托福写作笔记

独立写作流程：

一、构思（2分钟）想好再动笔
读题（比较关系的词、绝对词）
题型分类，配合解题思路。（拒绝胡思乱想）
文章结构（几段）
论证结构（方法）

开头
主体段落（两种样式）
支持段：
主题句+解释+（例子+细节）+结论
让步段
主题句+（例子+细节）+反驳
结尾

检查2分钟

二、关于独立写作的观点

由于托福作文题目都是可争论性的话题，所以选A选B,同意或者反对都无所谓，只要能自圆其说就可以。观点也不需要思想深度，更不需要创新。
结论：永远写好写的，自己会写的。要告别中式作文。

三、题型分类（二个大类+七个专题）
七个专题是包含在二个大类里的。

四、解题思路

五、文章结构
开头、结尾必须独立成段（一定要有结尾）

全文4段或5段，建议5段，避免用词重复、啰嗦。

字数、时间分配：（400为例）
开头50词 3分钟
中间如果写两段：每段150字，每段10分钟
中间如果写三段：每段100字，每段7分钟
结尾30词 2分钟

审题2分钟
检查2分钟

论证结构
绝对论证：所有的内容指向一个方向

开头A 主体段落A+ A+ A+ 结尾A
主体段落A+ A+
主体段落A+ A+ B-

让步论证：论证内容中出现不利于自己选取的方面
让步论证（一定要写5段）
开头A 主体段落A+ A+ A-/B+（反驳） 结尾A
让步的精髓：让一小步（有点小毛病，但是很好解决的，所以选）

七、开头的写法
开头段写法非常多，可以写的很个性。
开头段总论点必须明确。

必须掌握保底的写法：
1、笼统背景（重要性、影响、潮流趋势）选择哪个，切题（与题干有关系就行）

Importance:
...play a essencial role in...
...be considered to be impoetant means to

Influnce:(时态自己选 have has had )
...have a widespread/positively/negative impact on

Prevalence:
There is a general trend that...

2、论题（同义改写题目放进下面的模板中）
同义词、同根词、全新表达方式改写

However, people have differing opinion about whether...
...is a controversial topic.
...is under fierce discussion.
...remains a heated topic.

3、个人观点

题目：people should not pay for public transpoatation.
看人家怎么不重复。

There is a general trend that the situation of traffic jams and air pollution has been progressively serious. Whether public transportation should be made free is ender fierce discussion. I believe the plan should be implemented.

题目：These people tread their birds,cats,other animals as

pets are an integral part of the modern life. However,people are heving differing opinions about whether it is beneficial to have a close relationship with them.I believe such a relationship brings benefits to

people in various ways despite some potential harms.


八、主体段落的写法

支持段的基本结构：主题句+解释+（例子+细节）+结论

主题句：凡是与主题无关的都叫跑题，要练习，100词能不能说清楚。
段落里面的核心观点、前置与段首、陈述句、宽窄合适。
（不要套模板句子凑字，那叫无效字数，无意义）

例子：首先，看电视能够拓展知识。
其次，自己出去旅游更省钱。

解释：
1.解释的适用范围：
在任何情况下都可以解释，尤其在以下两种情况下，必须用解释。
a. 当主题句抽象难懂知识，用解释的方法使主题句具体化，为举例子打基础。
b.当例子细节难以写出（不好写）。段落展开不够字数时，用解释的方法充字数。
2. 解释的实现方法：
为什么是这样或者为什么要这样

例子：
吸烟有害健康
电影模式化导致电影产业发展缓慢（比较抽象，需要解释）
2009.10.17

To begin with,stereotyped movies will decelerate the rate at which the movie industry develops.It is because there is no innovation in designing the plot.Once the audience can easily guess the ending at the beginning of movies, they will soon find those movies boring. For example, a good-looking hero and an ugly villain, do you think who will marry the elegant princess and who will be put into jail finally in those movies?The answer is quite obvious. In this case, people will be reluctant to buy movie tickets and as a result, the whole movie industry may actually suffer.

例子：家长应该限制小孩看电视
避免离题信息出现的方法：


Among a diversity of TV contents, there are a lot of educative and informative TV programs, such as Discovery, National Geography and Daily News,which mostly are supplement to students' in-class education. Knowledge from educational TV programs also help students do well in examinations.For example, a student who loves watching National Geography may learn the causes of greenhouse effect and global warming in details.I am quite sure that he can easily pass the geography examination and win awards from teachers. In this case, parents should not limit children's time on TV programs which benefit students academically.

举例：真假不所谓，托福作文不考查真实性。
自己和别人，中国与外国。

一例与多例（如果举一个例子不够，相同类型的例子继续举，是扩展字数的好办法）
物（东西）、事（人）、数（根据一个机构调查，得出结论）、例

找素材的方法：维基百科

事例：（用名人还是普通人取决于话题的大小）
由于托福作文的话题较小，所以在事例的应用上我们更倾向于使用普通人。在托福作文中， 涉及到创造力、成功、创新等话题往往多用名人例。

名人例：积累

用于创造力、成功话题的名

人：
亨利福特 史蒂夫乔布斯 沃尔特迪士尼 扎克伯格 比尔盖茨

用于黑人成功话题的名人：用于今昔对比、男女对比。
奥巴马 赖斯

用于女人成功话题的名人：
默克尔 希拉里

生平简介：20词 创造贡献：50-60词 社会评价：20词

普通人：自己编


数例：数例法中所涉及到的调查机构和调查结果都是自己编的。但是，机构和结果之间要有联系。并且，调查结果尤其是数据不要过于夸张。


数例法的一个问题是：字数太少
解决法案：数+物 数+事 物+事

主体段落写法总结：

使段落变长的方法
1 主题句后的解释
2 举一例深入挖掘细节
3 举多例平行给出细节
4 物、事、数例搭配使段落变长
5 以上方法结合起来


例子：是否需要政府解决问题

解释+数例法（2个）+细节+结论
china Economic and Financial Resesrch CENTER()cefrc
Unemployment is sometimes a nation-wide or even world-wide problem.It largely depends on the economic situation and government policies.

According to a report issued by China Economic and Financila Research Center (CEFRC), the rate of unemployment soars from a normal value of 3%to a horrible number, around 10%, when the financial crisis happens.

In this case, government is responsible to carry out effective policies, like to increase government's expenditure, to create more job opportunities in the whole society, and to cut down the negative impact of the economic disorder.

In contrast, a person's individual willingness and ability seems useless and it is barely possible for him to remedy the social disease.



九、结尾
结尾要重述主题。
结尾要重述改写分论点。


政府投资类（资源分配类）3.3
The goverment(university)should spend more money on A than B

解题思路：

支持段1：A的重要性。（所以需要花钱）

支持段2：A的重要性。 （所以需要花钱）

支持段3：A的重要性。（所以需要花钱）
或者让步段：B也需要花钱。+（钱花在了哪里）+但是这些钱可以有其他机构（比如慈善机构，基金会，企业、个人等出）建议写让步段好些。

四、薪水类

出题方式：都是一个主项加小项，搭配出题。主项永远都是高薪低薪，小项高薪离家远，低薪离家近；高薪易失去，假期短，和亲人相处时间短。低薪反之。

解题方法：选高薪。

论证方法：让步论证
Admitedly, 在这里兼谈小项，再把它驳了。

薪水问题的四大常用支持段（作文里选两项就够）

First, money meets basic needs. I would not have to worry about paying rents or mortgages(抵押). I can send my children to expensive private schools. I would not have to worry about medical.
（不要展开吃喝穿住，因为单词太难）

Second, money allows me to purse personal interests. Since I

'm a big fan of luxurious cars, like Mercedes Benz or BMW (Dior, Gucci,Chanel, Louis Vuitton), if I have a high-paying job, I can own all my dream cars. I also like to travel. If I have enough money, I can travel to remote place like Africa, the Arctic(北极) or even the outer space.

Thirdly, money makes it possible for me to help others in need. If my job pays well enough, I will donate part of my income to charity, helping the African kids to combat AIDS or the Cambodians get rid of the deadly landmines.

捐钱（两个方向：教育，硬件和软件。医疗，研究和疾病，癌症和艾滋、埃博拉）

Fourthly, a high salary job receives more respect. People roll out the red carpet for lawyers, medical doctors and business leaders. In contrast, a constrction workers or a supermarket cashier usually does not receive that treatment. It is because these professionals play a tremendous role in the society. Lawyers defend the innocent. (律师为无辜辩护) Medical doctors make the difference between lefe and death. Investment bankers make millions of dollars for their investors.

让步段：
例（高薪假期短，低薪假期长）

Admittedly, a job with more vacations allows us to spend more time on our hobbies, such as painting, shopping and traveling. Usually, a businessman seldom hsa chances to go for a trip due to his workload. It is quite possible that he suffers from much complaint from his wife and children.However, without enough financial supports, we cannot really enjoy our hobbies but become indoors men in contrast.


今昔对比4.2 4.3 4.4和预测类：

今昔对比判断方法：
...than in the past
...than in today

解题方法：一、找原因 二、拆分

找事发原因：a 科技的发展 b 环境的污染或改善
c 观念的扭转（多少个夜晚我难以入睡...） d 社会福利的发展

拆分法： 黑人和女人（希拉里、赖斯）


预测类：

解题方法：

找事发原因：a 科技的发展 b 环境的污染或改善
c 观念的扭转（多少个夜晚我难以入睡...） d 社会福利的发展

题目：In twenty years, there will be fewer cars in use than in today.

科技
Firstly, new transportation vehicles will soon replace cars and change the world significantly. The new
transportation vehicles, using only electricity as energy, are role environmentally friendly than the conventional fuel-powered vehicles. Now, in the suburb of my hometown Beijing, the new electric buses have been put into use. Accordingly, the gas stations will be gradually replaced by the ''electricity stations'', if the electric buses can win supports from public. It is foreseeable that the electric buses become more popular among families. The number of cars will reduce in the coming years.

环境
Secondly, people in increasing numbers are aware of the urgent requirement and then, they might refuse to use cars in dail

y life. The automobile business went through tremendous development over the past century, which has brought convenience to car owners but disasters to our environment. Strong evidence shows that the hole in the Ozone Layer over the Antarctic region has expanded at an alarming rate beyond prediction. Besides, polar glaciers quickly melt down by serious global warming. It is the emission of cars that has been accused of being the prime suspect for these environmental problems.

观念的扭转
Thirdly, people's traditional conceptions of cars will change in the future. In the past, an expensive car, a big house and a large number for savings in the bank used to be a symbol of a successful person. A car owner was more popular among young girls compared with a man who did not afford a car. However, in recent years, whether the man has a car is no longer a key factor when a girl considers her marriage. Girls nowadays pay closer attention to a man's educational background and virtues, so I predict that fewer cars will be bought as a necessity for family life.


七、绝对词类 5.1 5.2 5.4 +（never 的补充范文）

6种绝对词（best, only, most, importsnt, all, every, never.）best only never最常考。

解题思路：承认题设的合理性（去掉绝对词），批驳其绝对性（加上绝对词）。
推荐观点：反对
论证方法：让步

1） best 类
批驳best的方法：
1、指出还有事物比他好，谈不上最好。
2、指出该事物有弊端，谈不上最好。


绝对此类题目的行文框架：
最好的提高教学质量的方法是提高教师的工资。

开头：引言+论题（best）+However,to say that...(best) is an overstatement.

让步段： Admittedly, 提高教师的工资是一种有效的提高教学质量的方法。 （承认题设的合理性，去掉绝对词。）+展开+However, it overstates that...(best).(不用担心房贷了)再驳斥

支持段一：让来时参加培训课可以提高教学质量。

支持段二： 更新教学设备可以提高教学质量。

结尾： In conclusion, to say that... is too exaggerated.

3个句型可以替换（动词、名次。同意替换）
例100页

2) only类
批驳only的方法：1、还有别的事物也符合条件。

3）most important
指出还有更重要的

4）never找出例外见102页（歹徒、紧急情况）

5）every 或者all
找出例外