呼叫。一个连接可能仍然只能在给予该人的名义下提出要求达到一个电话接线员。这是强改变的原因。 强很快成为贝尔的强大竞争者。他在1901年引进了一个桌面拨号模型，这个模型在设计方面比贝尔的模型更加清晰。在1902年，他引进了一个带有磁盘拨号的墙面电话，这次与实际指孔，仍然只有170度左右在磁盘周围。到1905年，一个“长距离”手指孔已经被增加了。最后一个强的知名模型是在1907年。强的专利大概过期于1914年，之后他或他的公司再也没有听到过。直到1919年贝尔引进了拨号系统。当他们这样做，在拨号盘的周围手指孔被充分扩展了。 强发明的拨号系统直到1922年进入像纽约一样的大城市才成为主流。但是一旦作为规规范被确立，直到70年代它仍然是主要的电话技术。后按键式拨号在1963年被推出之后，强发明的最初的手指拨号系统作为“旋转的拨号系统”而知名。这是强怎样“让你的手指拨号”的。 埃姆斯椅LCW和DCW 1947 这些带有复合曲线座位，靠背和橡胶防震装置的成型胶合板椅是由查尔斯埃姆斯设计，在赫曼米勒家具公司生产的。 这个原始的概念是被查尔斯埃姆斯（1907—1978）和埃罗沙里宁（1910—1961）在1940年合作构想出来的。在1937年，埃姆斯成为克兰布鲁克学院实验设计部门的领头人，和沙里宁一起工作调查材料和家具。在这些努力下，埃姆斯发明了分成薄片和成型胶合板夹板，被称作埃姆斯夹板，在1941年收到了来自美国海军5000人的订单。查尔斯和他的妻子雷在他们威尼斯，钙的工作室及工厂和埃文斯产品公司的生产厂家一起生产了这批订单。 在1941年现代艺术博物馆，艾略特诺伊斯组织了一场比赛用以发现对现代生活富有想象力的设计师。奖项颁发给了埃姆斯和沙里宁他们的椅子和存储碎片，由包括埃德加考夫曼，大都会艺术博物馆的阿尔弗雷德，艾略特诺伊斯，马尔塞布鲁尔，弗兰克帕里什和建筑师爱德华达雷尔斯通的陪审团裁决。 这些椅子在1946年的现代艺术展览博物馆被展出，查尔斯埃姆斯设计的新的家具。当时，椅子只有三条腿，稳定性问题气馁了大规模生产。 早期的LCW（低木椅）和DWC（就餐木椅）设计有四条木腿在1946年第一次被埃文斯产品公司（埃姆斯的战时雇主）生产出来，被赫曼米勒家具公司分配。这些工具1946年被乔治纳尔逊为赫曼米勒购买，在1949年接手制造权。后来金属脚的愿景在1951年制作，包括LCW（低金属椅）和DWC（就餐金属椅）模型。配套的餐饮和咖啡桌也产生。这条线一直

冲压模具文献综述

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Design Without Designers 网站截图： https://www.sodocs.net/doc/9a13586932.html,/baidu?word=%B9%A4%D2%B5%C9%E8%BC%C6%D3%A2%CE%C4%CE%C4%CF%D 7&tn=sogouie_1_dg 原文： Design Without Designers I will always remember my first introduction to the power of good product design. I was newly arrived at Apple, still learning the ways of business, when I was visited by a member of Apple's Industrial Design team. He showed me a foam mockup of a proposed product. "Wow," I said, "I want one! What is it?" That experience brought home the power of design: I was excited and enthusiastic even before I knew what it was. This type of visceral "wow" response requires creative designers. It is subjective, personal. Uh oh, this is not what engineers like to hear. If you can't put a number to it, it's not important. As a result, there is a trend to eliminate designers. Who needs them when we can simply test our way to success? The excitement of powerful, captivating design is defined as irrelevant. Worse, the nature of design is in danger. Don't believe me? Consider Google. In a well-publicized move, a senior designer at Google recently quit, stating that Google had no interest in or understanding of design. Google, it seems, relies primarily upon test results, not human skill or judgment. Want to know whether a design is effective? Try it out. Google can quickly submit samples to millions of people in well-controlled trials, pitting one design against another, selecting the winner based upon number of clicks, or sales, or whatever objective measure they wish. Which color of blue is best? Test. Item placement? Test. Web page layout? Test. This procedure is hardly unique to Google. https://www.sodocs.net/doc/9a13586932.html, has long followed this practice. Years ago I was proudly informed that they no longer have debates about which design is best: they simply test them and use the data to decide. And this, of course, is the approach used by the human-centered iterative design approach: prototype, test, revise. Is this the future of design? Certainly there are many who believe so. This is a hot topic on the talk and seminar circuit. After all, the proponents ask reasonably, who could object to making decisions based upon data? Two Types of Innovation: Incremental Improvements and New Concepts In design—and almost all innovation, for that matter—there are at least two distinct forms. One is

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(此文档为word格式，下载后您可任意编辑修改！) 冷冲模具使用寿命的影响及对策 冲压模具概述 冲压模具--在冷冲压加工中，将材料(金属或非金属)加工成零件(或半成品)的一种特殊工艺装备，称为冷冲压模具(俗称冷冲模)。冲压--是在室温下，利用安装在压力机上的模具对材料施加压力，使其产生分离或塑性变形，从而获得所需零件的一种压力加工方法。 冲压模具的形式很多，一般可按以下几个主要特征分类： 1?根据工艺性质分类 (1)冲裁模沿封闭或敞开的轮廓线使材料产生分离的模具。如落料模、冲孔模、切断模、切口模、切边模、剖切模等。 (2)弯曲模使板料毛坯或其他坯料沿着直线(弯曲线)产生弯曲变形，从而获得一定角度和形状的工件的模具。 (3)拉深模是把板料毛坯制成开口空心件，或使空心件进一步改变形状和尺寸的模具。 (4)成形模是将毛坯或半成品工件按图凸、凹模的形状直接复制成形，而材料本身仅产生局部塑性变形的模具。如胀形模、缩口模、扩口模、起伏成形模、翻边模、整形模等。2?根据工序组合程度分类 (1)单工序模在压力机的一次行程中，只完成一道冲压工序的模具。 (2)复合模只有一个工位，在压力机的一次行程中，在同一工位上同时完成两道或两道以上冲压工序的模具。 (3)级进模(也称连续模) 在毛坯的送进方向上，具有两个或更多的工位，在压力机的一次行程中，在不同的工位上逐次完成两道或两道以上冲压工序的模具。 冲冷冲模全称为冷冲压模具。 冷冲压模具是一种应用于模具行业冷冲压模具及其配件所需高性能结构陶瓷材料的制备方法，高性能陶瓷模具及其配件材料由氧化锆、氧化钇粉中加铝、错元素构成，制备工艺是将氧化锆溶液、氧化钇溶液、氧化错溶液、氧化铝溶液按一定比例混合配成母液，滴入碳酸氢铵，采用共沉淀方法合成模具及其配件陶瓷材料所需的原材料，反应生成的沉淀经滤水、干燥，煅烧得到高性能陶瓷模具及其配件材料超微粉，再经过成型、烧结、精加工，便得到高性能陶瓷模具及其配件材料。本发明的优点是本发明制成的冷冲压模具及其配件使用寿命长，在冲压过程中未出现模具及其配件与冲压件产生粘结现象，冲压件表面光滑、无毛刺，完全可以替代传统高速钢、钨钢材料。 冷冲模具主要零件冷冲模具是冲压加工的主要工艺装备，冲压制件就是靠上、下模具的相对运动来完成的。 加工时由于上、下模具之间不断地分合，如果操作工人的手指不断进入或停留在模具闭合区，便会对其人身安全带来严重威胁。 1

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参考文献 [1] 赵蓓蓓. 初探塑料模具材料现状及发展方向[J]. 科技资讯, 2009, (34). [2] 孙安垣, 闫烨, 杨超谈, 桂春. 我国改性塑料行业的发展前景[M].《工程塑料应用》杂志社, 2010, 11(2)：83-87. [3] 伍先明，王群. 塑料模具设计指导[M]. 北京: 国防工业出版社, 2006. [4] 朱光力, 万金保. 塑料模具设计[M]. 北京: 清华大学出版社, 2003. [5] 杨明锦, 陆长征. 结构型与复合型导电塑料研究进展[J]. 塑料, 2005, 34(3); 15-18. [6] 陈勇, 官建国, 谢洪泉. 导电塑料的研究进展[J]. 弹性体, 2008, 18(2). [7] 彭竹琴. 塑料导电改性原理及应用[J]. 绝缘材料, 2004(06). [8] 赵幸, 王立新. 复合型导电塑料的发展[J]. 塑料科技, 2002(2). [9] 韩小雪, 季静. 纤维增强塑料(FRP)在混凝土结构中的应用——FRP材料性能与发展[J]. 华南理工大学学报(自然科学版), 2002, 30(2). [10] 田水, 朱墩. 纤维增强塑料(FRP)在结构加固工程中的应用[J]. 建筑结构, 2000(03). [11] 金秀莲. 浅谈注塑工艺的影响因素[J]. 商品与质量·前沿观察, 2010, (2). [12] 刘松年, 崔怡. 水辅助注塑工艺介绍[J]. 模具技术, 2009, (2). [13] 马俊彪. 微发泡注塑成型设备的改造[J]. 农机使用与维修, 2009, (3). [14] 几种新型注塑设备的简单介绍[J]. 中国液压机械网, 2009. [15] 刘钵, 陈利民. 热塑性塑料注塑工艺参数优化设计[J]. 工程塑料应用, 2005,36(4): 8-11. [16] 翁其金. 塑料模塑成型技术[M]. 北京:机械工业出版社, 2001. [17] 许发樾. 实用模具设计与制造手册[M]. 北京: 机械工业出版社, 2005 [18] 申树义. 塑料模具设计[M]. 北京: 机械工业出版社, 2005. [19] 盛晓敏, 邓朝晖主编. 先进制造技术[M]. 北京: 机械工业出版社, 2000. [20] 唐志玉主编. 注塑模具设计师指南[M]. 北京: 国防工业出版社, 1996 [21] 华希俊, 张培耘. 模具工业先进制造技术特点及发展概况[J]. 金属成形工艺,2001, 18(2): 3-5.

工业设计专业英语第三版部分翻译

艺术装饰风格 被宣告是“唯一一个总体设计”，艺术装饰必然是在众多消费者中间找到观众的最高产的设计之一。虽然它起源于19世纪20年代高度专有的法国手工裁剪装潢艺术，但它通过利用廉价的新金属材料，塑料和玻璃而发展迅速，找到了便宜，短期利用，并可以大批生产的装饰用品，如香烟盒，香水瓶，家庭用的陶瓷和玻璃，流行纺织品及各种装饰物，还有可以像鸡尾般甩动的物品。作为一种装饰风格它可以运用于无数物品的形状和表面装饰，因而赋予它们全部以相同质量的瞬间的现代性和时尚性。 就像许多这个世纪其它的流行风格一样，艺术装饰风格扎根于高雅文化，例如，立体主义、俄国芭蕾、美洲印第安风格和欧洲纯粹主义，但是相对其他文化而言，艺术装饰风格取长补短，装饰特征表现得更为折衷一些。结合艺术装饰风格在1930年代流行的因素，大规模批量生产使用新材料是商品价格相对低廉的必要条件。但这些是远远不够的，更深层次的原因是艺术装饰风格具有典型的适应性。在那段经济萧条的时期，豪华奢侈的装饰风格所带来的美感让当时的消费者有了逃避现实的放松心情。艺术装饰风格的宣传方式也促进了它的流行，艺术风格被好莱坞应用于多种流行电影中。通过影片媒体使大量观众接触到装饰风格，除此之外，艺术装饰风格也运用在广告和包装上，使其有效的影响了大量的环境之外，艺术装饰风格也影响到了建筑领域，许多新场所也运用了这种风格，美化建筑的外表，那些新商业的

娱乐楼房，例如商场电影院，工厂，甚至于新的豪华游轮，它也被利用于在1933年芝加哥展览之中。艺术装饰风格开始象征着高效率的现代化生活和新的生活理念，这种动人的方式随着人们对时尚性和社会地位的追求与渴望，艺术装饰风格得到了大量消费者的高度喜爱地位。 艺术装饰的大量应用伴随着消费产品的需求。但是，从不好的方而来看，艺术装饰风格只是作为一种中档的艺术手法，来装饰非常廉价的商品甚至留有一种杂乱的感觉。在英国有一群针对低端市场开发产品的地毯制造商，他们意识到了这个新潮流里的商业潜力。 但是，这些地毯制造商也很注意他们消费群里的保守心理，因此，即使是在一块地毯里的花紋也会出现那些很传统的1案象是老式的叶子造型和较灰暗的颜色。这种设计的消费市场不同于那些要不就是现代型或是完全传统的设计方案。1920年代到30年代，英国都铎王室的一些新居住者和新建筑的到来，使工艺美术运动和现代风格可以较为自由的发展和合理的被采用.这些各异的艺术风格也被按照使用者的喜好不同加入到地毯的设计之中。在20世纪30年代的中期，改良过的艺术装饰风格在数不清的家居装饰里都可以看到"在花园门饰上，无线电机的面板装饰上，阿芝台克寺庙的壁炉上和那些扶手椅和沙发的几何形体上。"