考博英语(阅读理解)模拟试卷105.doc

考博英语（阅读理解）模拟试卷105

(总分：34.00，做题时间：90分钟)

一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：4，分数：34.00)

The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike. Progress in both areas is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies, however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that it is, because building new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living. Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recession and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda, Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese counterparts—a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job. More recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English-speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry's work. What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don't force it. After all, that's how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn't have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things. As education improved, humanity's productivity potential increased as well. When the competitive environment pushed our ancestors to achieve that potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn't constrain the ability of the developing world's workforce to substantially improve productivity to the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn't developing more quickly there than it is.（分数：10.00）

(1).The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries______.（分数：2.00）

A.is subject to groundless doubts

B.has fallen victim of bias

C.is conventional downgraded

D.has been overestimated

(2).It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system______.（分数：2.00）

A.challenges economists and politicians

B.takes efforts of generations

C.demands priority from the government

D.requires sufficient labor force

(3).A major difference between the Japanese and U.S. workforces is that______.（分数：2.00）

A.the Japanese workforce is better disciplined

B.the Japanese workforce is more productive

C.the U.S. workforce has a better education

D.the U.S. workforce is more organized

(4).The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged______.（分数：2.00）

A.when people had enough time

B.prior to better ways of finding food

C.when people on longer went hung

D.as a result of pressure on government

(5).According to the last paragraph, development of education______.（分数：2.00）

A.results directly from competitive environments

B.does not depend on economic performance

C.follows improved productivity

D.cannot afford political changes

If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition wealth, distinction, control over one's destiny must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition's behalf. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them. In an odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have give up on ambition as an ideal. What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition—if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents. There is heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped with the educated themselves riding on them. Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. Summer homes, European travel, BMWs. The locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago. What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar. Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional, the proper formulation is, "Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious." The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly underground, or made sly. Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life.（分数：8.00）

(1).It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if______.（分数：2.00）

A.its returns well compensate for the sacrifices

B.it is rewarded with money, fame and power

C.its goals are spiritual rather than material

D.it is shared by the rich and the famous

(2).The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is______.（分数：

2.00）

A.customary of the educated to discard ambition in words

B.too late to check ambition once it has been let out

C.dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goal

D.impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition

(3).Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because______.（分数：2.00）

A.they think of it as immoral

B.their pursuits are not fame or wealth

C.ambition is not closely related to material benefits

D.they do not want to appear greedy and contemptible

(4).From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained______.（分数：2.00）

A.secretly and vigorously

B.openly and enthusiastically

C.easily and momentarily

D.verbally and spiritually

It's a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers' misfortunes. Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn , among other things, that you might — surprise — fall off. The label on a child's Batman cape cautions that the toy "does not enable user to fly". While warnings are often appropriate and necessary —the dangers of drug interactions, for example — and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court. Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn't have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. "We' re really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren't designed to prevent those kinds of injuries," says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete's injury. At the same time, the American Law Institute — a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight — issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. "Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities, " says a law professor at Cornell Law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate demand of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.（分数：8.00）

(1).What were things like in 1980s when accidents happened?（分数：2.00）

A.Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits.

B.Injured customers could expect protection from the legal system.

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/df113977.html,panies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings.

D.Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies promised.

(2).Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to______.（分数：2.00）

A.satisfy customers by writing long warnings on products

B.become honest in describing the inadequacies of their products

C.make the best use of labels to avoid legal liability

D.feel obliged to view customers' safety as their first concern

(3).The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that______.（分数：2.00）

A.some injury claims were no longer supported by law

B.helmets were not designed to prevent injuries

C.product labels would eventually be discarded

D.some sports games might lose popularity with athletes

(4).The author' s attitude towards the issue seems to be______.（分数：2.00）

A.biased

B.indifferent

C.puzzling

D.objective

In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-business sales make sense because business people typically know what product they're looking for. Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. "Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier," says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company's private internet. Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to "pull" customers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to "push" information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. Most notably, the PointCast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers' computer monitors. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company's Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings, or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. That's a prospect that horrifies Net purists. But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, https://www.sodocs.net/doc/df113977.html,, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.（分数：8.00）

(1).We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business______.（分数：2.00）

A.has been striving to expand its market

B.intended to follow a fanciful fashion

C.tried but in vain to control the market

D.has been booming for one year or so

(2).Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, the author implies that______.（分数：2.00）

A.the technology is popular with many Web users

B.businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactions

C.there is a radical change in strategy

D.it is accessible limitedly to established partners

(3).In the view of Net purists,______.（分数：2.00）

A.there should be no marketing messages in online culture

B.money making should be given priority to on the Web

C.the Web should be able to function as the television set

D.there should be no online commercial information without requests

(4).We learn from the last paragraph that______.（分数：2.00）

A.pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerce

B.interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online customers

C.leading companies began to take the online plunge decades ago

D.setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing power

考博英语(阅读理解)-试卷80.doc

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