chapter 1 练习题及答案
ISSUES FOR REVIEW AND DISCUSSION
1.Explain why Strategic Management often is called a “capstone course.”
Answer: Business policy is commonly called a capstone course because students’ major responsibility in this class is to use all knowledge gained in prior courses to chart the future direction of different organizations.
2. What aspect of strategy formulation do you think requires the most time? Why?
Answer: Important aspects of strategy formulation include developing a business mission, performing an external audit, conducting an internal audit, generating alternative strategies, and choosing among alternative strategies. Performing an external audit generally takes the most time. For example, identifying competitors’ strengths and weaknesses is an essential aspect of the external audit. Effective use of the Internet can reduce the time required for performing an external audit.
3. Why is strategy implementation often considered the most difficult stage in
the strategic-management process?
Answer: Strategy implementation is often considered to be the most difficult stage in strategic management because it requires discipline, sacrifice, commitment, and hard work from all employees and managers. It is always more difficult to do something than to say you’re going to do it.
4. Why is it so important to integrate intuition and analysis in strategic management?
Answer: Neither intuition nor analysis alone is sufficient for making good strategic decisions. Intuition, based on one’s past experiences, judgment, and “gut” feelings, does not include the use of analytical strategic-management concepts that have been developed and successfully tested in the business world. To ignore these techniques that are based on historical learning is like trying to reinvent the wheel. However, no analytical tools can capture all aspects of a given organization’s culture and situation.
Nor can analytical tools assimilate all the subjective information that must be considered in strategic management, such as personalities, emotions, values, beliefs, customs, and ethical factors. Thus, it is very important to integrate intuition and analysis in strategic management.
5. Explain the importance of a vision and mission statement.
Answer: Reaching agreement on formal vision and mission statements can greatly facilitate the process of reaching agreement on an organization’s strategies, objectives,
and policies. Organizational success depends on reasonable agreement on these issues, so a clear mission statement is a most important strategic-management tool.
6. Discuss relationships among objectives, strategies, and policies.
Answer: Long-term objectives and strategies are products of strategy formulation.
Short-term (annual) objectives and policies are products of strategy implementation.
Firms should translate long-term objectives into annual objectives. Similarly, strategies should be supported with clear policies.
7. Why do you think some chief executive officers fail to use a
strategic-management approach to decision making?
Answer: Some chief executive officers, strategists, and organizations have been successful, to date, without using strategic-management concepts and techniques.
However, success today is no guarantee for success tomorrow. The business world is becoming global in scope; technology is changing the nature of competition in all industries. Strategic management enables organizations to recognize and adapt to change more readily; successfully adapting to change is the key to survival and prosperity. There is no good alternative approach to strategic management.
8. Discuss the importance of feedback in the strategic-management model.
Answer: Note in the strategic-management model that feedback is critically important.
Changes can occur that impact all strategic-management activities. Feedback allows these changes to be identified and adjustments to be made. Feedback in the strategic-management process promotes the creation of a climate for two-way communication and, thus, allows esprit de corps to be achieved in an organization.
9. How can strategists best ensure that strategies will be effectively implemented?
Answer: Strategists can best assure that strategies formulated will be effectively implemented by involving as many managers as possible in the strategy formulation process. Also, it is important to communicate effectively why changes are needed. 10. Give an example of a recent political development that changed the overall
strategy of an organization.
Answer: Students’ answers will vary. Some possi ble examples might include 1) the recent tariffs placed on steel imported into the US and how that has changed strategy for steel companies both at home and abroad, 2) the change in guidelines and requirements for airport safety and subsequent changes in the strategies of airlines, or 3) the political investigations into the Enron case and potential changes
that may result in major accounting/consulting firms.
11. Who are the major competitors of your college or university? What are their
strengths and weaknesses? How successful are these institutions compared to your college?
Answer: Answers to this question will vary by institution.
12.If you owned a small business, would you develop a code of business conduct? If
yes, what variables would you include? If no, how would you ensure that your employees were following ethical business standards?
Answer: It is advisable for all businesses, large and small, to have a clear code of business ethics. Such codes provide a guideline for appropriate behavior and aid in decision making. Chris MacDonald states these guidelines (available at www.ethicsweb.ca) for developing a code of ethics:
?What will be the purpose of your new code? Is it to regulate behavior? To inspire?
?Different kinds of documents serve different purposes. Is your new document intended to guide people or to set out requirements? Is it really a Code of Ethics that you need? You might consider creating a Statement of Values, a Policy, a Mission Statement, and a Code of Conduct.
? A code of ethics should be tailored to the needs and values of your organization.
?Many ethics codes have two components. First, an aspirational section, often in the preamble, that outlines what the organization aspires to, or the ideals it hopes to live up to. Second, an ethics code will typically list some rules or principles, which members of the organization will be expected to adhere to.
?Will your new ethics document include some sort of enforcement? If so, what kind?
?Often the principles or values listed in an ethics document will be listed in rough order of importance to the organization. The ordering need not be strict, but generally the value or principle listed first will have a natural prominence.
?Think carefully about the process by which you create your new code. Who will be involved? A small working group? Or all the people affected by the code? How will you distill the needs of your organization and the beliefs of your members into a document? The process may matter as much as the final product.
?How will your new code be implemented? How will it be publicized, both inside and outside of your organization? What steps, if any, will be taken to ensure that the values embodied in your code get implemented in organizational policies and practices?
?How/when will your code be reviewed/revised?
13. Would strategic-management concepts and techniques benefit foreign
businesses as much as domestic firms? Justify your answer.
Answer: The answer to this question is yes. Many foreign businesses are using strategic-management concepts and techniques effectively. Students could look in the England-based journal Long Range Planning to read about foreign firms also benefiting from strategic-management ideas. Another good foreign-based business journal that carries strategic-management articles is the Journal of Management Studies.
14. What do you believe are some potential pitfalls or risks in using a
strategic-management approach to decision making?
Answer: There is a risk of too little top management support for the process. There is a risk of too little involvement by line managers and employees. There is a risk that top managers will underestimate the importance of understanding and commitment.
15. In your opinion, what is the single major benefit of using a
strategic-management approach to decision making? Justify your answer.
Answer: The single major benefit is the potential for improved understanding of the business and industry on the part of all managers and employees.
Understanding generally leads to increased commitment, which, in turn, leads to creativity, innovativeness, and overall cooperativeness. The process is more important than the plan. Also, the strategic-management process allows an organization to initiate and influence, rather than just respond and react to its environment. That is, it allows an organization to be proactive, rather than reactive, in controlling its own destiny. Strategic-management concepts provide an objective basis for allocating resources and for reducing internal conflicts that can arise when subjectivity alone is the basis for major decisions.
16. Compare business strategy and military strategy.
Answer: As discussed in the latter part of this chapter, business and military strategy are similar in many respects. Many of the ideas developed in business strategy were first formulated as military strategy. Both military and business organizations have competitors. A fundamental difference between military and business strategy is that business strategy is formulated, implemented, and evaluated with the assumption of competition, while military strategy is based on an assumption of conflict.
17. What do you feel is the relationship between personal ethics and business
ethics? Are they, or should they be, the same?
Answer: Personal ethics is the foundation of business ethics. Business ethics encompass more situations than personal ethics, but a personal ethics doctrine still provides a basis for all business ethics decisions.
18. Why is it important for all business majors to study strategic management, as
most students will never become a chief executive officer or even a top manager in a large company?
Answer: Strategic management takes place at multiple levels within an organization. Although most students may never become the CEO of a corporation, they may become the “branch manager” or department head of a larger firm. In these roles, they may be asked to complete a strategic plan for their branch or department. In addition, employees at all levels are frequently asked to contribute to the development of their firm’s strategic plan. As a result, an understanding of the strategic-management process is important.
19. Explain why consumption patterns are becoming similar worldwide. What
are the strategic implications of this trend?
Answer: As a result of improvements in global communications, consumers across the world are increasingly being exposed to the same advertising, the same cultural events, the same news, and the same forms of entertainment. As a result, the tastes of consumers across the world are converging. This development helps to explain why consumption patterns are becoming similar worldwide.
20. What are the advantages and disadvantages of beginning export operations
in a foreign country?
Answer: The following are the primary advantages and disadvantages of initiating export operations in a foreign country.
Advantages:
?Export operations can absorb excess capacity, reduce unit costs, and spread economic risks over a wider number of markets.
?Firms can gain new customers for their products and services, thus increasing revenues.
?Competitors in foreign markets may not exist, or competition may be less intense than in domestic markets.
Disadvantages:
?Firms confront different and often little understood social, cultural, demographic, and competitive forces when doing business overseas.
?Weaknesses of competitors in foreign lands are often overestimated, and strengths are often underestimated.
?Language, cultural, and value systems differ among countries, and this can create barriers of communication and other problems.
21.Describe the content available on the SMCO (https://www.sodocs.net/doc/e59593726.html,)
website.
Answer: The SMCO website provides links to websites with information useful for case analysis such as corporate websites, business analysis services, news sites, magazines, governmental sites, and financial ratio analyses. It also provides links to job search websites, graduate school websites, and websites related to strategic planning. Several software packages are available for purchase on the site including a template for generating the matrices required for case analyses.
22.List four financial and four non-financial benefits of a firm engaging in
strategic planning.
Answer: Businesses engaging in strategic planning experience the following financial benefits. They show significant improvement in sales, profitability, and productivity compared to firms without strategic planning activities.
Firms using strategic planning generally exhibit superior long-term financial performance relative to their industry and seem to make more informed decisions with good anticipation of both short and long-term consequences.
They are also prepared for fluctuations in their external and internal environments.
In addition to the financial benefits, firms using strategic planning also experience non-financial benefits. These include an enhanced awareness of external threats, an improved understanding of competitors’ strategies, increased employee productivity, reduced resistance to change, and a clearer understanding of performance-reward relationships.
23.Why is it that a firm can sustain a competitive advantage normally for
only a limited period of time?
Answer: A firm can sustain a competitive advantage for only a certain period of time due to rival firms. These competing firms will attempt to imitate the competitive advantage in order to undermine the leader.
24.Why is it not adequate to simply obtain a competitive advantage?
Answer: Because other firms will constantly attempt to undermine firms with competitive advantages and imitate those advantages, organizations must constantly strive to achieve a sustained competitive advantage.
25.How can a firm best achieve a sustained competitive advantage?
Answer: A sustained competitive advantage can best be achieved by 1) continually adapting to changes in external trends and events and internal capabilities, competencies, and resources, and by 2) effectively formulating, implementing, and evaluating strategies that capitalize upon those factors.
https://www.sodocs.net/doc/e59593726.html,pare and contrast ISO 9000, 14000, and 14001.
Answer: ISO 9000 focuses on quality control while ISO 14000 focuses on operating in an environmentally-friendly manner. Both sets of standards were created by the International Organization for Standardization and provide universal guidelines for standardization, but focus on different issues. ISO 9000 provides a framework for quality management throughout the production and distribution of products and services. ISO 14000 is a series of standards in the environmental field. ISO 14001 is part of the 14000 family of standards.
14001 standards offer a universal technical standard for environmental compliance in fields such as environmental auditing, environmental performance evaluation, environmental labeling, and life-cycle assessment.
第一章习题解答
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Chapter One Language 1. Define the following terms 1) discreteness2) design features 3) arbitrariness 4) duality 5) displacement 6) cultural transmission 7) the imaginative function of language8) the personal function of language 9) the heuristic function of language10) language 2. Multiple Choice Directions: In each question there are four choices. Decide which one would be the best answer to the question or to complete the sentence best. 1) Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? A. tree B. crash C. typewriter D. bang 2)The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade” is ________. A. interrogative B. directive C. informative D. performative 3) In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say sui sui ping an (every
9B Unit1单元测试卷含答案
9B Unit1测试卷 姓名班级得分 第I 卷（选择题共60分） 一、听力（共20分） 第一部分听对话回答问题（计10分） 本部分共有10道小题，每小题你将听到一段对话，每段对话听两遍。在听每段对话前，你将有5秒钟的时间阅读题目；听完后，你还有5秒钟的时间选择你认为最合适的备选答案。在听到“嘀”的信号后，进入下一小题。 ( ) 1. What are they talking about? A. B. C. ( ) 2. Which place wo n’t the boy go to today? A. B. C. ( ) 3. What are they talking about? A. B. C. ( ) 4. What is the boy doing? A. B. C.
( ) 5. What does the woman say Mr Zhang can do in France? A.Talk with the local people. B.Learn French. C.Teach French. ( ) 6. Why is Millie going to visit Hutongs in Beijing? A.Because she wants to live in a Hutong. B.Because she wants to learn more about Beijing. C.Because Hutongs are very famous in China. ( ) 7. Why is the woman moving house? A.She needs a quiet place. B.The new house is cheaper. C.She wants to live next to a singer. ( ) 8. What does the man like? A. Thailand. B. Travelling. C. Spending holidays. ( ) 9. What are they talking about? A. Weather. B. Seasons. C. The rain. ( ) 10. Where is George’s company? A. In America. B. In Japan. C. In China. 第二部分听对话和短文回答问题（计10分） 你将听到一段对话和两篇短文，各听两遍。听每段对话或短文前，你将有时间阅读相关小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，每小题你仍有5秒钟时间选择你认为最合适的备选答案。 听一段对话，回答第11–12小题。答题完毕，请等待“嘀”的信号，进入第一篇短文。 ( ) 11. What is the man reading? A. A magazine. B. A Chinese book. C. A newspaper. ( ) 12. Where are they going at the weekend? A. Beijing Theatre. B. Beihai Park. C. Beihai Cinema. 听第一篇短文，回答第13–15小题。请根据短文内容，选择正确答案，完成信息记录表。答题完毕，请等待“嘀”的信号，进入下一篇短文。
新概念同步练习第一册答案详解
大家网新概念英语论坛 https://www.sodocs.net/doc/e59593726.html,/forum-73-1.html 2011新概念英语学习大全 https://www.sodocs.net/doc/e59593726.html,/thread-2408082-1-1.html 2011年最新出炉新概念英语全四册精华资源汇总（不断更新中……） 如何学好新概念英语？？新人必读！！！ 方法类： 《新概念》英语学习方法完全手册-学新概念英语必读 《新概念》英语的学习方法(完整版).doc 课本： 新概念英语 1-4册txt文本打包下载全套 新概念1-4册文本内容TXT 新概念1至4册课文文本（中英文本＋单词） 新概念英语教程完全手册精美电子书 新概念英语教师用书全套程序版 [大家网首发] 新概念英语（1）超级实用口语短句循环朗读速记—适合背诵的好材料[大家网首发]新概念英语学习秘诀：90天背诵新概念最经典课文156篇 课后练习答案及笔记： [大家网首发]外研社全四册新概念英语练习详解电子书下载（新版的详解) 新概念英语教师用书1-4册(pdf)新版 新概念英语1-4册笔记 新东方新概念英语资料： 新东方新概念笔记 自己搜集整理的新东方新概念课堂笔记
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幼儿园课程练习题库参考答案1
华中师范大学网络教育学 《幼儿园课程》练习测试题库及答案 一、单项选择题 （ D ）1.将课程看作是学习者获得的直接经验的学者是。 A.皮亚杰 B.斯宾赛 C.克伯屈 D.杜威 （ A ）2.从计划的维度来定义课程的学者有。 A.塔巴 B.博比特 C.弗洛伊德 D.坎贝尔 （ C ）3. 美国著名教育家杜威将和课程的本质联系起来。 A.学科知识 B.活动过程 C.儿童经验 D.教学计划 （ B ）4. 与课程是学校组织的活动的观念同一渊源的课程观是。 A.学科课程观 B.经验课程观 C.活动课程观 D.目标课程观 （A）5.强调知识学习的课程是。 A.分科课程 B.综合课程 C.核心课程 D.广域课程 （A）6.强调儿童经验的丰富的课程是。 A.分科课程 B.综合课程 C.核心课程 D.广域课程 （ A ）7.强调课程必须适合幼儿的身心特点和发展规律，这是幼儿园课程的。 A.适宜性 B.活动性 C.基础性 D.文化性 （ B）8.幼儿园课程不具有强制性，这是其。 A.游戏性 B.非义务性 C.基础性 D.文化性 （ A ）9.在研究幼儿时将幼儿当做一个人分析他们的生存和发展需要，这种研究角度是。 A.哲学 B.心理学 C.社会学 D.教育学 （ B ）10. 研究他们内在的发展需要，在学习和生活中的兴趣，研究儿童学习能力上的年龄特征，这种研究角度是。
A.哲学 B.心理学 C.社会学 D.教育学 （ D ）11.蒙台梭利的早期教育课程注重儿童的。 A.智力 B.动作 C.艺术 D.感知觉 （ C ）12. 是瑞吉欧教育体系中课程的主要特征。 A.知识学习 B.动作训练 C.方案教学 D.感知觉训练 （ A ）13.我国的幼儿园教育家先生提倡在幼儿园实施“单元教学”。 A.陈鹤琴 B.张雪门 C.张宗麟 D.戴自俺 （ C ）14.美国课程学者认为目标是课程编制的核心，被叫做“行为目标之父”。 A.杜威 B.斯宾赛 C.泰勒 D.坎贝尔 （ C）15. 是指在教育过程中生成的课程目标。 A.总体目标 B.中期目标 C.生成性目标 D.预成性目标 （ B ）16. 是指以适应儿童的心理特点的方式来组织课程内容而形成的内容顺序。 A.逻辑顺序 B.心理顺序 C.内容顺序 D.学科顺序 （ C ）17.幼儿园课程的主要特点是由决定的。 A.文化 B.经济发展 C.幼儿的身心特征 D.环境 （ A ）18. 早期教育方案强调“整个儿童”的培养。 A.认知学派 B.蒙台梭利 C.结构主义 D.班克街（Bank street） （ C ）19. 是瑞吉欧教育体系的倡导者和领导者。 A.杜威 B.蒙台梭利 C.马拉古兹 D.维果斯基 （ B ）20.我国第一个《幼稚园课程标准》的颁布是在年。 .1932 C （C ）21.首先将“学前教学”引进教育学的人是。 A.杜威 B.张雪门 C.乌索娃 D.维果斯基 （ B ）22.英国课程学者提出了课程编制的过程模式。 A.艾宾浩斯 B.特纳 C.斯坦豪斯 D.斯波代克 （ D ）23. 是课程设计者在教育活动开始之前预设的教育目标。
语言学chapter1课后练习答案
Chapter 1 Revision exercises reference 1.How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language? Refer to section1.1.1 Linguistics investigates not any particular language, e.g. English, Chinese, Arabic and Latin, but language in general. Its ultimate goal is to find the rules that govern the structure and use of language that can be applied to all human languages. It is a scientific study because it is based on the systematic investigation of objective linguistic data, not sentence made up by linguists themselves. In their investigation linguistics follow a procedure quite similar to that of natural scientists. First of all they have to observe and collect language facts, i.e. the language people actually use. Based on the data thus obtained, they make some hypotheses about the structure of the language. Then the hypotheses have to be checked again and again against more language data before its validity is fully proved. Only at this stage can the linguists draw a conclusion. From the way the linguists work, we can say their study of language is objective and scientific. 2.What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study? Refer to section1.1.2 The major branches of linguistics include the following: Phonetics: The study of sounds used in linguistics communication. Phonology: The study how sounds are put together and are used to convey meaning in communication. Morphology: The study of how morphemes, i.e. symbols, are arranged and combined to form work. Syntax: The study of rules that govern the grammatical formation of sentences. Semantics: The study of language meaning. Pragmatics: The study of how language is used in actual communication. The study of language can also be combined with other branches of learning of the humanities. These include the following: Sociolinguistics: The study of the social aspects of language and its relation with society. Psycholinguistics: The study of how the mind works when language is used. Applied linguistics: The study of how findings in linguistics studies can be applied to the solution of practical problem, such as the recovery of speech ability and foreign language teaching and learning.
新译林9B英语UNIT 1单元知识点归纳及练习题(含答案)
新译林9B英语UNIT 1单元知识点归纳及练习题 9B UNIT 1 一、词汇大集合 1. It says 上面写着，上面显示 2. eat up 吃光，吃完（use up 用完，用尽）（代词的位置） 3. be well organized 很有条理的 4. keep ……in good order 使……保持井然有序（in order 按顺序） 5. show off 炫耀,卖弄 (show sb around sp 带领某人参观某地 show sb the way to 给某人指到某地的路) \ 6. show no interest in 对……毫不感兴趣 7. repeat grammar rulers for us 为我们重复语法规则 8. come up with （= think of 想出，提出）；追上，赶上 9. be curious about 对…感到好奇 10. get angry easily 容易生气（anger n.） 11. make a good accountant 成为一名优秀的会计 12. neither ……nor ……既不……也不……（就近原则） Neither he nor I am well educated either……or ……或者……或者…… both……and ……两者都连接两个主语时，谓语动词用复数形式 ' 13. He didn’t come here yesterday , neither / nor did I 他昨天没来这儿，我也是 拓展： so, neither 位于分句或句子的开头，这种结构通常表示前面所说的情况也适合于另一个人（或事物），表示“我也这样”之类的概念。 其句型可归纳为：so / neither + be / have / 助动词/ 情态动词+ 主语。如： —I won't do such a thing. 我可不做这样的事。—Neither will he. 他也不会。 —She is interested in the story. 她对这个故事感兴趣。—So am I. 我也是。 温馨提示1：如果第二分句只是重复前句的意思，用来表示赞同时，so 之后的主语和谓语就不能颠倒。如：—It was cold yesterday. 昨天天气很冷。—So it was. 是很冷。 温馨提示2：so, neither 开头的倒装句一定要与上句的时态保持一致。如： —Peter doesn't like swimming. —Neither does Tom. —Peter went to school by bus yesterday. —So did Tom. : 温馨提示3：so, neither 开头的倒装句中的助动词或情态动词要根据人称的变化而变换。如：—Peter doesn't like swimming. —Neither do I. 14. work without speaking all day long 整天工作不说话 15. be happy with = be satisfied with 对……感到满意 16. a born artist 一个天生的艺术家 17. impress the whole country with his creative work 他的富有创造力的作品给全国人民留下深刻的印象 Impress 的用法：
新概念英语第一册1-40练习题及答案
. 新概念英语第一册第二次测试 姓名： 单词填空（1分/题，共10分） 1. handbag （手提包） 2. umbrella （伞） 3. ticket （票） 4. engineer （工程师） 5. catch （抓住） 6. carpet （地毯） 7. assistant （助手） 8. tired （疲乏的）9. kitchen （厨房） 10. along （沿着） 重点交际用语。根据下面的中文提示，写合适的英文。（10分） 1. 问路之前或想从陌生人旁边挤过时说：___Excuse me ___________________! 2. 没听清别人的话，可以说：____Pardon___________? 3. 对别人表示感谢时，可以说：__Thank you ______________________. 4. 犯了错误，可以说：____________________. 5. 你想问你的朋友他的车是什么牌子的，你可以说：_______________________? 6. 想问对方今天身体是否安好，可以问____How are you today_____________? 7. 出于礼貌，你会对问你身体是否安好的朋友，他是否也很好，你可以这样问_____________? 8. 见朋友气色不大好，可以问：___what’s the matter________________________? 9. 想问朋友好点没有，可以问：___________________________? 10. 想提个建议，可以用__________________ 开头。