考博英语(阅读理解)-试卷87.doc

考博英语（阅读理解）-试卷87

(总分：34.00，做题时间：90分钟)

一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：4，分数：34.00)

When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the large animals. They suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived. The large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction. Now something similar could be happening in the oceans. That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass(the amount of living biological matter)of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators(animals that kill and eat other animals)in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then. Dr. Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative. One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved. Today's vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. In the early days, too, longlines would have been more saturated with fish. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer sharks around now. Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the date support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the "shifting baseline". The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to be business.（分数：8.00）

(1).The extinction of large prehistoric animals is noted to suggest that______.（分数：2.00）

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/fd283918.html,rge animal were vulnerable to the changing environment

B.small species survived as large animals disappeared

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/fd283918.html,rge sea animals may face the same threat today

D.Slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones

(2).We can infer form Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm's paper that______.（分数：2.00）

A.the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90%

B.there are only half as many fisheries are there were 15 years ago

C.he catch sizes in new fisheries are only 20% of the original amount

D.the number of larger predators dropped faster in new fisheries than in the old

(3).By saying "these figures are conservative"(paragragh 3), Dr. Worm means that______.（分数：

2.00）

A.fishing technology has improved rapidly

B.the catch-sizes are actually smaller than recorded

C.the marine biomass has suffered a greater loss

D.the data collected so far are out of date

(4).Dr. Myers and other researchers hold that______.（分数：2.00）

A.people should look for a baseline that can't work for a longer time

B.fisheries should keep their yield below 50% of the biomass

C.the ocean biomass should be restored to its original level

D.people should adjust the fishing baseline to the changing situation

When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn't biting her nails just yet. But the

47-year-old manicurist isn't cutting, filling or polishing as many nails as she'd like to, either. Most of her clients spend $ 12 to $ 50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. "I'm a good economic indicator," she says, "I provide a service that people can do without when they're concerned about saving some dollars. " So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard's department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. "I don't know if other clients are going to abandon me, too," she says. Even before Alan Greenspan's admission that America's red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last year's pace. But don't sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy's long-term prospects even as they do some modest belt-tightening. Consumers say they're not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good. Home prices are holding steady in most regions. In Manhattan, "there's a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $ 10 million range, predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses," says broker Barbara Corcoran. In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets. "Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or three," says John Tealdi, a Bay Area real-estate broker. And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a job. Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown. Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates. Employers wouldn't mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market. Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom. Diners might see an upside, too. Getting a table at Manhattan's hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant need to be impossible. Not anymore. For that, Greenspan & Co. may still be worth toasting.（分数：8.00）

(1).How do the public feel about the current economic situation?（分数：2.00）

A.Optimistic.

B.Confused.

C.Carefree.

D.Panicked.

(2).When mentioning "the $4 million to $10 million range"(paragraph 3)the author is talking about______.（分数：2.00）

A.gold market

B.real estate

C.stock exchange

D.venture investment

(3).Why can many people see "silver linings" to the economic showdown?（分数：2.00）

A.They would benefit in certain ways.

B.The stock market shows signs of recovery.

C.Such a slowdown usually precedes a boom.

D.The purchasing power would be enhanced.

(4).To which of the following is the author likely to agree?（分数：2.00）

A.A new boom, on the horizon.

B.Tighten the belt, the single remedy.

C.Caution all right, panic not

D.The more ventures, the more chances.

Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics — the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close. As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless

robo-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy — far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone. But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves — goals that pose a real challenge. "While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error," says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, "we can't yet give a robot enough ' common sense' to reliably interact with a dynamic world. " Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries. What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented — and human perception far more complicated — than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can't approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don't know quite how we do it.（分数：8.00）

(1).Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in______.（分数：2.00）

A.the use of machines to produce science fiction

B.the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry

C.the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work

D.the elite's cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work

(2).The word "gizmos"(paragraph 2)most probably means______.（分数：2.00）

A.programs

B.experts

C.devices

D.creatures

(3).According to the text, what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robot that can______.（分数：2.00）

A.fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery

B.interact with human beings verbally

C.have a little common sense

D.respond independently to a changing world

(4).Besides reducing human labor, robots can also______.（分数：2.00）

A.make a few decisions for themselves

B.deal with some errors with human intervention

C.improve factory environments

D.cultivate human creativity

As researchers learn more about how children's intelligence develops, they are increasingly surprised by the power of parents. The power of the school has been replaced by the home . To begin with, all the factors which are part of intelligence —the child's understanding of language, learning patterns, curiosity — are established well before the child enters school at the age of six. Study after has shown that even after school begins, children's achievements have been far more influenced by parents than by teachers, This is particularly true about leaning that is language-related, The school rather than the home is given credit for variations in achievement in subjects such as science. In view of their power it's sad to see so many parents not making the most of their intelligence. Until recently parents had been by educators who asked them not to educate their children. Many teachers now realize that children cannot be educated only at school and being asked to contribute both before and after the child enters school. Parents have been particularly afraid to teach reading at home. Of course, children shouldn't be pushed to read by their parents, but educators have discovered that reading is best taught individually — and the easiest place to do this is at home. Many four and five-year-olds who have been shown a few letters and taught their sounds will compose single words of their own with them even before they have been taught to read.（分数：10.00）

(1).What have researchers found out about the influence of parents and the school on children's intelligence?（分数：2.00）

填空项1:__________________

(2).What do researchers conclude about children's about children's learning patterns?（分数：2.00）

填空项1:__________________

(3).In which area may school play a more important role?（分数：2.00）

填空项1:__________________

(4).Why did many parents fail to make the most of their children's intelligence?（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________

(5).The author suggests in the last paragraph that parents should be encouraged to 1.（分数：2.00）

填空项1:__________________

考博英语(阅读理解)-试卷80.doc

考博英语（阅读理解）-试卷80 (总分：40.00，做题时间：90分钟) 一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：4，分数：40.00) Too much alcohol dulls your senses, but a study in Japan shows that moderate drinkers have a higher IQ than teetotalers. Researchers at the National Institute for Longevity Sciences in Aichi Prefecture, 250 kilometers west of Tokyo, tested the IQs of 2000 people between the ages of 40 and 79. They found that, on average, men who drank moderately — defined as less than 540 milliliters of sake or wine a day — had an IQ that was 3. 3 points higher that men who did not drink at all. Women drinkers scored 2. 5 points higher than female teetotalers. The type of alcohol didn't influence the results. The volunteers tried a variety of tipples, which ranged from beer and whisky to wine and sake. The researchers are quick to point out that the results do not necessarily show that drinking will make you more intelligent. "It's very difficult to show a cause-effect relationship," says senior researcher Hiroshi Shimokata. "We screened subjects for factors such as income and education, but there may be other factors such as lifestyle and nutritional intake. " Shimokata says that people who drink sake, or Japanese rice wine, tend to eat more raw fish. This could be a factor in enhanced intelligence, as fish often contain essential fatty acids that have been linked to brain development. Similarly, wine drinkers eat a lot of cheese, which is not something Japanese people normally consume or buy. Shimokata says the high fat content of cheese is thought to be good for the brain. If alcoholic drinks are directly influencing IQ, Shimokata believes chemicals such as polyphenols could be the critical factor. They are known to have antioxidant properties and other beneficial effects on ageing bodies, such as dilating constricted coronary arteries. The study is part of a wider research project to find out why brain function deteriorates with age.（分数：10.00） (1).The Japanese study was carried out on______.（分数：2.00） A.the development of IQ B.the secret of longevity C.the brain food in a glass D.the amount of healthy drinking (2).The Japanese researchers found a higher IQ in______.（分数：2.00） A.female teetotalers than in male ones B.female drinkers than in male ones C.moderate drinkers D.teetotalers (3).When he says that it is very difficult to show cause-effect relationship, Shimokata means that______.（分数：2.00） A.the study failed to involve such variables as income and education B.he is doubtful of the findings of the investigation C.there are some other contributing factors D.the results were just misleading (4).From Shimokata's mention of fish and cheese we can infer that in enhancing intelligence______.（分数：2.00） A.sake or wine is a perfect match for fish and cheese B.they promote the drinking effect of sake or wine C.they are not as effective as sake and wine D.sake or wine is not alone (5).Based on the study, Shimokata would say that______.（分数：2.00） A.intelligence improves with age

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