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初中英语语法学习-现在分词being的语法功能和用法说明

初中英语语法学习-现在分词being的语法功能和用法

说明

一、现在分词being 用作谓语动词

1. being为助动词时的用法

当being为助动词时，用作谓语动词动词的being主要与过去分词连用，构成被动语态。如：

I'm always being criticized. 我总是挨批。

He is being interviewed now. 他现在正在接受面试。

He is being met at the station tonight. 今晚有人去车站迎接他。

2. being为连系动词时的用法

当being为连系动词时，用作谓语动词动词的being主要与形容词连用，表示临时特征或暂时现象。如：

You’re being stupid. 你真傻。

You are not being very polite. 你不过不大客气呀。

Your brother is being very annoying this evening. 你兄弟今晚很烦人。

二、现在分词being 用作非谓语动词

1. being为助动词时的用法

(1) 作主语。如：

Being lost can be a terrifying experience. 迷路可能是一种很可怕的经历。

Being recognized wherever you go is the price you pay for being famous. 出名所付出的代价是不管你走到哪里，都会被人认出来。

(2) 作宾语。如：

He can't stand being kept waiting. 让他等着，他可不干。

Do you like being stared at? 你愿意人家盯着你看吗?

(3) 作宾语补足语。如：

I saw him being taken away by the police. 我看到他正被警

察带走。

I found myself being drawn into another dreary argument.

我发现竟然身不由己又参与了一次无聊的争论。

It’s interesting (for children) to see a house being built. (孩子们)看造房子是挺有趣的事。

(4) 作定语。如：

Did you see that boy being questioned by the police? 你看

见那个男孩受到警察的盘问了吗?

We are going to reduce the number of trees being cut down. 我们要减少砍伐的树的数量。

(5) 作状语。如：

Being given a chance, she immediately jumped at it. 给了

她这个机会，她立刻抓住。

Being well taken care of, she recovered quickly. 她受到很

好的照顾，身体恢复得很快。

注：有时 being 可带有自己的逻辑主语(构成独立主格结构)。如：

The question being settled, we went home. 问题解决之后，我们就回家了。

2. being为连系动词时的用法

(1) 作主语。如：

Being tired often makes me short-tempered. 我一累就容易发脾气。

Being deaf and dumb makes communication very difficult. 又聋又哑很难与人交往。

(2) 作宾语。如：

I don’t like being in the office all day. 我不喜欢整天呆在办公室里。

You can be alone without being lonely. 你能够独处而不感到寂寞。

(3) 作宾语补足语。如：

He said it to stop her being too proud. 他说这话是想要她不要太骄傲。

I’m sorry to see you being so sad about it. 看到你对这事这样伤心，我很难过。

She complains of the room being too small for her. 她埋怨房间太小了。

(4) 作状语。如：

Being anxious to please him, I bought him a nice present. 因为我想讨好他，我给他买了一件好礼物。

Being unemployed, he hasn’t got much money. 因为他没有工作，他没有多少钱。

(5) 用于独立主格结构。如：

It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 因为今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。

The weather being hot, we had to stay at home. 因为天气炎热，我们只好呆在家里。

There being no further business, l declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。

Other things being equal, Alice would marry Jim. 如果其他

条件都一样的话，爱莉丝就会嫁给吉姆。

三、使用现在分词being的两点特别说明

1. 连系动词being不用作定语

当being为连系动词时，非谓语动词结构being…可用作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、状语等，但是不能用作定语。遇此情况，可考虑改

用定语从句。如：

凡10点钟以后仍在外面的人将被逮捕。

误：Anyon e being outside after ten o’clock will be arrested.

正：Anyone who is outside after ten o’clock will be arrested.

2. 助动词being能够用作定语

当being为助动词时，非谓语动词结构being…可用作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、状语等，也可用作定语。如：

The house being built is our new library. 正在建的房子是我们的新图书馆。

That picture of the children being talked to by the Prime Minister is wonderful. 那张小孩子们正在聆听首相谈话的照片照得非常好。

初中英语语法：动名词的否定式

初中英语语法：动名词的否定式一、动名词一般式的否定式动名词一般式的否定式是将直接否定词not置于动名词之前。如： Not being punctual makes him unreliable. 不准时使人觉得他不可靠。 Not being tall is not a serious disadvantage in life. 个子不高不是人生中的严重缺陷。 He said he so much regretted not being able to swim. 他说他对不会游泳感到非常遗憾。 Our problem is not having sufficient raw material. 我们的问题是原料不足。二、动名词完成式的否定式若动名词为完成式，否定词not应置于整个结构之前。如： Don’t be angry with me for not having written. 我没给你写信请别生我的气。 Excuse me not having answered your letter before. 没有更早回信请原谅。 I apologize for not having kept my promise. 我没遵守诺言向你表示歉意。三、动名词被动式的否定式若动名词为被动式，否定词not应置于整个结构之前。如：

He doesn’t like not being taken seriously. 他不喜欢被人不严肃对待。 As far as he’s concerned, it’s not doing something wrong that matters, but not being caught doing something wrong, 就他而论，重要的不是做错事，而是做错事不被抓住。四、动名词带逻辑主语时的的否定式若动名词带有逻辑主语，则否定词应置于逻辑主语之后。如： I’m surprised at your not having noticed. 你竟未注意到我感到吃惊。 I never dreamt of its hurting you. 我没想它会伤你的心。 I depend on your coming at seven o’clock. 我指靠你七点钟来。 They won’t hear of you (r) going. 他们不会同意你去。 They’re looking forward to Mary’s coming. 他们盼望玛丽来。 I understand your not wanting to discuss the matter. 我理解你为什么不愿讨论这件事。 The trouble was their not being able to agree among themselves. 麻烦的是他们自己不能取得一致的意见。 Jenny’s not having been trained as a dancer is her one regret. 杰妮没受过舞蹈的专业训练是她感到遗憾的事。

现在分词用法总结

现在分词一、基础知识：现在分词（也叫动名词）：表示主动和进行。基本形式：doing 否定式：not doing 被动式：being done 完成式：having done 二、具体用法： 1.动名词作主语和宾语：（1）把一个动词变成-ing形式可以当做名词来用，表示一种经常性、习惯性的动作，可在句中充当主语和宾语。 eg: Working with you is a pleasure. I like reading in my free time. （2）可以用it做形式主语或形式宾语放在前面，再用动名词做真正的主语或宾语放在后面，这种用法常用于以下句式： ①It is/was no use/good doing sth. 做某事是没用的/没有好处的。 eg: It’s no use begging for his mercy. It’s no good smoking too much. ②It is/was a waster of time doing sth. 做某事是浪费时间的。 eg: It is a waste of time copying others’ homework. ③It is/was worth doing sth. 做某事是值得的。 eg: It was worth making the effort. ④There is/was no sense in doing sth. 做某事是没有道理的/意义的。 eg: There is no sense in arguing with your wife. ⑤There is/was no point (in) doing sth. 做某事是没用的/无意义的。 eg: There is no point in getting angry. ⑥There is no shame in doing sth. 做某事是不丢脸的。 eg: There is no shame in saying sorry to your friends. ⑦There is no telling…无法预言会… eg: There is no telling what will happen. ※注意：动名词作主语时，其前可用名词所有格和形容词性物主代词修饰，即one’s doing sth.作主语。 eg: Tom’s being late again made his teacher angry. My going to Beijing University is my parents’ biggest dream. （3）动名词作宾语分为两种情况：动名词后的宾语和介词后的宾语 ①有些动词后只能接动名词作宾语，常见的有： avoid, advise, allow, admit, appreciate, consider, deny, enjoy, keep, finish, suggest, dislike, delay, risk, escape, imagine, mind, miss, permit, practice, fancy, can’t help, be busy, give up, can’t stand, feel like等。 eg: You must avoid being hurt when crossing the road. ②有些动词后即可接动名词也可接不定式作宾语，常见的有： A: start, begin, intend, attempt, continue等后接doing和to do无区别。 B: like, love, prefer, hate等后接doing和to do略有区别，后接doing侧重经常习惯性的行为，后接to do侧重具体的某一次行为。 eg: I like swimming in summer but today I like to see a film at home

being的用法小结

being的用法小结句子中的being是不能随便去掉的，在句子中出现being的情况大致分为以下几种：一，being用作现在分词用法。（1）一种用作现在分词，是强调正在进行，尤其是在被动语态中的使用，这个时候，being只是一个描述进行时态的符号，如，The trees are being planted,这种用法比较简单，我们也很好分辨。（2）用作现在分词的时候.being用于作定语中，一般和过去分词连用，放在被说明名词后，表示进行时被动意义：（1）The house being built will be our new laboratory. （2）any text being（作定语，和过去分词translated连用，放在被说明名词any text之后） translated can also be read aloud by GT（google translateor） voice engine。任何被翻译后的文字也都可以被google语音大声的读出来。（3）being用于状语，一般有逗号，翻译时常加表示状语的词汇，如“由于……”、“……时”等：Being very tiny, ants cannot often be seen by us. （4）还有一种现在分词的用法，是用作独立分词结构，含蓄的表示各种状态：1.There are a large number of different shapes of files, each being made for some particular kind of work.（伴随情况）各种锉刀的形状大不相同，每一种都是为特殊的一类加工而制作的。（5）being用于介词后“主谓”结构中，即“介词+名词或代词+being+…”。这时介词宾语是一种复合宾语。其中being为现在分词。例如： 1.The pressure of a gas varies inversely as its volume, with temperature being constant.在温度不变条件下，气体压力是和其体积成反比的。二，being用作动名词时，“being+过去分词”作介词宾语或动词宾语的用法 1.Water has the property of dissolving sugar, sugar (has)the property of being dissolved by water.（介词宾语）水具有溶解糖的特性，糖则具有被水溶解的特性。

初中英语语法20首顺口溜

初中英语语法20首顺口溜01 英语的词类句子要由词组成，英语词类有十种：句中成份用实词，名、代、动、副、数、形容：冠、介、连词和感叹，虚词附加或沟通。词类功能掌握了，造句之时好运用。 02 语序歌主、谓、宾、表同汉语，

定语有同也有异。状语位置更特殊，不能全和汉语比。 03 肯定句变一般疑问句 have和be提句首，其它助词Do开头。时间、人称由do变，动词只把原形留。谓语助词有几个，第一助词提句首。 04 肯定句变否定句否定词语加not，

放在be和have后。其它要加动词do，do的后面加not，时间、人称由do变，动词原形总保留。谓语若是助词多，not紧跟第一个。 05 名词的所有格名词只变数，不分主宾格。人和动物类，可变所有格。撇（’）后加s，相当汉语“的”。

时间、距离等，也变所有格。 06 名词变复数单数变为复数式，加上“s”统言之。下列结尾名词后，要加“s”先加“e”：发音[∫][t∫][s]和[z]，或是辅音加“o”时。有些名词变复数，词尾变化要注意：“y”前字母是辅音，一律变“y”为“ie”；遇到“f / fe”，

有时需要变“ve” 少数名词不规则，特别情况靠硬记。 07 时间名词前所有介词的速记年月周前要用in，日子前面却不行。遇到几号要用“on”，上午下午又是“in”。要说某日上下午，用on 换in 才能行。午夜黄昏用at，黎明用它也不错。 at 也在时分前，说“差”用to，

说“过”要用past。 08 介词用法歌介词加宾语，才能有实意。表、定、状、宾、补，词组在句里。 09 介词顺口溜 in 在……里， out 在……外，在旁边的是beside，靠近的为by。 on 在……上，

初中英语现在分词用法总结

初中英语现在分词用法总结一、基础知识：现在分词（也叫动名词）：表示主动和进行。基本形式：doing 否定式：not doing 被动式：being done 完成式：having done 二、具体用法： 1.动名词作主语和宾语：（1）把一个动词变成-ing形式可以当做名词来用，表示一种经常性、习惯性的动作，可在句中充当主语和宾语。 eg: Working with you is a pleasure. I like reading in my free time. （2）可以用it做形式主语或形式宾语放在前面，再用动名词做真正的主语或宾语放在后面，这种用法常用于以下句式： ① It is/was no use/good doing sth. 做某事是没用的/没有好处的。 eg: It’s no use begging for his mercy. It’s no good smoking too much. ② It is/was a waster of time doing sth. 做某事是浪费时间的。eg: It is a waste of time copying others’ homework. ③ It is/was worth doing sth. 做某事是值得的。 eg: It was worth making the effort. ④ There is/was no sense in doing sth. 做某事是没有道理的/

意义的。 eg: There is no sense in arguing with your wife. ⑤ There is/was no point (in) doing sth. 做某事是没用的/ 无意义的。 eg: There is no point in getting angry. ⑥ There is no shame in doing sth. 做某事是不丢脸的。 eg: There is no shame in saying sorry to your friends. ⑦ There is no telling…无法预言会… eg: There is no telling what will happen. ※注意：动名词作主语时，其前可用名词所有格和形容词性物主代词修饰，即one’s doing sth.作主语。 eg: Tom’s being late again made his teacher angry. My going to Beijing University is my parents’ biggest dream. （3）动名词作宾语分为两种情况：动名词后的宾语和介词后的宾语 ①有些动词后只能接动名词作宾语，常见的有： avoid, advise, allow, admit, appreciate, consider, deny, enjoy, keep, finish, suggest, dislike, delay, risk, escape, imagine, mind, miss, permit, practice, fancy, can’t help, be busy, give up, can’t stand, feel like等。 eg: You must avoid being hurt when crossing the road. ②有些动词后即可接动名词也可接不定式作宾语，常见的有：

Being done的用法

Being done的用法一、与be动词一起构成现在进行时的被动语态（am/ is/ are being done）和过去进行时的被动语态（was/ were being done）。如： The new houses are being painted.这些新房子还在刷漆。 When I went to pay him a visit, he was being examined by a doctor. 当我去看他时，他正在接受医生的检查。二、作后置定语，修饰某一名词，表示某一被动动作正在进行。如： The meeting being held now is of great importance. 现在正在开的会很重要。上面的句子也可以变成含有定语从句的句子： The meeting which is being held now is of great importance. 注意：being done，to be done与done均可作后置定语，其区别为：being done表示正在发生的被动动作；to be done表示将要发生的被动动作；而done表示已经发生的被动动作。如： The house to be built here next year belongs to Fred. 明年将在这里建的房屋是弗雷德的。 The house built here last year belongs to Fred. 去年在这里建的房屋是弗雷德的。三、作某些及物动词或介词的宾语。如： John hates being laughed at in public. 约翰不喜欢当众被嘲笑。 Do you mind being left alone at home. 把你一个人留在家里你介意吗？ My class teacher was honoured for being devoted to the cause of the education. 我的班主任因致力于教育事业受到了表彰。四、有时作主语或用在see，hear，feel等少量感官动词后作宾语补足语。如：Being lost can be a terrifying experience.迷路可能是一种可怕的经历。（作主语）He heard the song being sung next door. 他听到隔壁有人在唱这首歌。（作宾补）Having been done 和done用法的区别 1.done是过去分词，having been done是现在分词完成时的被动语态。两个都可以表示“完成＋被动。”但作状语时，having been done表示该动作发生在主句动作之前；而done则不强调这层含义； Having been criticized by the teacher, Li Ming gave up smoking. Not having been invited, he felt very unhappy. （分词完成式的被动语态(having been done)强调分词动作先于谓语动词）Killed, she couldn't stop her blood from going chilled. Seen from the hill, the city looks magnificent. （过去分词也表示被动，但没有强调动作先后的含义） 2. done可作定语而having been done一般不作定语。 The concert given by the symphony orchesta was a great success. They are problems left over by history. 完成体的分词一般不作定语，若要表达完成意义最好用定语从句。如：我们一般不说：The girl having won the race is my deskmate. 而常这样说：The girl who has won the race is my deskmate. 但非限定性的完成体作定语或如果分词所修饰的词是泛指则没有这个限制。如：Anyone having passed the test has got a prize. 任何通过考试的人都能得到一份奖品。

初中英语语法口诀大汇总

初中英语语法口诀大汇总【新初一年级英语语法口诀（上）】大小写字母书写口诀大A箭头指上方，小a系辫好模样；大B耳朵右边长，小b食指指向上；大C吃饭把嘴张，小c大C一个样；大D肚子圆又胖，小d五线谱里藏。大E将山竖着放，小e像鱼肉真香；大F像旗杆上绑，小f像个小拐杖；大G让C挂条棍，小g大辫真正长。大H工字放倒写，小h椅子侧着放。大I工字中间长，小i像人跪地上；大J长得多像“厂”，小j子弹射出枪；大K伸臂又踢腿，小k稍息把事想；大L指针三点过，小l像根火腿肠；大M像海鸥在飞翔，小m鼻孔出气长。大N电闪实在亮，小n单门墙上装；大O鸡蛋喷喷香，小o蛋小人人抢；大P圆旗高飘扬，小p让b练倒立；大Q西瓜连藤摘，小q和9很相似；大R是P右踢腿，小r向上撅撅嘴。

大S弯弯溪流淌，小s像8没合上；大T铁锤当当响，小t像个大写七；大U陷阱在下方，小u将n倒着放；大V竖起两手指，小v长个尖下巴。大W是M朝天躺，小w将v弄成双；大X像叉画本上，小x剪刀裁衣忙。大Y弹弓没皮筋，小y比v多尾巴；大Z和2最相像，小z呼噜声最响。英语字母书写口诀字母书写有规则，右倾五度正适合。大写全在上两格，高低一致不会错。小写字母也不难，请你记住这几点。有头就用上两格，b, d, h, i, k, l 和t。有尾就占下两格，g, p, q, y要记着。无头无尾写中格，多练几遍不会错。剩下j, f不一般，三个格子全都占。仔细辨来认真练，养成书写好习惯。单词首字母大写用法歌口诀单词字母要大写，下面规则是小结。句子开头首字母，文章标题虚词除（外）。

初中英语语法动词时态

初中英语语法总结 ( 动词的时态) 11.1 一般现在时的用法 1）经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。时间状语：every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。例如： I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。 2）客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。例如： The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。 Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。 3）表示格言或警句。例如： Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。 4）现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如： I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。 Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错，讲的可不行。比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。 I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。11.2 一般过去时的用法 1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如： Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了？ 2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。例如： When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是个孩子的时候，常在马路上踢足球。 Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.

现在分词用法讲解

一、现在分词：在句中可以做表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语。二、现在分词的基本用法 1. 作表语：表主语的特征。如amusing, discouraging, puzzling, refreshing, astonishing。 2. 作定语： (1). 表示主动的、进行的状态：The girl wearing blue skirt is my sister. = The girl who is wearing blue skirt is my sister. （比较：The factory being built now is a big one.） (2). 说明被修饰词的性质和特征：This is an interesting story. (3). 相当于非限制性定语，常用逗号分开：Tom, wearing beautiful clothes, followed me down the hill. = Tom, who is wearing beautiful clothes, followed me down the hill. (4). 与adv. / n. 构成复合词作定语：This is an English-speaking country. 3. 作状语：表示主动的、进行的状态，其逻辑主语是句中的主语。(如果不是，需在v.-ing 形式前加名词或代词作逻辑主语: Time permitting, the football match will be played on Friday.) (1). 原因状语：Not having been invited to the party, she had to stay home. (2). 时间状语：Seeing their teacher coming, the students stopped talking. 如果现在分词表示的动作与谓语表示的动作同时发生，常在现在分词前加上when或while：While waiting for the plane, I had a long talk with Simon. (3). 条件状语：Working harder, you'll be No. 1 in your class. (4). 让步状语：Weighing almost two hundred kilograms, the stone was moved by him alone. (5). 结果状语：He died, leaving nothing but debts. (6). 伴随状语：He sat by the desk, begging. 注意：The park was full of people, enjoying themselves in the sunshine. 由此可知伴随状语的特点：①主语所做的另一动作或②与谓语动作(状态)同时发生或③对谓语进行补充说明。(7). 方式状语：Following their teacher, the students entered the room quietly. 4. 作宾补：表示主动的、进行的状态，与宾语有逻辑上的“主表”或“主谓”关系：We all found his equipment interesting. (主表关系) / I saw Mary going upstairs then. (主谓关系) 三、现在分词的两个基本特点 1. 在时间上表示动作正在进行：a developing country, boiling water, rising sun (比较: a developed country, boiled water, risen sun) 2. 在语态上表示主动：the ruling class 统治阶级，the exploiting class 剥削阶级(比较：the ruled class 被统治阶级，the exploited class 被剥削阶级) 四、独立主格结构（Absolute Phrase）由两部分组成，前一部分是名词或者代词，后一部分是不定式、现在分词、过去分词、形容词、副词、名词或介词短语。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。其本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等。 A lecture to be given tomorrow, the professor has to stay up late into the night. （原因）Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. （条件） He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head. （伴随） An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. （结果） The meeting over, they all went home. （时间） Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children. （结果） The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand. （伴随） Another story to be completed, the writer stayed up almost every night. （目的）

【精品】初中英语语法八大时态总结(完整版)

初中英语语法八大时态一．一般现在时 1.结构肯定句式: 主语+动词原形/动词的第三人称单数+其他否定句式: 主语+（助动词）don't/doesn't +动词原形+其他一般疑问句式: Do/Does+主语+动词原形+其他简略回答: (肯)Yes,主语+do/does (否)No,主语+do/does not 缩写形式: don't = do not doesn't = does not 例句：He often goes swimming in summer. I usually leave home for school at 7 every morning. 2.用法 1）表示经常的、习惯性的动作或存在的状态，常与表示频度的副词连用。常用的频度副词有：always、often、usually、seldom、never、sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays.频度副词在句中通常放在行为动词之前，系动词、助动词之后。例如: He often goes swimming in summer. I usually leave home for school at 7 every morning. 2）表示主语具备的性格、特征和能力等。例如：All my family love football . My sister is always ready to help others . Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 3)表示客观真理、客观存在、自然现象。例如：The earth moves around the sun. Shanghai lies in the east of China. 4）表示按计划或安排好的，或将要发生的动作，可用一般现在时表将来。但只限于start,begin,leave,go,come,arrive,return,take place等。例如：The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. He comes back tonight. 5）在复合句中，当主句是一般将来时，时间或条件状语从句的谓语动词只能用一般现在时来表示将来要发生的动作。例如：I'll tell him the news when he comes back. If you take the job , they will talk with you in greater details. 二．一般过去时态 1.结构肯定句式: 主语+动词过去式+其他否定句式: 主语+（助动词）didn’t +动词原形+其他一般疑问句式: Did+主语+动词原形+其他简略回答: (肯)Yes,主语+did (否)No,主语+did not 基本结构否定句一般疑问句

现在分词的几种详细用法 (10)

现在分词的七种用法（一）作定语 1. 动词现在分词单独作定语，通常放在所修饰词前。The sleeping boy is Tom. 2. 现在分词短语作定语放在所修饰词的后面，意思同定语从句差不多。例如： Tell the children playing outside not to make too much noise. = Tell the children who are playing outside not to make too much noise. 3. 现在分词可相当于非限制性定语，常用逗号分开。 Tom, wearing beautiful clothes, followed me down the hill. = Tom, who is wearing beautiful clothes, followed me down the hill. 4. 有时现在分词可以和副词或名词构成复合词作定语。This is an English-speaking country. （二）作表语现在分词作表语多表示主语的特征。如amusing, discouraging, puzzling, refreshing, astonishing, exciting 等。The story is moving. （三）现分在句中作宾语补足语，这时现在分词和前面的宾语有逻辑上的“主表”关系或“主谓”关系。We all found his equipment interesting. (主表关系) I saw Mary going upstairs then. (主谓关系) （四）作状语现在分词作状语，其逻辑主语一般是句中的主语，如果不是，需在V-ing 形式前加名词或代词主格作逻辑主语。 1. 作原因状语，相当于原因状语从句。Being ill, Mary didn't come to school yesterday. 2. 作时间状语，相当于时间状语从句。Seeing their teacher coming, the students stopped talking. 如果现在分词表示的动作与谓语表示的动作同时发生，常在现在分词前加上when或while。 While waiting for the plane, I had a long talk with Simon. 3. 作条件状语。 V-ing 形式作条件状语时，相当于一个条件状语从句。Working harder, you'll be No. 1 in your class. 4. 作让步状语，相当于让步状语从句。Weighing almost two hundred jin, the stone was moved by him alone. 5. 作结果状语。He died, leaving nothing but debts. 6. 作伴随状语或方式状语。He sat by the roadside, begging. （五）现在分词的完成式表示它发生在主句谓语动词表示的动作之前。 Having finished his homework, he left the classroom. （六）现在分词的被动式当句子的主语是动作的承受者时，用V-ing 形式的被动式The factory being built now is a big one. （七）现在分词的否定形式是由“not + 现在分词”构成。 Not having been invited to the party, she had to stay home. 过去分词的用法一．1. 及物动词的过去分词作表语,与句子主语是被动关系,表示主语的状态,既表示被动,又表示完成. (1)_ The cup is broken. 茶杯破了. 2. 不及物动词的过去分词作表语,与句子主语是主动关系,表示主语的状态,只表示动作的完成. (2) He is retired. 他已退休. 3. 有些过去分词作表语时,构成的谓语很接近被动结构. (3)_The city is surrounded on three sides by mountains. 这座城市三面环山. 过去分词作表语【注意】过分词作表语与被动语态的区别:过去分词作表语,主要是表示主语的状态,而被动语态则表示动作. (1) The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday. 茶杯是昨天我小妹打碎的.(是被动语态,表示动作) (2) The library is now closed. 图书馆关门了.(过去分词作表语)