《英语词汇学》练习测试题集及答案

华中师范大学网络教育学院

《词汇学》练习测试题及答案本科

I. Decide whether the statements are true or false and write T (true) or F (false) in the corresponding

brackets. （每题一分）

( ) 1. “All national character” is the most important of all the five characteristics of the basic word stock. ( ) 2. By origin, English words can be classified as “native words” and “loan words”.

( ) 3. The languages (Norwegian, German, Dutch, Danish, Swedish) all belong to

Germanic Family except Norwegian.

( ) 4. Old English vocabulary is full of endings.

( ) 5. Allomorphs are phonological variants which realize morphemes.

( ) 6. Inflectional morphemes are added to the end of words to show grammatical concepts.

( ) 7. The most productive means of word-formation is affixation.

( ) 8. Acronyms are words of initial letters, which are pronounced letter by letter.

( ) 9. Reference refers to the relationship between different languages.

( ) 10. Grammatical meaning refers to the part of the word-meaning which

indicates grammatical concepts.

( ) 11. In the process of “Radiation” the derived meanings of words are not

directly related to the primary meaning.

( ) 12. The diachronic approach to polysemy is to find how a word gradually

acquires its meanings in the process of development.

( ) 13. When a word changes from a specific to a general meaning, it goes

through extension of meaning.

( ) 14. “meat” is an example of narrowing of meaning.

( ) 15. “teacher” and “student” are converses.

( ) 16. A word which has a synonym naturally has an antonym.

( ) 17. Meaning is a relatively stable element in a language compared with

spelling.

( ) 18. The changes of meaning are caused by both linguistic and extra-linguistic

factors.

( ) 19. Extra-linguistic context refers to factors beyond language.

( ) 20. Linguistic context provides clues for guessing meanings of new words.

( ) 21. Idioms are phrases and short sentences the meanings of which are not easy to infer from the constituents in most cases.

( ) 22. Idioms can be classified in different ways but the classification according to grammatical function is the most helpful way.

( ) 23. Commonization involves proper nouns used as common words.

( ) 24. In some pairs of antonyms, the marked terms cover the meaning of the unmarked.

( ) 25. V ariations of idioms are the idioms whose forms are modified.

( ) 26. Non-basic vocabulary includes terminology, Anglo-Saxon words, argot and neologisms.

( ) 27. Aliens, semantic loans, translation-loans and denizens are all borrowings.

( ) 28. The three sources of new words are creation, semantic change and borrowing.

( ) 29. Modern English is considered to be an analytic language.

( ) 30. The minimal free form of a language is a morpheme.

( ) 31. Derivational morphemes are used to form new words.

( ) 32. Compounding involves the combination of affixes and bases.

( ) 33. Partial conversion is a process of using adjectives as ordinary nouns.

( ) 34. Motivation accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.

( ) 35. Associative meaning consists of connotative meaning, stylistic meaning,

affective meaning and emotive meaning.

( ) 36. Polysemy is concerned with words of more than one meaning.

( ) 37. The most important source of English synonyms is shortening.

( ) 38. Associated transfer involves words used in their figurative sense.

( ) 39. Objective meaning shows that the subject (or agent) is the one to be

affected by the action of the verb.

( ) 40. Complementaries are antonyms characterized by “mutual exclusion” and “gradability”.

( ) 41. The superordinate term covers the concept of the subordinate.

( ) 42. Elevation is also known as amelioration.

( ) 43. “villain” is an example of degradation.

( ) 44. Linguistic context refers to the words, clauses, sentences, paragraphs and

even cultural background.

( ) 45. Ambiguity is often caused by inadequate context.

( ) 46. Idioms are generally informal in nature.

( ) 47. Structurally, idioms can never be changed.

( ) 48. The four major foreign contributors to the development of English

vocabulary are Latin, Greek, French and Scandinavian.

( ) 49. Relative synonyms may differ in denotation, connotation and application.

( )50. The contemporary vocabulary expansion of English is mainly by borrowing and affixation. ( ) 51. Old English refers to the language used between 100 and 450.

( ) 52. “Radiation” shows that the derived meanings of a polysemant are not directly r elated to the primary meaning.

( ) 53. The connection between sound and meaning is conventional and arbitrary.

( ) 54. A word which has a synonym naturally has an antonym.

( ) 55. Content words are numerous and more frequently used than functional words on average.

( ) 56. Extra-linguistic context refers to the physical situation or cultural

background.

( ) 57. During the Middle English period, Celtic, Latin and English existed side by

side.

( ) 58. Inadequate context is often the cause of ambiguity.

( ) 59. Compounding is the process of creating new words by combining affixes and bases.

( )60. In some pairs of antonyms, one term may cover the meaning of the other word.

( )61. In a natural language, most words are non-motivated.

( )62. Inflectional affixes are grammatical markers.

( )63. Concept and sense mean the same and thus are interchangeable.

( )64. A form to which an affix of any kind can be added is called a stem.

( )65. Contradictory terms are non-gradable.

( )66. Acronyms are words of initial letters which are pronounced as common

words.

( )67. Grammatical meaning refers to part of speech, tenses of verbs, stylistic

features of words and so on.

( )68. What remains of a word after the removal of all affixes is a stem.

( )69. Affective meaning indicates the attitude of the user, whether positive or

negative.

( )70. The connotative meaning is also known as connotations, which are

generally found in the dictionary.

( )71. Idioms are set phrases whose meaning is often difficult or impossible to infer from the constituent words.

( )72. In modern times, vocabulary develops mainly by means of changing

meanings of old words.

( )73. Most of the newly created words are associated with the change of life style and society.

( )74. Homographs are words identical in form but different in pronunciation.

( ) 75. Homonyms come mainly from borrowing—the most important source.

( ) 76. Middle English lasted for more than four hundred years.

( ) 77. Borrowing has brought most synonyms to the English language.

( ) 78. The characteristics of the basic word stock include all national character,

denizens and productivity.

( ) 79. The superordinate differs from the subordinate in that the former covers the

concept of the latter.

( ) 80. Words of old English were full of endings.

( ) 81. The way to differentiate homonyms from polysemants is mainly to see their

origins as well as sense relatedness.

( ) 82. Modern English is an analytic language.

( ) 83. Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion.

( ) 84. Denizens are words which were borrowed from other languages but later

became assimilated into the English language.

( ) 85. Lexical context refers to the words that appear only before the lexical item

in question.

( ) 86. Generally speaking, native words have a higher frequency of use than loan

words.

( ) 87. Reference refers to the relationship between the linguistic symbols and the

objective world.

( ) 88. Free morphemes are morphemes which alone can be used as words.

( ) 89. Context gives a polysemic word a definite meaning.

( ) 90. Half-converted adjectives are used as common nouns while full-converted

ones still retain adjective features.

( ) 91. Motivation explains why a particular word of a language has a particular

meaning.

( ) 92. By origin English is more closely related to German than to French.

( ) 93. Unlike conceptual meaning, associative meaning is unstable and indeterminate.

( ) 94. Prefixes do not generally change part of speech whereas suffixes do.

( ) 95. In the phrase “the tongues of fire”, the word fire is semantically motivated.

( ) 96. The origins of words are a key factor that distinguishes homonyms from polysemants.

( ) 97. The objective meaning implies that the subject of the sentence is the one affected by the action.

( ) 98. The meaning of a word which is etymologically motivated is closely related to its origin.

( ) 99. The result of the human cognition of the objective world is called concept.

( )100. Borrowing has brought most synonyms to the English language.

( )101. “Radiation” shows that the derived meanings of a polysemant are not directly related to the primary meaning.

( )102. The connection between sound and meaning is conventional and arbitrary.

( )103. A word which has a synonym naturally has an antonym.

( )104. Content words are numerous and more frequently used than functional words on average.

( ) 105. The characteristics of the basic word stock include all national character,

denizens and productivity.

( ) 106. During the Middle English period, Celtic, Latin and English existed side by side.

( ) 107. Inadequate context is often the cause of ambiguity.

( ) 108. The way to differentiate homonyms from polysemants is mainly to see their origins as well as sense relatedness.

( )109. In some pairs of antonyms, one term may cover the meaning of the other word.

( )110. Aliens are words of the native element.

( )111. Denizens are words which were borrowed from other languages but later

became assimilated into the English language.

( )112. Inflectional affixes are grammatical markers.

( )113. Concept and sense mean the same and thus are interchangeable.

( )114. Reference refers to the relationship between the linguistic symbols and the

objective world.

( )115. Contradictory terms are non-gradable.

( )116. Acronyms are words of initial letters which are pronounced as common words.

( )117. Grammatical meaning refers to part of speech, tenses of verbs, stylistic features of words and so on.

( )118. Half-converted adjectives are used as common nouns while full-converted

ones still retain adjective features.

( )119. Affective meaning indicates the attitude of the user, whether positive or negative.

( )120. The connotative meaning is also known as connotations, which are generally found in the dictionary. ( )121. Prefixes do not generally change part of speech whereas suffixes do.

( )122. In modern times, vocabulary develops mainly by means of changing meanings of old words.

( )123. Most of the newly created words are associated with the change of life style and society.

( )124. The objective meaning implies that the subject of the sentence is the one

affected by the action.

一、答案1、T 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. T 6. T 7. T 8. F 9. F 10. T

11. F 12. T 13. T 14. T 15. T 16. F 17. F 18. T 19. T 20. T

21. T 22. T 23. T 24. F 25. T 26. T 27. T 28. T 29. T 30. F

31. T 32. F 33. F 34. T 35. F 36. T 37. F 38. T 39. T 40. F

41. T 42. T 43. T 44. F 45. T 46. T 47. F 48. T 49. T 50. F

51. F 52. F 53. T 54. F 55. F 56. T 57. F 58. T 59. F 60. T

61. T 62. T 63. F 64. T65. T 66. T 67. F 68. F 69. T 70. F

71. T 72. F 73. F 74. T 75. T 76. F 77. T 78. F 79. T 80. T

81. T 82. T 83. T 84. T 85. F 86. T 87. T 88. T 89. T 90. F

91. T 92. T 93. T 94. T 95. T 96. F 97. T 98. T 99. T 100. T

101. F 102. T 103. F 104. F 105. F 106. F 107. T 108. T 109. T 110. F

111. T 112. T 113. F 114. T 115. T 116. T 117. F 118. F

119. T 120. F 121. T 122. F 123. F 124. T

II. Analyze the following words and say how they are formed, and put your answers in the brackets:（每词0.5分）

Example: disobey ( prefixation)

headache (compounding ) newton ( commonization)

expresident (prefixation ) book (v) (conversion )

ID (acronymy ) brunch (blending )

enthuse (backformation ) deadline (compounding )

tick-tuck (duplication ) quake (clipping )

kodak (commonization ) exwife (prefixation )

elbow(v) (conversion ) laser (acronymy )

autocide (blending ) laze (backformation ) historic (suffixation ) bow-wow (duplication ) bike (clipping )

airline ( compounding ) changeable (affixation/suffixation)

postwar (prefixation ) NA TO (acronymy )

bike (clipping ) smog (blending )

donate (backformation ) ampere (proper words )

antinuclear (prefixation ) daydreaming (compounding ) lase (back-formation ) copter (clipping/front clipping) newly-weds (conversion ) cutthroat (compounding ) memorize (affixation/suffixation) botel (blendin ) tantalize (proper names ) VIP (acronymy ) quake (clipping ) defeather (affixation/prefixation)

三、填空答案1．meaning; conventional 2. affixation; compounding; conversion 3. root

4. prefixes; suffixes

5. synonym; relative

6. superordinate; subordinate

7. context; linguistic; extra-linguistic/non-linguistic 8. minimal/smallest; meaning; syntactic

9. Latin; Scandinavian10. stem 11. verbs; adjectives 12. stylistic 13. semantic; related

14. elevation/ amelioration; transfer/transference 15. morphological 16. concept

17．intrinsic/logical meaning arbitrary 18. Latin Greek Scandinavian

19. morpheme prefixes 20. suffixes unmarked 21. marked extension/generalization

22. Anglo-saxon 23、affixation compounding conversion (注：位置可以调换)

24．Latin Greek French (注：位置可以调换)25. derivation affixes

26. superordinate subordinate 27. stable/fixed functional higher

28. intrinsic/logical meaning arbitrary 29. affix 30. extension/generalization

31.. antonyms contrary 32. elevation narrowing/specialization 33. connotative

III. Fill in the blanks according to the coursebook and write your answers on the

corresponding lines. （每空1分）

1. The connection between sound and is arbitrary and .

2. The three major means of word-formation are , and .

3. The form which remains after all affixes are removed is called .

4. generally do not change part of speech whereas do.

5. The words which are fully identical in meaning are called absolute and all the others care called

synonyms.

6. In hyponymy the term which denotes something general is and the term which conveys a specific

meaning is .

7. falls into two kinds, namely context and context.

8. A word is the free form which has a give sound, and

function.

9. The major foreign elements which contribute greatly to English vocabulary are

, Greek, French and .

10. The form which remains after removing an inflectional affix is called .

11. The words which are involved in conversion are nouns, and .

12. The stylistic features of words form their meaning.

13. field refers to a set of words which are semantically .

14. The modes of semantic change in words include extension, narrowing,

, degradation and .

15. motivation refers to the words whose meanings are suggested by their morphological structure.

16. is one of the three kinds of meaning which has nothing to do with

language.

17. There is no ______ relationship between sound and ______ as the connecion between them is ______ and

conventional.

18. The three main foreign languages that have affected the English vocabulary most are ______, ______ and

______.

19. A minimal meaningful unit of a language is ______.

20. Generally speaking, ______ do not change part of speech of the stems but their meaning, whereas ______

do.

21. Among pairs of antonyms, the ______ term covers the meaning of the ______ term.

22. ______ is the change of meaning from specific to general.

23. The major means of word-formation are ______, ______ and ______.

24. The three main foreign languages that have affected the English vocabulary most are ______, ______ and

______.

25. Affixation, also called ______, is the formation of new words by adding ______ to stems.

26. Hyponymy deals with the relation of semantic inclusion. The general term is ______ and the specific terms

are ______.

27. Content words are changing all the time whereas functional words are ______. ______ words enjoy a

______ frequency in use than content words.

28. There is no ______ relationship between sound and ______ as the connection between them is ______ and

conventional.

29. A morpheme attached to a stem or root is ______.

30. ______ is the change of meaning from specific to general.

31. Words which are opposite in meaning are called ______, among which ______ terms are gradable and

allow intermediate members.

32. When a word changes its meaning from negative to positive, it goes through the process ______ and the

opposite process is called ______.

33. The overtones and associations suggested by the conceptual meaning is ____ meaning.

IV选择答案：1. D 2. C 3. A 4. A 5. A 6. C 7. D 8. D 9. A10.B 11. B

12.C 13.C 14.D 15. A16. B 17. C 18.D 19.D 20.D 21. D 22. A 23. B

24. D 25. C 26. D 27. B 28. C 29. D 30.B 31.C 32. A 33. B 34. D

IV. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the brackets. （每题一分）

( )1. Non-basic vocabulary includes __________.

A. argot and jargon

B. archaisms and neologisms

C. technical terms

D. all the above

( )2. Functional words are ________________.

A. adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions

B. adjectives, nouns, articles

C. articles, prepositions, conjunctions

D. verbs, pronouns, prepositions

( )3. ___________ is not a characteristic of basic word stock.

A. Colloquialism

B. All national character

C. Stability

D. Polysemy

( ) 4. Modern English began with the establishment of ________ in England.

A. printing

B. Bourgeois Revolution

C. Industrial Revolution

D. Renaissance Time

( )5. Stylistic meaning refers to the features of __________of words.

A. formality

B. affectiveness

C. appropriateness

D. part of speech

( ) 6. The derivational process, in which an item is converted to a new word class

without the addition of an affix, is called ____________.

A. compounding

B. back-formation

C. functional shift

D. derivation

( )7. Grammatical meaning does not include ________.

A. part of speech

B. plural forms of nouns

C. tenses

D. appropriateness ( )8. English words can be motivated______.

A. phonologically

B. morphologically

C. etymologically

D. all the above ( )9. Stylistic meaning may be defined as the feature of ________ of words.

A. formality

B. affectiveness

C. appropriateness

D. part of speech ( )10. There are two main approaches to the study of English words namely ________.

A. descriptive and prescriptive

B. synchronic and diachronic

C . spoken and written D. competence and performance

( )11. Which of the following is NOT studied in semantics?

A. polysemy

B. language family

C. ambiguity

D. complementaries ( )12. The hyponyms of …vegetable‟ are ________.

A. banana, pear, jam

B. pear, apple, banana

C. cucumber, celery, peas

D. tree, pine, elm

( )13. The discrete units which realize morphemes are known as ________.

A. allomorphs

B. phonemes

C. morphs

D. lexis

( )14. _________ is a word-formation process by which a word is changed from one word-class into another without the change of form.

A. Blending

B. Affixation

C. Back-formation

D. Conversio

( )15. The first monolingual English dictionary was compiled in ________.

A. 1604

B. 1066

C. 1406

D. 1046

( )16. “The birds sing to welcome the smiling year.” Is an example of ________.

A. euphemism

B. synecdoche

C. metonymy

D. metaphor

( )17. “child—parent” are _______ antonyms.

A. root

B. derivative

C. relative

D. complementary

( )18. Th e word “water” is _________ motivated.

A. phonetically

B. semantically

C. morphologically

D. non-

( )19. “Give somebody an inch and he‟ll take a mile” is a _________.

A. sentence idiom

B. proverb

C. clause idiom D .both A and B ( ) 20. Narrowing excludes ________.

A. change from material nouns to common nouns

B. change from common nouns to proper nouns

C. words shortened from phrases to retain the meaning of the whole for economy

D. change from specific meanings to general meanings

( ) 21. According to the idiomaticity of idioms, idioms include ________.

A. true idioms

B. semi-idioms

C. regular combinations

D. all the above

( ) 22. Motel is a/an is ________.

A. blend

B. clipped word

C. initialism

D. acronym ( ) 23. “sow” (to plant seeds on the ground) and “sow” (fully grown female pig )are called ________.

A. Homophones

B. homographs

C. perfect homonyms

D. acronyms ( ) 24. “die” and “pass away” are synonyms. They differ i n ________.

A. connotative meaning

B. emotive meaning

C. stylistic meaning

D. all the above ( ) 25. He‟s nice, but he hasn‟t much brain. _________.

A. Simile

B. metaphor

C. Metonymy

D. synecdoche

( ) 26. Which of the following is not associative meaning?

A. collocative meaning B .stylistic meaning C. affective meaning D. primary meaning ( ) 27. One billion is ________ in British English.

A. 1,000,000,000

B. 1,000,000,000,000

C. 1,000,000

D. 1,000,000,000,000,000

( ) 28. The morpheme “-s” in “desks” is ________ morpheme.

A. derivational

B. free

C. inflectional

D. root

( ) 29. ________ are contrary terms.

A. dead / alive

B. parent / child

C. single / married

D. like / dislike ( ) 30. The first people known to inhabit the British Isles were ________. Their languages were dialects of still another branch of the In-do-European Language Family ________.

A. German / Germanic

B. Celts / Celtic

C. Italian / Italic

D. Sweden / Swedish ( ) 31. The modes of modem English vocabulary grow through three major channels: ________ , semantic change and __________.

A. exchange/lending

B. derivation/borrowing

C. creation/borrowing

D. affixation/creation

( ) 32. Conversion is a method of __________.

A. turning words of one part of speech into those of a different part of speech

B. converting words of one meaning into those of a different meaning

C. deriving words by grammatical means

D. changing words in morphological structure

( ) 33. Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of _________.

A. prefixation

B. suffixation

C. acronymy

D. conversion ( ) 34. The Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English.

_________ of them are still in use today.

A. 85%

B. 56%

C. 72%

D. 75%

V．Match the words in the left column with the words in the right column. （右栏的词每词1分）

(1)

narrowing manuscript

deer

extension poison

governor

elevation vulgar

bonfire

degradation journal

lust

disease

alibi

(2)

narrowing journal

girl

extension villain

marshal

elevation barn

mill

degradation deer

knight

criticize

liquor

(3)

narrowing picture

meat

extension girl

marshal

elevation cunning

bonfire

degradation journal

angel

连线(3)答案

Narrowing: meat, girl, bonfire Extension: picture, journal

Elevation: marshal, angel Degradation: cunning

连线(4)答案

Narrowing: wife, deer Extension: holiday, manuscript

Elevation: minister, governor Degradation: criticize, villain

(4)

narrowing holiday

villain

extension wife

minister

elevation deer

governor

degradation manuscript

criticize

VI. Do the following according to instructions.

A Study the following sentences and explain the contextual clues which help you guess the meaning of the

italicized words, using such terms as definition, example, explanation, synonym, antonym, superordinate, subordinate, relevant details and so on, and put your answers in the brackets. （每题1分）

1. Refugees crossed the border to escape the carnage in their homeland. Many of

them still remembered the horrible slaughter not long ago. ( )

2. I like fruit, but not avocado, which is too soft. ( )

3.Carnivores are very dangerous. A tiger, for example, escaped from the zoo last month and killed a dog in

the street and ate it. ( )

4. Most dentists‟ offices are drab places, but Emilio‟s new office is bright, cheerful.

( )

5. After a day of hunting, John was ravenous. He ate two bowls of soup, salad, a

large chicken, and a piece of chocolate cake before he was finally satisfied. ( )

6. A north-east wind brings cold dry weather to England, but a sou’wester usually

brings rain. （）

7. Some African tribes still practice polyandry, a marriage system which allows a

woman to have more than one husband. ( )

8. Modern technology is a kind of dehumanization of the human society. ( )

A．答案 1. synonym/synonymy 2. subordinate/hyponym

3. example/exemplification/superordinate

4. antonym/antonymy

5. relevant details

6. antonym/antonymy

7. explanation 8. word structure

B Decide whether the words in italics are used in the subjective or objective sense and put your answers

in the corresponding brackets. （每题1分）

1. The policeman was suspicious of the suspicious proof given by the suspect to show that he had nothing to

do with the robbery. ( ) ( )

2. The old man, though poor, is a respectable gentleman in the neighborhood.

( )

3. The earthquake was so dreadful that many people would be afraid even to see the

movie based on it. ( )

4.Fearful TV programs are not suitable to pre-school children.

( )

5. It is very considerate of Mr Li to make that arrangement. ( )

6. The excuse given by the United States of America is really doubtful.

( )

7. The children were fearful of the fearful picture of the monster.

( ) ( )

8. What a pitiful girl! She lost her parents when she was so small.

( )

9. The listeners were doubtful of the witness‟s testimony which sounded very

doubtful.

( ) ( )

10. What a boring man he is! ( )

11. The doubtful teacher listened patiently to the doubtful story told by the student who was late for class.

( ) ( )

12. It is very considerable of you to make such arrangements. ( )

13. The little match girl was really pitiful. She died from cold and hunger on the Christmas Eve.

( )

14. Learning a foreign language is a painful process. No one can expect to learn the language well without

pains. ( )

B. 答案1. subjective; objective 2. objective

3. objective

4. objective

5. subjective

6. objective

7. subjective; objective 8. objective

9. subjective; objective 10. objective

11. subjective, objective 12. subjective

13. objective 14. objective

C. Study the following sentences and explain the contextual clues which help you guess the meaning of the italicized words,

using such terms as definition, example, synonym, relevant details and so on, and put your answers in the brackets.（每题1分）

1.Refugees crossed the border to escape the carnage in their homeland. Many of them still remember the horrible killing not

long ago. ( )

2.Carnivores are very dangerous. A tiger, for example, escaped from the zoo last month and killed a dog in the street and ate

it. ( )

3.The tribal community still practices polygamy, a custom in which someone can be married to more than one person at the

same time. ( )

4.As fighting on all fronts reached its peak, the economy neared its nadir ( ).

5. In spite of the fact that the fishermen were wearing sou’wester, the storm was so heavy that they were wet through.

C. 答案1. synonym/synonymy 2. example/ exemplification

3. definition/explanation

4. antonym/antonymy

5. relevant details

VII. Match the rhetorical devices in Column A with the idioms in Column B and put the letters in the corresponding brackets. （每题1分）

A B

( ) 1. alliteration a. snake in the grass

( ) 2. rhyme b. toss and turn

( ) 3. reiteration c. powder one‟s nose

( ) 4. repetition d. earn one‟s bread

( ) 5. juxtaposition e. wear and tear

( ) 6. metaphor f. up and down

( ) 7. metonymy g. pick and choose

( ) 8. synecdoche h. from cradle to grave

( ) 9. personification i. Failure is the mother of success.

( ) 10. euphemism j. hand in hand

VII连线答案：1. (b) 2. (e) 3. (g) 4. (j) 5. (f) 6. (a) 7. (h) 8. (d) 9. (i) 10. (c)

VIII. Change each of the following into a word, paying attention to part of speech: （每题1分）

1.break record (adj) ( record-breaking)

2、fight with fists (adj) (ist-fighting)

3. walk in one‟s sleep (n) (sleepwalking)

4. a worm which glows (n) (glowworm)

5. draw the bridge (n) (drawbridge)

6. down to the earth (adj) (down-to-earth)

7. sick for missing home (adj) ( homesick)

8. the blood which causes the stain (n) (bloodstain)

9. the part which is bitten by frost (n) (frostbite )

10. shake hands (n) (handshake )

IX. Define the following terms.（每题3分）

1.notional words: Notional words are also called content words which denote clear notions. They include

nouns, most verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals.

2.primary meaning: At the time when the word was created, it was endowed with only one meaning. This first meaning

is the primary meaning .

3.context :In a narrow sense, context refers to the words, clauses, sentences, a paragraph, a whole chapter

and even the entire book in which a word appears. In a broad sense, it includes the physical situation including the people, time, place and even the whole cultural background.

4、marked terms:Many pairs of antonyms contain specific words and general words. In such a pair, the

specific word is included in meaning within the general word. The specific words are called marked terms.

5、transfer :Words which were used to designate one thing but later changed to mean something else have

experienced transfer.

6、ambiguity: If there is more than one meaning for a word used in a context, ambiguity occurs. Ambiguity is mainly

caused by polysemy and homonymy and sometimes it is caused by structure.

X. Questions:

1. What are the major differences between conceptual meaning and associative meaning? (5分) Conceptual meanings are basic, universal and stable whereas associative meanings are secondary, personal, and interdeterminate.

2.Explain the characteristics of idioms with examples. (10分)

Idioms are characterized by semantic unity and structural stability. An idiom consists of at least two words, each of which has its own meaning and part of speech. But in the idiom, the meanings of the constituents are opaque and the whole idiom becomes a semantic unit, which can often be replaced by a single word.

For example, make up one’s mind can be replaced by decide, and kick the bucket by die.

Structures of idioms are stable. 1. The constituents can be replaced, e.g. make up one’ mind but not make up one’s head; 2. The positions of the constituents can be changed, e.g. tit for tat but not tat for tit; 3. The constituents can be deleted or added, e.g. in the dark but not in dark; 4. The constituents can be analyzed, e.g. diamond cut diamond but like cures like and not vice versa.

3.What are the major differences between content words and functional words?

Content words are numerous, changing, and have a lower frequency than functional words whereas functional words are small in number, stable but have a much higher frequency than content words. (5%)

4.Explain the differences of relative synonyms with examples. (10分)

Relative synonyms differ in denotation, connotation and application.

In denotation, synonyms may vary in range of meaning, e.g. wind-breeze, “wind”has a wider range of meaning than “breeze”; synonyms also vary in intensity of meaning, e.g. rich-wealthy, “wealthy”is stronger than “rich”.

In connotation, synonyms differ in stylistic and emotive colouring. For example, begin-commence share the same conceptual meaning, but stylistically “begin”is neutral and “commence”is more formal;

slender-skinny are synonymous, but “slender” is positive and “skinny” is negative.

In application, many synonyms differ in use and collocation, e.g. charge-accuse have the same conceptual meaning, but we say “charge sb with sth”, but “accuse sb of sth”.

5.How can you distinguish synonyms? Illustrate your point with examples. (10分)

We can distinguish synonyms in denotation, connotation and application.

(1) Difference in denotation

1) Synonyms may differ in degree of intensity. For example, small and tiny both mean “small”, but tiny

is stronger than small. The same is true of rich and wealthy. Wealthy is stronger than rich.

2) Synonyms differ in the range of meaning. For example, mend and patch are synonyms, we mend

clothes, a bicycle, TV, wall, etc., but only patch clothes.

(2) Difference in connotation

1) Synonyms differ in style. For example, agree and concur are similar in meaning, but concur is more

formal than agree.

2) Synonyms differ in emotive meaning. For example, famous and notorious have the same conceptual

meaning, but famous is positive while notorious is negative.

(3) Difference in application

1) Synonyms differ in collocation. For example, accuse and charge have the same conceptual meaning,

but we say accuse sb. of but charge sb. with.

2) Synonyms differ in use. For example, start and begin are synonymous, we “the car cannot start” but not “th e car cannot begin” while “the world began” but not “the world cannot start”.

6.Explain the difference between partial conversion and full conversion with examples. (10分)

When adjectives are converted into nouns, some are completely changed, thus known as full conversion, and others are partially changed, thus known as partial conversion. Adjectives which are fully converted can achieve a full noun status, e.g. having all

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7. The guy is running after the girl with a bouquet of flowers.

Study the above sentence and find out any ambiguity in it. What causes the ambiguity? How can you improve the sentence? (10分)

(1) The ambiguity of the sentence is caused by polysemy and structure.

(2) “run after” may mean “go after in order to get the attention of”, or “try to catch”

(3) “with a bouquet of flowers” may be the modifier of “the girl”, or the adverbial of the predicate.

(4) The sentence can be improved as follows.

① The girl holds a bouquet of flowers in her hand. The guy is trying to catch her.

② The guy has flowers in his hands. He is trying to catch her.

③ The girl has a bouquet of flowers in her hands. The guy is courting her.

④ The guy has a bouquet of flowers in his hands. He is courting the girl.

8、What are the differences between true idioms, regular combinations and semi-idioms? (10分)

In true idioms, the meaning of the idiom cannot be deduced from those of the individual constituents. In regular combinations, the meaning of the idiom is understood from the literal meanings of the constituents .In semi-idioms, the meaning of the idiom is in a way related to the meanings of the constituents but not explicit.

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12asterisk,asterism,asteroid,astrodome,astrodynamics,astrograph,astrologer,astrology,astr onautics,astronavigation,astronomer,astronomy: (astr- 星GK) 13atmosphere,atmolysis,atmometer,atmeter,atmoseal,atmospherics:(atmo-气体GK) 14audible,audibility,inaudible,audience,audiology,audio-visual,audiometer,audiophile,aud iophile,audition,auditor,auditorium: (aud- 听L) 15atoalarm,autobiographer,autoboat,autobus,autochrome,autoclave,autocrat,autograph,au toinfection,automate,automatic,automation,automobile,autonomy,autotruck,autotype: (auto- 自己GK) 16barodynamics,barogram,barograph,barometric,barothermograph:(bar-压力GK) 17bathymeter,bathymetric,bathysphere,bathythermograph:(bathy-深海的GK) 18Bible,bibliofilm,bibliography,bibliology,bibliolater,bibliomania,bibliophile,bibliophilis m,bibliopole,bibliotheca,bibliotic,bibliotist: (biblio- 书籍GK) 19bioassay,biocatalyst,biochemistry,biocide,bioclean,bioclimatic,bioclimatolgy,bioelectri city,biology,biogeneses,biogenic,biogeography,biography,biometerology,bionics,bioscope ,biosyntheses,biotic: (bio- 生命GK) 20.Breve,breviary,brevirostrate,brevity,brief,abbreviate,abridge: (bre- 简短L) 用否定前缀in-(及其变体),non-,un-构成下列单词的反义词:mature:im regular:ir considerate:in noble:in contentious:non legitimate:il metal:non passive:im ferrous:non accuracy:in endurable:un variance:in inductive: non legible:il reasonable:un rational:ir scrupulous:un staple: non balance:im legalize:il 写出下列单词中前缀的意义:antecedent: before byproduct: near apocope: off enclose: in endobiotic: inside epitaph: outside expire: out foretell: before hypocrite: beneath include: in infrared: under intercede: between: intramural: within introspect: into outbid: exceeding overwork: beyond postgraduate: after precede: before proceed: forward retrospect:back subscribe: below superman: above supramundane: beyond transmit: across ultraconservatism: extreme 以所列的单词为第一个成分,根据定义写出复合名词 (A)green: 1.a stretch of land,round a town,where building is not allowed,so that fields woods,etc,remain:greenbelt 2.a shop-keeper who sells vegetables and fruit:greengrocer 3.a young,inexperienced person,especially male,who is easily cheated: greenhorn 4.a room in a theatre or concert hall where actors musicians,etc.,can rest when not performing :greenroom (B)hand: 1.a small bag for a woman to carry her money and personal things in: handbag 2.a short book giving all the most important information about a subject: handbook 3.an apparatus that stops a vehicle,worked by the driver’s hand: handbreak 4.a bar of wood or metal fixed beside a place where one walks for holding onto,especially near stairs: handrail (C)after:１.The care or treatment to someone after a period in hospital,prison,etc: aftercare 2.an effect (usually unpleasant) that follows some time after the cause or after the main effect: aftereffect 3.a taste that stays in the mouth after the food that caused it in no longer there : aftertaste 4.an idea that comes later: afterthought (D)sleeping: １a large thick envelope or bag of warm material for sleeping in when camping:sleeping bag ２a railway carriage with beds for passengers:sleeping car ３a pill which helps a person to sleep:sleeping pill ４.a partner in a business who takes no active part in its operation: sleeping partner (E) running :1. a person with whom another is running for a pair of political positions of greater or less importance,especially those of President and vice-Prisident: running mate 2. handwriting in which the letters are slanted and the words formed without lifting the pen : running hand 3.a headline repeated on consecutive pages (as of a book):running head 4.a footboard especially at the side of an automobile: running board (F)wash: 1.a large fixed basin for water for washing one’s hands and face: washbasin 2.a movable board with a wavy surface against which clothes may be rubbed when washing: washboard 3.a woman whose job is to wash clothes,often in her own home:washerwoman 4.a cloth that is used for washing one’s face and body : washcloth (G)sun:1.the condition of having sore skin after experiencing the effects of strong sunlight:sunburn 2a flash of sunlight,especially through a break in clouds: sunburst 3.the time when the sun is seen to disappear as night begins:sunset 4.strong sunlight,as when there are no clouds:sunshine (H)break:1.aa sudden failure in operation:breakdown 2.the unlawful cantering of a building,using force : break-in 3.the action of forcing a way through the enemy: breakthrough 4.a division int smaller parts:breakup (I)out:1.sudden appearance or beginning of something bad:outbreak 2.a public show of anger:outcry 3.money spent for a purpose :outlay 4.a way through which something (usually a liquid or a gas )may go out: outlet 将下列复合动词译成汉语 Blue-pencil:修改,校正cold-shoulder:冷淡 court-martial:对...进行军法审判Handcuff:将...上手铐 pitch-fork:骤然；把...塞进sandbag:用沙袋阻塞 Shipwreck:船只失事short-circuit:使短路 snowball:(滚雪球似的)增长Wisecrack:说俏皮话 找出下列句子中由名词转化的动词(答案为黑体字的原形) 1.A shy,frightened child…”Name the Czar of Russia” 2.At once the villagers formed a circle… 3.Agamermnon with the rest of the Greek army sailed away.. 4.Almost before the Trojans could arm themselves.. 5.I began to see… would expect a large purse stuffed with.. 6.A few years ago the landlady locked the front 7.An upstairs…,questioned the men and … 8.The children headed toward school… 9.Like the…,branching out… 10.An hour went by and darkness still shrouded… 11.They boarded boats 12.The day-to-day…hard to measure, 13.,smog results 14.There are a few success stories in battling air… 15.Pollution can be trapped before 16.If nations traded item 17.She’s the one who’s sapped your confidence. 18.…,fairly well dressed but 19.The young… by pocketing the money. 20.But the preparation … to flake off even… 形容词转动词(答案为黑体字的原形) 1.Calming d own,… 2.Such was Pompeii … has been cleared away. 3.Houses and clothes must be cleaned more frequently 4.…”helped raise the standard of living and lower the standard of air” 5.…There his father opened a business… 6.The Academy of Science was closed to him 7.…to rise are cooled and… 8.He emptied out… 9.…,and it took half an hour to free him 10.The wet clothes will soon dry in the sun. 动词转名词(答案为黑体字的原形) 1.Why is thisenormous increase in population …to the spread of the … 2.…came to the aid of the surgeon… 3.I know my friends from the feel of their faces. 4.…personalities by touch 5.…,between serves 6.…of his slow grins 7.…an appealing look. 8.…has given rise to these… 9.…as if it were a chew of tobacco. 10.…get rid of Rex. 写出下列报刊标题中使用的截短词的全称 https://www.sodocs.net/doc/c119050927.html, auto workers end strike.(automobile) 2.Soviet sub off Japan.(submarine) 3.Palestinian demos mark massacres.(demonstrations) https://www.sodocs.net/doc/c119050927.html,:first use of nuke weapons not unlawful.(nuclear) 5.Viet troops suffer setback in Kampuchea.(Vietnamese) 6.Iran asks for into on stolen gems.(information) 7.Petrochemical Corp builds 42 banks.(corporation) 8.Rural-credit co-ops to get more autonomy.(cooperatives) 9.W Europe acts to meet high-tech challenge.(high-technology) 10.Setback for governing parties in Euro vote.(European) 写出下列首字母拼音词的全称并译成汉语 1.AIM: Air Intercept Missile 空中截击导弹 2.BADGE: Base Air Defence Ground Environment 基地防空地面警备系统 3.BAR: Browning Automatic Rifle 勃朗宁自动步枪 4.CAR: Civil Air Regulations 民航条例 5.CORE: Congress of Racial Equality 争取权平等大会 6.DOP: developing-out paper 相纸 7.FIA T: Fabbrica Italiana Automobili 菲亚特汽车公司 8.MAP: Military Aid Program 军事援助计划 9.MOSS: manned orbital space station 在人轨道空站 10.MOUSE: minimum orbital unmanned satellite the earth 不载人的最小地 球卫星 11.NANA: North America Newspaper Alliance 北美报业联盟 12.NA TO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization 北大西洋公约组织 13.OPEC;Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries石油输出国组织 14.SALT: Strategic Arms Limitation Talks限制战略武器会谈 15.SAM: surface-to-air missile 地对空导弹 16.SEA TO: Southeast Asia Treaty Organizaion 东南亚条约组织 17.SHAPE: Supreme Head quarters of Allied Powers in Europe 欧洲盟军最 高司令部 18.UFO :Unidentified Flying Object 不明飞行物 19.Vera: Vision electronic recording apparatus 电子录像机 20.Zip: Zone improvement plan 邮政编码制度 写出下列复合动词是什么词逆生而来 1.globe-trot:globe-trotter 2..brainwash:brainwashing 3.ghost-write:ghost-writer 4.sleep-walk:sleep-walker 5.spoon-feed:spoon-fed 6.air-condition:air-conditioning 7.book-keep:book-keeper 8.browbeat:browbeating 9..caretake:caretaker 10.gatecrash:gatecrasher 11.housebreak:housebreaker 12.housekeep:housekeeper 13.mass-produce:mass-production 14.muckrake:muckraker 15.proof-read:proof-reading 16.sightsee:sightseeing 17.stage-manage:stage-manager 18.merry-make:merry-making 19.street-walk:street-walker 20.window-shop:window-shopping 下列概念意义可以用什么英语单词确切的表达出来: A.1.to walk laboriously,with effort:pold,trudge 2.to walk like a duck:waddle 3.to walk in a pompous or affected manner:struct 4.to slide and drag the feet:stagger 5.to walk in a loose,ungainly way:slouch 6.to walk with long steps:stride 7.to walk affectedly with short steps:mince 8.to walk slowly,wasting time:dawdle 9.to walk as if wearing slippers:shuffle 10.to walk in a busy,active way:hustle B.1.to speak in a slow,prolonged manner:drawl 2.to make involuntary breaks in utterance:stammer 3.to express displeasure with compressed lips:mutter 4.to talk rapidly,making inarticulate sounds:gabble 5.to pronounce the sibilant letter imperfectly:lisp 6.to have a friendly talk about family things:chat,yarn 7.to spread idle gossipe:tattle 8.to talk on and an about trifling,childish things:prattle 9.to speak with contempt:sneer 10.to speak fanatically:rave 根据下列动物的属性,指出他们的象征意义: 1.ant:frugality and provision 2.ape:uncleanness,malice,lust 3.bat:blindness 4.bear:ill—temper 5.bee:industey 6.bull:strength 7.calf:lumpshness 8.camel:submission 9.cat:deceit 10.cock:vigilance 11.crocodile:hypocrisy 12.crow:longevity 13.dog:fidelity 14.dove:innocence 15.eagle:majesty 16.elephant:sagacity 17fly:feebleness 18.fox:cunning 19goose:conceit 20.hare:timidity 下列名词都来自古英语,写出与下列名词对应的源拉丁语的形容词: 1.brother:fraternal 2.Cat:feline 3.child:puerile 4.daughter:filial 5.day:diurnal 6.dog:canine 7.ear:auricular 8.earth:terrestrial 9.egg:oval 10.eye:ocular 11.father:paternal 12.fire:igneous 13.foe:hostile 14.fox:vulpine 15.friend:amicable 16.hand:manual 17.head:capital 18.heart:cordial 19.heaven:celestial 20.horse:equine 21.husband:marital 22.kidney:renal 23.knight:equestrian 24.life:vital 25.light:lucid 26.lip:labial 27.man:human https://www.sodocs.net/doc/c119050927.html,k:lactic 29.mind:mental 30.moon:lunar 31.mother:maternal 32.mouth:oral https://www.sodocs.net/doc/c119050927.html,:nominal 34.night:nocturnal 35.nose:nasal 36.ox:bovine 37.room:spacious 38.sea:marine 39. sheep:ovine 40.sight:visible 41.skin:cutaneous 42.son:filial 43.spring:vernal 44.stream:fluvial 45.star:stellar 46.sun:solar 47.time:temporal 48.tongue:lingual 49.tooth:dental 50.town:urban 51.tree:arboreal 52.truth:veracious 53.war:bellicose 54.water:aqueous 55.wife:conjugal 56.world:mundane 57.worm:vermicular 58.woman:feminine 59.youth:juvenile 60.book:literaey 选择适当的单词填入句子 1.He waited with( bated) breath. 2.The brother and sister are both (blondes). 3.There is a (break)in the clouds. 4.Her (bridal) grown was trimmed with lace. 5.A (pedal) of the bicycle fell off. 6.Cromwell (reigned) over England like a king. 7.The wreckers began to (raze) the building. 8.Although we watched carefully,the guard remained (stationary) for one hour. 9.Edgar cannot sail until he has a full (complement) of men for his crew,and ….. 10.Eric was a tireless scholar,he would (pore)over his books without a break until…. 将下列各组词分别填入句子 A 1 .John’nature was so (sanguine) that we all felt cheered up…. 2. The battle was so (sanguinary) that hardly a combatant …... B 1. We could not have a worse judge than the one we had,he was completely (uninterested) in the case and ….. 2. We could not have a better judge than Judge Blandford; he was friendly,knowledgeable,and above all completely (disinterested). C 1. Although we played them on even terms for the first half,the second half was a (rout). 2. To get to our cottage you follow (route)…. D 1. The (official) in charge of the game… 2. Time was so (officious)in his new job….. E 1. The dress was made of synthetic ( material). 2. The general needs more troops and (materiel). F 1. The (moral) of the story…. 2. The (morale) of our troops is high. G 1. All men are (fallible). 2.The argument,convincing ……..to be (fallacious). H 1. Some say Shakespeare takes (precedence) over all …. 2. There was no (precedent)for the granting of a …. I 1. John,who was sulle n and (taciturn) by nature,found that …. 2. They arrived at a (tacit) agreement. J 1.The building plans are (impracticable). 2.My husband …..,but he is so (unpractical)that he cannot … 用英语解释下列句子中help 及其派生词的意义 1.If you want to lose some weight,Jim,you must start avoiding second helpings.(second servings) 2.“God help me !”he murmured…..(protest) 3.He gave us a helping hand when we were in trouble.(i.e.he helped us) 4. Yes,I know he’s a rascal,but I can’t help liking him.( i.e.I can’t but like him) 5.Did you have any help from anyone with …..(assistance) 6.Don’t be away longer than you can help.(avoid) 7.I do think you could have been a bit more helpful .(ready or willing to assist) 8.“Help!Help! I’m drowning !”(Save me) 9.I am very sorry but I can’t help it .( i.e.I can’t do otherwise) 10. Can I help you in any way ?(assist you) 11. We are a bit hard up this month,my dear,so don’t spend more than you can help .(avoid) 12. Give me only a very small helping,please.(serving) 13. I’m telling you the truth,so help me God!( i.e.May God punish me if I am not ！) 14.We’re awfully sorry that we were giggling –but we couldn’t help it .( i.e.do anything to stop it ) 15.Would you help me to carry this suitcase,please?(assist) 16.Would you help me to some potatoes,please ?( i.e.serve me with) 17.Your liver is not in a very good condition …….if I could help it .(avoid) 18.Your presence was extremely helpful,…(i.e.it gave great assistance) 19.The helping you gave me would have fed a football team !(serving) 20.The whisky is on the table…Help yourself.( i.e.Take what you want,when you want it ) 写出下列各组同义词的共同基本意义 1Sorrow,grief,anguish …..(distress of mind ) 2Bad,evil,wicked,…(not ethically acceptable ) 3Regard,respect ,esteem …(to recognize the worth of a person or thing ) 4Disprove,refute, confute…(to show or try to show by presenting evidence thar something is not true) 5.Incline,bias,dispose …(to influence one to have or take an attitude toward something ) 6.Level,flat,plane …(having a surface without bends,curves or irregularities ) 7.Generous,liberal,liberate,….(giving freely and unstingily) 8.Free,release,liberate, …(to loose from constraint or restraint ) 9.Frank,candid,open…(show willingness to say what one things or feels) 10Envious,jealous (begrudging another’s possession of something ) 11Assert,declare,affirm,protest …(to state or put forward positively,usually in anticipation of or in the face denial or objection ) 12. Aggressive,militant,assertive…(conspicuously or obtrusively active or energetic ) 13.Agile,polite….(acting or moving with easy alacrity) 14.Civil,polite,gallant …(observant of forms required by good breeding ) 15.V ociferous,clamorous,blatant,…(so loud or insistent as to compel attention) 16.Bear,suffer,endure …(to put up with something trying or painful ) 17.Decrease,lessen,diminish…(to grow or make less ) 18.Heritage,inheritance,patrimony…(something received from a parent or predecessor) 19.Keep retain,detain ..(to hold in one’s possession or under one’s control) 20.Bare,naked nude …(deprived of naturally or conventionally appropriate covering) 指出并改正误用词语 1.The convict paced within the ….(confound) 应改为(confines) 2.I remember the name,but …..(replace )…(recall) 3.His antisocial behaviour results from lack of…..(formidable)… (formative) 4.When I grow up I want to be a…..(pronouncer)…(announcer) 5.He left enough leave-way for ….(leave-way)…(leeway) 6.The flagrance of her….(flagrance)…(fragrance) 7.I found the Oriental dishes….(palpable) …(palatable) 8.The corpse had been so dissected over….(dissected)…(dislocated) 9.The colonel’s appearance was so marital with….(marital )…(martial) 10.Our elementary needs were planned for…..(elementary)..(alimentary) 11.It is hoped that this course will enlarge….(perimeter)…(parameter) 12.If we look long enough in this material we…(statue)…(statute) 13.He desserted his friends just wh en they needed him .(desserted)…(deserted) 14.Kurt had been innocuous against influenza,but he….(innocuous)…(inoculated) 15.Eric was so ingenuous about household….(ingenuous)..(ingenious) 16.The dinosaurs may have been unable to adopt…(adopt)…(adapt) 17.After their brief alteration they shook hands,…(alteration )..(altercation) 18.The game came to a climatic finish with …(climatic)…(climactic) 19.The mountain lions are all extant in the mountains; not….(extant)…(extinct) 20.Mother’s dreams were irreverent to the …(irreverent)..(irrelevant) 用否定前缀写出下列单词的反义词 1arm:disarm 2.honour:dishonor 3.join:disjoin 4.legible:illegible 5.legitimate:illegitimate 6.mature:immature 7.moderate:immoderate 8.fertile:infertile 9.sanitary:insanitary 10.resolute:irresolute 11.reverent:irreverent 12.trust:mistrust 13.fit:misfit 14.understand:misunderstand 15.adjacent:nonadjacent 16.existence:nonexistence 17.alliance:non-alliance 18.conscious:unconscious 19.intelligence:unintelligent 20.symmetrical:unsymmetrical 找出下列各组同义词相应的反义词 A1.fast(slow) 2.rapid(leisurely) 3quick(sluggish) 4.hasty (deliberate) 5.speedy(dilatory) B. 1.beautiful (ugly) 2.pretty (plain) 3.fair (foul) 4.lovely (unlovely) C. https://www.sodocs.net/doc/c119050927.html,e (go) 2.arrive (depart) 3 .reach (leave ) 4 .gain (lose ) D.1.happiness (misery) 2.joy (sorrow) 3.delight(distress) 4.enjoyment (suffering)