专业英语

Lesson 1 Fundamentals of Automobile
Today’s average car contains more than 15,000 separate, individual parts that must work together. These parts can be grouped into four major categories: engine, body, chassis and electrical equipment (Fig. 1.1).目前大多数汽车由超过15000个各自独立的零部件组成，这些零部件必须一起配合工作。这些零部件可归为四大类：发动机，车身，底盘和电器设备。
1 Engine
The engine acts as the power unit. The internal combustion engine is most common: this obtains its power by burning a liquid fuel inside the engine cylinder. There are two types of engine: gasoline (also calls a spark-ignition engine) and diesel (also called a compression-ignition engine). 发动机作为动力单元。内燃机是最常见的一种发动机，这种发动机通过在其内的气缸中燃烧液体燃料来获得动力。有两类发动机：汽油机（也叫火花点燃式发动机）和柴油机（也叫压燃式发动机）。
Both engines are called heat engines; the burning fuel generates heat which causes the gas inside the cylinder to increase its pressure and supply power to rotate a shaft connected to the transmission.两种发动机均被称为热机，由燃烧的燃油产生热，引起气缸内气体的压力升高，并输出动力使连接到传动系的轴旋转。
2 Body
An automobile body is a sheet metal shell with windows, doors, a hood, and a trunk deck built into it. 汽车车身是一块金属外壳，其上设计有车窗，车门，车罩和行李舱盖。
It provides a protective covering for the engine, passengers, and cargo. 汽车车身为发动机、乘客和货物提供保护罩。
The body is designed to keep passengers safe and comfortable. The body styling provides an attractive, colorful, modern appearance for the vehicle.车身要设计得保证乘客安全舒适，车身的样式为汽车提供了具有吸引力的，多彩的现代外型。
3 Chassis
The chassis is an assembly of those systems that are major operating parts of a vehicle. The chassis includes the transmission, suspension, steering, and brake systems (Fig. 1.2)底盘是车辆主要操作部件的各系统的总成。底盘包括传动系统、悬架系统、转向系统和制动系统。
3.1 Transmission
The transmission system comprises clutch, gearbox, propellor shaft, rear axle and differential and the driven road whee传动系由离合器，变速器，传动轴，后车轴，差速器和驱动车轮组成。
Clutch The clutch or torque converter has the task of disconnecting and connecting the engine’s power from and to the driving wheels of the vehicle. The action may be manual or automatic.离合器或变矩器具有接合和切断发动机与汽车驱动轮间动力的作用。这个动作可以是手动的也可以是自动的。
Gearbox The main purpose of the gearbox is to provide a selection of gear ratios between the engine and driving wheels,

so that the vehicle can operate satisfactorily under all driving conditions. Gear selection may be done manually by the driver or automatically by a hydraulic system.变速器的主要作用是在发动机与驱动轮间具有一个齿轮比的选择，以便车辆可以在各种运行工况下满意的工作。齿轮比的选择可以通过司机手动操作，也可以通过液压控制系统自动完成
Propellor Shaft The function of the propellor (drive) shaft is to transmit the drive from the gearbox to the input shaft of the rear axle and differential assembly. Flexible joints allow the rear axle and wheels to move up and down without affecting operation.传动轴的作用是把驱动力从变速器传输到后车轴和差速器总成输入轴上。万向节允许后车轴和车轮上下移动，而不影响运行。
Rear Axle and Differential The rear axle and differential unit transmits the engine’s rotational power through 90°from propshaft to axle shaft to road wheel.
transmits…[through (…)]…to… 后轴和差速器装置把发动机的旋转动力，经在传动轴和后轴间转向90°后传递给车轮。
A further function is to allow each driven wheel to turn at a different speed; essential when cornering because the outer wheel must turn further than the inside wheel. 另一个作用是允许每一个从动车轮以一个不同的速度转动；这在转弯时是必不可少的，因为外部车轮必须比内部车轮转得更远一些。
A third function is to introduce another gear ratio for torque multiplication.第三个作用是为了扭矩增加，引进另一个齿轮比。
3.2 Suspension
he axles and wheels are isolated from the chassis by a suspension system. 悬架系统使后轴和车轮与底盘分开。
The basic job of the suspension system is to absorb the shocks caused by irregular road surfaces that would otherwise be transmitted to the vehicle and its occupants, thus helping to keep the vehicle on a controlled and level course, regardless of road conditions. he basic job is to absorb the shocks (caused…that…), thus…
that…为虚拟条件句，作the shocks 的分隔定语,thus…表结果。 keep one’s course: 保持…的方向 悬架系统最基本的工作是吸收不规则路面引起的振动，从而有助于在任何道路状况下将车辆保持在一个受控的水平方向上，否则振动将传至车辆和乘客 。
3.3 Steering
The steering system, under the control of the driver at the steering wheel, provides the means by which the front wheels are directionally turned. 转向系受驾驶员转向盘的控制，提供使汽车前轮转向的方法。
The steering system may be power assisted to reduce the effort required to turn the steering wheel and make the vehicle easier to manoeuvre.为减少使转向盘转向所需要的力量，使汽车更易于操纵，转向系可以是助力转向系统。
3.4 Brakes
The braking system on a vehicle has

three main functions. It must be able to reduce the speed of the vehicle, when necessary; it must be able to stop the car in as short a distance as possible; it must be able to hold the vehicle stationary. 车辆上的制动系有三个主要功能：在必要时，它必须能够降低车辆的速度；它必须能够在尽可能短的距离内使车辆停止；它必须能够保持车辆静止不动。
The braking action is achieved as a result of the friction developed by forcing a stationary surface (the brake lining) into contact with a rotating surface (the drum or disc).制动作用的取得是迫使静止不动的表面（制动衬片）和旋转的表面（鼓或圆盘）接触所产生的摩擦的结果。
Each wheel has a brake assembly, of either the drum type or the disc type, hydraulically operated when the driver applies the foot brake pedal.每一个车轮具有一个鼓式或盘式制动总成，当驾驶员踩下制动踏板时，靠液力产生制动。
4 Electrical Equipment and Instrumentation
The electrical system supplies electricity for the ignition, horn, lights, heater, and starter.电气系统给点火系、喇叭、照明或信号灯、加热器、起动机提供电流。
The electricity level is maintained by a charging circuit. 电流水平由一个充电电路维持。
This circuit consists of a battery, and an alternator (or generator). 该电路由电池，交流发电机（或直流发电机）组成。
The battery stores electricity. The alternator changes the engine’s mechanical energy into electrical energy and recharges the battery.电池用于存储电，交流发电机将发动机的机械能转变为电能，并且对电池再充电。
The motor vehicle incorporates a number of electrical devices that are used for:
Battery charging——alternator and regulator.
Engine purposes——starting and ignition.
Safety and convenience——lighting, horn, wipers, washers etc.
Driver information——instrumentation and warning lamps.
发动机车辆包括许多电气装置，它们的作用是：
蓄电池充电 —交流发电机和调节器
发动机用途 —启动和点火
安全和方便 —照明，喇叭，刮水器，洗涤器等
司机信息 —仪器和信号灯。
Of these devices instrumentation is, perhaps, most influenced by the advance of microelectronics. The basic electromechanical systems of:
Speedometer——for indicating vehicle speed.
Engine oil pressure——warning lamp or gauge to show operating limits.
Engine coolant temperature——warning lamp or gauge to show operating limits.
Battery charging——warning lamp or gauge to indicate satisfactory/unsatisfactory action.
Fuel tank content——gauge to show amount of fuel in the fuel tank.
are giving way to computerized vehicle mana

gement information centres. gauge n.量表，标准尺
在这些设备中，仪表大概是受微电子发展影响最大的，例如如下基本的电机系统正让位于计算机化的车辆管理信息中心。
速度计 —用作指示车辆速度
发动机油压 —信号灯或表用来显示操作极限
发动机冷却液温度 —信号灯或表用来显示操作极限
电池充电 —信号灯或表用来指示满意的/不满意的操作
燃油箱含量 —表用来指示燃油箱内的燃油量。
Lesson 2 Internal Combustion Engine (Part Ⅰ)
1 Principle of Operation
The engine is a self-contained power unit which converts the heat energy of fuel into mechanical energy for moving the vehicle.发动机是一个独立的动力装置，它把燃料燃烧产生的热能转变成机械能，从而推动车辆运行。
Because fuel is burned within, the engine is known as an internal combustion (IC) engine. In the IC engine, an air-fuel mixture is introduced into a closed cylinder where it is compressed and then ignited. introduce：介绍，引荐；引进；输入，传入
由于燃料在发动机气缸内燃烧，因此发动机被称为内部燃烧发动机。在内燃机中，空气和燃油的混合物被引入一个封闭的气缸，在气缸内空气和燃油的混合物先被压缩，然后被点燃。
The burning of the fuel (combustion) causes a rapid rise in cylinder pressure which is converted to useful mechanical energy by the piston and crank-shaft.
燃烧引起气缸内压力迅速上升，而这快速上升的压力，通过活塞和曲轴转化成非常有用的机械能。
The fuel may be ignited either by a spark or by compression giving rise to classifications of spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines.
give rise to：引起，使发生giving rise to: 得到…结果（状语，直译：这样，从而，因此，使）classification：分类，分级，类别
燃油可以由火花或者通过压缩点燃，从而分为火花点燃式和压燃式两种类型的发动机。
An sectional engine view of a typical spark ignition petrol engine is shown in Fig.2.1, detailing the major components.sectional：截面的，剖面的；部分的，局部的detailing：详述，细说component：组成部分，零件，部件 图2.1为典型点燃式汽油发动机的剖面图 ，详细展示了发动机的主要部件。
The four strokes of such an engine are shown in Fig.2.2. 点燃式汽油发动机的4冲程如图2.2所示。
At the beginning of the induction stroke (Fig.2.2a), the inlet valve opens and the piston travels down the cylinder from top dead centre (TDC) to bottom dead centre (BDC).
在进气冲程（图2.2a）开始时，进气门开启，活塞从气缸的上止点下行至下止点。
The partial vacuum created by the moving pisto

n causes the air-fuel mixture to rush in from the inlet manifold and through the open valve, into the cylinder.
partial:部分的,不完全的;不公平的,偏袒的 vacuum:真空,真空度 活塞运动引起的不完全真空使空燃混合气从进气管经进气门冲入到气缸。
The correct air-fuel mixture is provided by the carburetor. 精确的空气燃油混合气是由化油器所提供。
When the piston reaches the end of its stroke the inlet valve closes, sealing the top end of the cylinder as both valves are closed.第一个end:终点，终了； 第二个end:端面，端部 当活塞到达行程终点时，进气门关闭，因两个气门都关闭，气缸顶部被密封。
In Fig.2.2b the piston is moving up the cylinder, compressing the air-fuel mixture between the piston and cylinder head to a very small volume—the compression stroke.
Is moving up the cylinder=is moving up in the cylinder在图2.2b中，活塞在气缸中向上运动，将活塞与气缸顶部间的可燃混合气压缩成很小的体积，这就是压缩冲程。
Just before TDC an electrical spark, generated across the electrodes of the spark plug, ignites the air-fuel mixture.在活塞到达上止点之前，由火花塞电极产生电火花点燃可燃混合气。electrode:电极
For good performance the timing of the spark must be closely controlled.为了得到良好的性能，必须对点火时间进行精确的控制。
As the mixture burns, the hot gas expands causing a rapid and extreme rise in cylinder pressure, to such an extent that the piston is forced down the cylinder and the connecting rod gives the crankshaft a powerful turning effort. This is the combustion stroke, also called the power stroke, shown in Fig.2.2c.Turning effort：翻转力，回转力to such an extent that : 结果，甚至于 随着混合气燃烧，热空气膨胀，气缸压力急剧上升，以致活塞被迫向气缸下方运动，使连杆对曲轴作用一个强大的回转力。这就是燃烧冲程，也称为作功冲程，如图2.2c所示。
Once the mixture has been burned it must be removed from the cylinder as quickly as possible. 一旦混合气被燃烧，它必须尽可能快地从气缸内排出。
In the exhaust stroke (Fig.2.2d) the rising piston pushes the hot gases and combustion products out of the cylinder through the open exhaust valve and exhaust system into the earth’s atmosphere.在排气冲程（图2.2d），上升的活塞将热空气和燃烧产物推出气缸，并通过排气门和排气系统将他们排到大气中去。
This sequence of events is repeated continually, with power delivered to the crankshaft on only one of the four strokes—the combustion stroke. 这一系列的过程不断重复，而动力只在四个冲程中的一个?a?a燃烧冲程中传递给曲轴。
Crankshaft rotation continues through the other strokes due to the kinetic energy of the heavy flywheel which is connected to the crankshaft

.kinetic：运动的 kinetics:运动学 kinetic energy:动能 因为与曲轴相连的较重飞轮的动能，使曲轴能在其他冲程中持续旋转。
Note that the crankshaft rotates through two full revolutions for each four-stroke cycle and a spark occurs only once in the cylinder. revolution：革命，循环，周期 值得注意的是，在每一个4冲程循环中，曲轴旋转两周而气缸只点火一次。
In a multicylinder engine, power strokes of each cylinder are staggered so that power is delivered almost continuously to the crankshaft for a smooth operation.在多气缸发动机中，每个气缸的做功冲程是交替进行的，这样动力就几乎可以持续不断的送给曲轴，使发动机平稳运行。
2 Mixture Supply System
Fuel stored in a large tank, is fed via a pump to the carburetor. via：经过，经由，通道 燃油被储存于一个大油箱中，通过油泵供给化油器。
The carburetor (Fig.2.3) mixes the liquid petrol with filtered air on its way to the cylinders and in the process turns it into a vapor.在过滤过的空气通往气缸的通道上，化油器（图2.3）将它与液态汽油混合，并在此过程中将汽油雾化。
The inlet manifold(Fig.2.4) directs the mixture to the cylinders. 进气歧管（图2.4）把混合气导入气缸。
The ratio of air to fuel in the mixture delivered to the cylinder is controlled by the size and shape of the carburetor bore and venturi, and the size of the fuel metering jets. metering jets：计量，测量；计量器，仪表 送入气缸的混合气的空燃比由化油器孔和喉管的尺寸、形状及燃油的量孔尺寸控制。
The standard manual control for the amount of air and fuel mixture delivered to the engine is the throttle valve, which is controlled by the driver’s depression of the accelerator pedal. accelerator pedal: 加速踏板 用于人工控制发动机可燃混合气量的标准装置是节气门，而节气门受驾驶员踩下加速踏板的量的控制。
The throttle valve is simply a round disc, mounted on a thin pivot shaft so that it can be tilted at different angles under the control of the accelerator pedal.
节气门只是一个圆盘，被装在一个细的枢轴上，这样它就可以在加速踏板的控制下翻转不同的角度.
In the vertical position the throttle valve offers virtually no restriction and the full volume of air and fuel passes to the cylinders to produce maximum engine power. 在垂直的位置时，节气门实际上没有任何限制作用，最大量的可燃混合气进入气缸，发动机产生最大的动力。
As the throttle valve moves towards the horizontal position the airflow is restricted (throttled) and engine power and speed is reduced accordingly. 当节气门向水平位置移动时，气流受到限制，发动机的动力和速度也相应下降。
In normal operation the air-fuel ratio (by mass) varies, typically, in the rang

e12:1 to 17:1.在通常的工况下，空燃比（质量）会发生变化，而典型的变化范围在12：1到17：1之间
Lesson 3 Internal Combustion Engine (Part Ⅱ)
3 Ignition Systems
The basic ignition system of the SI petrol engine is shown in Fig.3.1.
SI: Spark Ignition 点燃式 CI: Compression Ignition 压燃式 火花点火式汽油发动机的基本点火系统如图3.1所示。
The battery provides a low voltage (12V) source of direct current.
12 V = 12 volt volt n.伏特 电池提供一个较低电压（12V）的直流电源。
When the ignition switch is turned on and the contact breaker points are closed (Fig.3.2a) current flows through the primary winding of the ignition coil. This current flow creates a magnetic field in the primary coil.
current = current flow: 电流; flows: 流（动词），flows through; magnetic field:磁场 当点火开关打开，断电器触点闭合时（图3.2a），电流流过点火线圈的低压线圈。这个电流在低压线圈中产生一个磁场。
When the contact breaker points open, interrupting the flow of current (Fig.3.2b) a rapid voltage change is produced across the primary winding and a high voltage (15,000-20,000V) is induced across the secondary winding.
creating… : 表结果 当断电器触点断开，电流被中断（如图3.2b），引起低压线圈中电压的快速变化，并在高压线圈中感应出15000～20000v的高压。
This secondary voltage is high enough to jump the gap of a spark plug, creating a spark between the electrodes with sufficient energy and direction to ignite the air-fuel mixture.高压线圈中的这个电压很高，足以击穿火花塞（两电极之间）的间隙，从而在电极之间产生足够能量和范围的火花点燃可燃混合气。
To assist in the rapid change of primary voltage a capacitor is connected in parallel with the breaker points, which also reduces arcing across the points—extending useful life.in parallel with : 与…平行 arcing : 跳火 arc： 弧线
为了使初级电压的变化更快，断电器触点间并联了一个电容器，这也减弱了触点间跳火，延长了使用寿命。


The high voltage pulses generated across the secondary coil winding must be delivered to the appropriate spark plug at the correct time. The distributor, shown in Fig.3.1, is used for this purpose.在高压线圈中产生的高压电脉冲必须在合适的时刻传送到适当的火花塞。图3.1所示的分电器，就用来完成这项工作。
It contains a rotary switch (rotor) and fixed cap, which connects the secondary pulse to the appropriate spark plug just before the corresponding piston reaches TDC on the compression stroke.
rotary switch: 分火头 fixed cap：固定的分电器盖
分配器包含一个旋转的开关（也叫分火头）和一个固定的分电器盖，它正好在相应的活塞到达压缩行程上止点前将高压

脉冲传送到相对应的火花塞。
The distributor is connected to the coil and spark plugs by high tension plug leads and the distributor shaft controls the opening and closing of the contact breaker points. lead : 导线，引线，连接线 high tension：高压 plug leads：火花塞导线 distributor shaft：分电器轴 分电器通过高压导线与点火线圈和火花塞连接，分电器轴控制断电器触点的断开与闭合。
As the spark (ignition) timing must be related to the position of the piston in the cylinder the distributor shaft rotation must be coupled to the crankshaft.
be coupled to:和...联合， 结合 因为火花的点火正时必须与气缸内活塞的位置相关联，因此分电器轴的转动必须与曲轴相联接。
This coupling is made by mechanical gearing to the camshaft, which is crankshaft driven.
gearing: gear, 齿轮，传动装置；用齿轮连接 这种联接是通过曲轴驱动的凸轮轴的机械传动来完成的。
The camshaft rotates at half the speed of the crankshaft, because only one spark and one valve sequence is required for each two revolutions of the crankshaft.因为曲轴每旋转两圈只需要一次点火和一次气门（开启、关闭）顺序，因此凸轮轴以曲轴一半的速度旋转。
Initial ignition timing is set by positioning number one cylinder piston just before TDC, both valves closed, at the end of the compression stroke. 初始点火正时被设定在第1气缸处于压缩冲程终了，两气门关闭，活塞正好处于上止点之前的时候。
The contact breaker points are then set to just opening with the rotor feeding the number one cylinder plug lead. Prior to this, the gap between the fully open points must be set, to give correct dwell time.
dwell n.（触电）开启时间，机器运转中有规则的小停顿 然后将断电器触点设置为正好在分火头接通第一缸高压导线时断开。在这之前，必须设置好断电器触点完全开启时的触点间隙，以便确定合适的触点开启时间。
When the engine is running, timing of the ignition spark must be controlled so that the complete charge of air-fuel mixture within a cylinder has fully combusted, or ‘burned’ through, at the exact moment the corresponding piston starts to go down the cylinder from TDC on the power stroke; because the full combustion power is then available and maximum useful work is https://www.sodocs.net/doc/0b4377395.html,plete charge of: 全部的，所有的 Timing of ignition spark:点火正时 corresponding:相应的 burned through: 燃烧完全 当发动机旋转时，必须控制点火正时，以便活塞在作功行程的上止点开始向下运动的精确瞬间内使空气—燃油混合气充分燃烧；这样，可以输出最大功率，产生最大有用功。
In this respect the fuel mixture burn time is almost constant but, two factors must be taken into consideration. in this respect: 在这一

方面，从这方面讲 在这个方面，燃油混合气燃烧的时间几乎是不变的，但是两个因素必须被考虑到。
First, the burn-time varies with air-fuel mixture pressure—the higher the pressure, the longer the necessary burn-time. Second, the burn-time is independent of engine speed—the faster the engine speed, the greater the angle through which its crankshaft turns during the burn.第一，燃烧时间随可燃混合气的压力而变化，压力越高，所需的燃烧时间越长。第二，燃烧时间与发动机转速无关，发动机转速越高，燃烧过程中曲轴转过的角度越大。
To ensure the burn is always completed at the correct time-whatever the load condition and engine speed-compensation adjustments must be made to advance timing of the ignition spark with: (1) increasing air-fuel mixture pressure, and; (2) increasing engine speeds. These adjustments are automatically performed in two ways:
compensation:修正 performed: 完成的，实现的 为了确保燃油无论在何种负荷和速度下总在正确的时刻完全燃烧，必须进行修正调整，以使点火正时随着空气—燃油混合气压力和发动机速度的提高而提前。这些调整是通过下面两种方式自动完成的：
?a device known as a vacuum advance senses the pressure of the air-fuel mixture within the inlet manifold and retards the timing as the pressure decreases (i.e. as the ‘vacuum’ increases). As the pressure is related to engine load it can be seen that the ignition timing retards with increasing load.一个称作真空提前的装置检测进气歧管入口的可燃混合气的压力，并当压力减小时(也就是“真空”增加时)而推迟点火正时。由于压力与发动机负荷相关，因此可以看出点火正时随着负荷增加而推迟。
?a device known as a centrifugal advance senses engine speed and advances ignition timing as speed increases.一个被称为离心提前的装置感应着发动机转速，并且随着转速增加点火正时提前。
Ignition timing has significant effects on engine performance. Correct advance of timing provides complete combustion hence high power output and low exhaust emissions. 点火正时对发动机的性能有着重要的影响。正确的正时提前使得燃烧完全，因而得到高的功率输出和低的废气排放。
Too advanced ignition timing, however, results in the combustion pressure opposing the rising piston with a resulting loss of power, high mechanical stress conditions and detonation that causes an audible pinging (knock) sound. 然而，点火正时太提前会导致燃烧压力阻碍上升的活塞，导致功率损失，机械应力提高，并可以听到敲缸声的爆燃。
Retarded ignition timing can result in incomplete combustion, low power output, overheating and increased exhaust emission.延迟的点火定时可能会导致燃烧不完全，功率输出降低，发动机过热，

以及废气排放增加。
To balance out these conflicting features, engines are generally turned to a static ignition timing of about 8 to 10 degrees BTDC, with the automatic advance and retard mechanisms catering for variable conditions.为了平衡这些矛盾，通常将发动机静态点火正时调至大约在上止点前8到10度，通过自动点火提前和延迟装置来满足不同的运行工况（对点火正时的要求）。
4 The Lubrication System
The lubrication system provides a constant flow of filtered oil to all moving parts of the engine. 润滑系将过滤后的润滑油连续不断地提供给发动机的所有运动零部件。
The system consists of an oil pan to store the oil, a pump to circulate it, a filter to remove solid abrasive particles, and an oil gauge or light in the driver’s compartment for checking purposes.系统由储存机油的油底壳、循环润滑油的油泵、去除固体磨削的滤清器和在驾驶室作为观测用的机油表或指示灯构成。
The operation of this system is very important. Failure of the oil supply will ruin the engine in a very few moments.润滑系统的工作非常重要。即使在很短的时间内停止供油也将导致发动机的损坏。
Fluid lubricants keep metallic parts from rubbing. 液体润滑剂使金属部件免于摩擦。
Should rotating or sliding parts be permitted to come into contact with each other, through failure of the oil supply, the resulting friction would cause heat expansion, binding and destruction of the entire engine.与将来事实可能相反的虚拟语气将来式。
Should rotating or sliding parts be permitted to come into contact with each other,…
= If rotating or sliding parts should be permitted to come into contact with each other, …through: 由于 如果允许转动的或滑动的零件由于供油中断而互相接触，则由此而引起的摩擦会导致热膨胀﹑粘结和整个发动机的毁坏。
5 The Cooling System
An internal combustion engine is essentially a heat engine. That is, it derives its power from burning fuel. 内燃机本质上是热机。也就是说，它通过燃烧燃料获得动力。
Unfortunately, not all of this heat can be used, and, if allowed to remain in the engine, it would soon destroy it. it would soon destroy it. 注意两个it分别代表什么。 遗憾的是，并不是所有(燃烧产生)的热量都能够被利用，假如允许热量残留在发动机中，那么这些热量很快就会烧毁发动机。
The temperature of the burning air-fuel mixture is about 4,500℉. Compare this with the boiling point of water, 212℉, and the melting point of iron, 2,500℉.
℉ =Fahrenheit 华氏温度 燃烧着的可燃混合气的温度大约是华氏4500度。将这个温度与水的沸点华氏212度以及铁的熔点华氏2500度比较。
If this unused heat were not removed, the engine would soon melt.假如这些未被利用的热量不被带走的话，

发动机很快就会熔化。
Coolant picks up the excess combustion heat as it is circulated through the block and heads by a centrifugal-type pump, delivered to the radiator where it is cooled, and then returned to the water pump for recirculation. 当冷却剂在离心泵的作用下循环通过缸体和缸盖时，冷却剂将剩余的热量带走并输送到散热器，在散热器中冷却剂被冷却，然后返回到水泵中重复循环。
The system operates under an elevated pressure, about 14 psi, and contains a thermostat to prevent coolant circulation when the engine is cold in order to promote rapid warm-up.
elevated:升高的,提高的 psi=pounds per square inch:磅力每平方英寸 系统在大约14磅力每平方英寸的提升压力下工作，并且系统包含一个节温器，用于发动机处于冷却状态时阻止冷却剂循环，使发动机能快速变暖起来。
A by-pass system provides circulation through the cylinder heads and block while the thermostat is closed to ensure equalized block expansion.
在节温器关闭时，一个旁路系统提供通过缸体和缸盖之间的循环，以保证机体均匀膨胀。
6 Diesel Engine
The diesel engine, although similar to the petrol engine in construction, is normally heavier and used mostly in heavy duty vehicles. 柴油机尽管在结构上与汽油机相似，但通常比汽油机重量要大，而且多用在重型车辆上。
Like the petrol engine it extracts its energy by burning an air-fuel mixture inside cylinder; the pistons, connecting rods and crankshafts are similar and the four-stroke cycle occurs in the same sequence. 像汽油机一样，柴油机也是通过在气缸内燃烧可燃混合气而获得能量；活塞、连杆和曲轴也与汽油机相似，并且四冲程的循环也以相同的顺序进行。
The main differences are in the way in which the air and fuel are introduced into the cylinders and the way in which the air-fuel mixture is ignited.主要是空气和燃油进入气缸的方式和点燃空气—燃油混合气的方式不同。
Air alone enters the cylinder on the induction stroke and is compressed by the upstroke of the piston in the compression stroke, during which time it becomes extremely hot (650℃) and pressurized (3.5MPa).在进气行程，只有空气进入气缸，并在压缩行程中通过活塞上行压缩空气，在此过程中，空气温度高达650度，压力高达3.5Mpa。
Diesel fuel in the form of a spray is injected just before TDC. The fuel is self-ignited by the high temperature of the compressed air and the burning gases expand and force the piston down.雾状的柴油正好在上止点前喷入气缸。燃油便在压缩空气的高温作用下自燃，燃气膨胀推动活塞下行。
The pressure developed by the piston’s compression stroke is greater than in a petrol engine—normally two to three times higher. 压缩行程终了的压力通常要比汽油机中的压力要高2

～3倍。
The combustion process lasts for most of the power stroke and the resulting pressure remain approximately the same throughout the stroke.燃烧过程在作功行程的大部分时间持续进行，由此产生的压力在整个（作功）行程中近似保持不变。
Power and speed output of the diesel engine are controlled by the quantity of fuel injected into the cylinders, as the amount of air that enters the cylinder on each induction stroke is almost constant. 由于每个进气行程进入气缸中空气的量几乎是恒定的，柴油机的动力和速度输出是通过喷入气缸中的燃油的量来控制的。
The fuel is injected through an injector spray nozzle at each cylinder, supplied by a fuel injection pump. injector spray nozzle:喷雾器喷嘴; fuel injection pump:喷油泵 由喷油泵提供的燃油，通过每个气缸上的喷嘴喷入。
The amount of fuel injected into each charge of air is extremely small and each shot of fuel is measured with great accuracy.每份空气中喷入的燃油量都是非常少的，每次燃油喷射都是经过精确计量的。
Lesson 9 The Environment and Automotive Technology
8.Even at these low levels, supply often outstripped demand and many pioneering car producer were forced out of business in the early years of the century, Whereas others were caught out by more efficient competitors, Which began to emerge from about l905 onwards, and left the scene in the years before world war I.out of business 失业
From that moment onwards, Hong Kong returned to the big family of the motherland.
香港从那一时刻起，重新回到了祖国大家庭。即使在这样低的，供应也经常超过需求，许多汽车生产先驱者在这一世纪的早期关闭了企业，而其他的则被效率更高的竞争者合并，这种情况出现于1905年，并持续到第一次世界大战前。
9.Henry Ford's intended market for the Model T was different. With his country origins he aimed his product at the farming communities of rural America, often isolated and yet with the means to pay for his relatively cheap cars.
intend打算之中的,预期的;计划之内的;有意的, 故意的; 未婚的;未来的 produce intended result产生预期的结果 an intended insult蓄意的侮辱 one's intended wife 未婚妻
Henry Ford T型车的目标市场与众不同。由于他出身乡村，他将其产品定位于美国农村的农民社区，他们远离城市但有能力购买相对便宜的汽车。
10.Although car ownership levels still tend to be higher in the rural areas of the industrialized world, the car has become very much a feature of towns and cities, and it is in this setting that most of its problems are created.尽管汽车所有者的水平在工业化世界的农村地区仍较高，但汽车已变成城镇和城市里的常见事物，在这种情况下产生了大多数问题。
11.This led on the one hand to a lowering of the threshold

of automobile ownership and on the other hand allowed owners to use their cars as a trade-in, effectively a down payment on the Purchase of a new cap thus boosting new car demand. Such developments would have a similar effect in post-war Europe.一方面这降低了汽车所有者的进入的门槛，另一方面允许所有者用他们的汽车作折价，有效减少了新车购买时的负担，继而推动对新车的需求。这一发展对战后的欧洲具有同样的效果。
12.It is not until the l950s and l960s, however, that we can really begin to speak of mass motorization, even in the USA, where the trend started earlier.
然而直到20世纪50年代和60年代，我们真正地可以说汽车的大众化，即使是在开始趋势更早些的美国也是如此。
13。Firms such as Alfa Romeo or Panhard, Which pre-war had concentrated on making sports or luxury cars in small volumes, now found themselves with mass production facilities, often left over from war production or built as green-field developments after the war.
象Alfa Romeo或者Panhard这些战前致力于生产小体积运动或豪华型轿车的公司，现在发现它们有大批量生产的设备，这些设备由战时生产遗留或者是战后为民用生产而建。
14。The urban air pollution problems caused by the motor car are attributable directly to our choice of the internal combustion engine as the means of propulsion, Even a century ago some observers recognized the dangers of this.
be attributable to归因于 由机动车引起的城市空气污染问题直接起因于我们选择内燃机作为推进的手段，甚至在一个世纪前就有观察家意识到了这个问题。
15.The vehicle became an icon of the modernist age, the personal consumption embodiment of technological progress, which offered immense improvements in personal mobility.车辆已经变成现代人的一个象征，技术进步上在个人消费上的体现，它使个人机动性得到极大提高。
16.The environmental problems now associated with the motor vehicle are the result of the success of the modernist project to make mass-motorization available, and as such may be considered one of a broader set of contradictions evident in the development of capitalist societies more generally.
与汽车相关的环境问题是现代技术使大量机动化成为可能的结果，因此也被普遍地认为是资本主义社会发展过程中一系列矛盾事件之一。
17.When assessing these problems, the discussion is often carried out within the conceptual framework of city dwellers in the industrialized world， where scale and concentration combine to make the motor vehicle appear without redeeming features.
conceptual framework构思范围, 概念范围, 基本概念 redeeming features可取之处
当评价这些问题，经常限制在工业化国家城市居民观念的分布范围内讨论，因为那里的汽车汽车拥有量和聚集

程度，使汽车似乎没有可取之处。

Lesson 9
The Environment and Automotive Technology
蒸汽汽车的起源通常要追溯到 1669 至 1771 年间，由尼古拉居纽在法国首先发 展建立的快速拖拉机。 然而现代意义上的汽车产生于德国的戴姆勒和迈巴赫及奔 驰研发的质量轻、 行驶快速的内燃机汽车。 这三家汽车厂都是用了由奥特在 1877 年首先的专利。戴姆勒和迈巴赫的第一辆机动化的汽车是一款摩托车，但是很快 积累的汽车车身制造的专门技术和新的自行车工业都被应用于将发动机安装在 底盘上，并且制造了现代汽车的祖先。 在当代汽车是富人昂贵的玩物。 然而很快人们就发先这个新设备能够以可接收 的可靠性行驶很长的距离。 一些早期的汽车比赛对于使持怀疑态度的公众相信新 发明的能力做了很大贡献， 产生了对汽车的潜在需求， 这些是现在才被意识到的。 Henry Ford 经常由于大规模生产和大规模动力化的创造而负债。 他成功的从小
军需工业采取了大规模生产技术。 在限制汽车颜色为黑色和后来采用快干涂料的 条件下，新系统虽然极大地缩短了制造一辆车的时间，但在汽车的基本设计方面 没有变化。大规模生产技术将会快速的被欧洲的一些有远见的企业家采用，比如 法国的 Andre Citroen 和英国的 Austin 和 Morris。 汽车制造的下一场革命来自于美国巴德公司的对于全焊接钢板车身的发展。 在冲压车间生产出用于焊成车身壳体的板材的条件下，汽车的工业化生成为可 能。新的革新还使得整体式结构或无骨架式车身的开发成为可我能，从而在除专 用赛车外的所有小汽车上省去了车架，而这曾是大客车生产年代的传统。 在技术和生产组织上相当引人注目的改变是是车辆的批量生产成为可能。然 而，什么创造了大众市场呢？我们之前讨论的赛车运动中在富豪（出资）帮助下
产生的一个古怪的新发明，为了使它更令人满意和更实用。大多数的赛车运动都 是由媒体赞助并且吸引了很多的关注。即使这样，汽车生产依然是很小的规模。 到了 1906 至 1907 年，几个例子来说，靠近格拉斯哥的一个欧洲的最大的生产商 -亚历山大的阿盖尔郡，在那些年里，它的年生产量总计将近 1000 辆。只有美国 的福特公司生产的多一些，在 1903 年是运送了 1700 辆，1908 年是 10000 这样， 在当时这是一个令人惊愕的数字。 阿盖尔郡汽车生产时根据它第一汽车生产计划 中的一个来制造的，它每年的生产能力是 2500 辆，但是它甚至从来没有打到过 他数量的一半。很多制造商的年产量都是以打作为单位甚至是更小的。即使以这 么低的产量，仍经常供大于求，迫使许多汽车生产先驱者

在本世纪早期关闭了企 业，而其他的则被效率更高的竞争者所合并，这种情况开始于大约 1905 年，并 持续到第一次世界大战前。
The same is true for all the other materials used in a car from bauxite for aluminum to oil and gas for plastics. Fortunately iron, steel and aluminium are easily recycled at the end of a car's life and this eases the environmental burden somewhat.
应用在汽车里的所有其它材料也有同样的问题，从炼铝用的铅土矿到生产塑料用的石油和天然气。幸运的是，汽车寿命周期到头后，铁、钢和铝很容易被回收，这将稍稍减轻环境的负担。
Nevertheless, steel production, aluminum smelting, production of plastics, glass and all the other materials used to make up a car cause pollution to varying degrees and use energy often in the form of fossil fuels.
然而，钢的生产，铝的冶炼，塑料的生产，玻璃和所有用于组成汽车的其它材料，引起不同程度的污染并且经常消耗矿物燃料形式的能源。
One example is the electronics industry which traditionally has used large quantities of CFCs to clean printed circuit boards, many of which find their way into the modern car and truck.
比如：电子工业传统上采用大量的氯碳氟化合物来清洁印刷电路板，它们中的大部分在现代轿车和卡车里使用。
The motor vehicle's primary purpose lies in its use and this is the most important area of environmental impact, however it is the area where car and truck buyers and users have the greatest influence.
汽车的主要作用在于它的使用，这是对环境影响最大的领域。而且这也是轿车或卡车购买者和使用者对环境有巨大影响的一个领域。
As Times points out, it is only because of the volumes produced by the world's car parc, that the remaining 2-3% creates a problem.
正如时代指出的那样，正是由于世界保有汽车产生的废气量很大，因此剩余的2－3%的废气也造成了问题。
With this HC group may be included a whole range of chemicals of varying toxicity, occurring either naturally in oil or used to enhance the properties of the fuel, such as lead, toluene, benzene and various aldehydes.
碳氢族被包含在一系列不同毒性的化合物中，这些化合物由石油自然产生或者用来提高燃料特性，比如铅、甲苯、苯及不同的乙醛。
Diesels are essentially lean-burn and as a result they produce less CO and HC, but relatively more NOx, a product of any combustion involving air.
lean air fuel 稀空燃比
lean burn 稀燃
柴油机基本上是由稀混合气燃烧，结果产生很少的CO和HC，但相对更多的NOx，即任何有空气的燃烧都会有的产品。
Although much of a car can be recycled and is being recycled, the increasing use of usually unrecyclable--plastics is a growing problem, and the dispose of used lubricants, tyres, batteries, etc

, also causes concern.
尽管一部车的大部分能被重复或正在重复利用，但通常不可循环塑料用量的增加是一个越来越严重的问题；而且使用过的润滑材料、旧轮胎、旧蓄电池的处理也引起关注。
With a rapidly rising vehicle parc and an average car life span of around 10 to 12 years, the burden on the existing vehicle-dismantling infrastructure is increasing, and adding to the general waste burden of industrialized societies.
随着车辆停车场的快速增长以及平均车辆寿命周期在10到12年，现存的汽车拆解场的负担逐渐增长，且增加了工业化社会废物处理的负担。
Around 77% consists of metals, which are, on the whole, easily recyclable, albeit with some degradation in quality.
大约77%由金属构成，虽然质量有所降低，但总的来说金属是易于重复利用的
Recycling is particularly attractive in the case of aluminum, because the production of new aluminum from old aluminum uses only 5% of the energy needed to produce aluminum from ore.
铝的回收特别引人注意，因为由旧铝生产新铝耗能仅为矿石炼铝的5%。
In Europe, most new cars are now designed with dismantling in mind and combinations of different plastics are avoided as much as and the number of different types of plastic used within a vehicle is minimized.
在欧洲，大多数新车有意设计成可拆解的且尽量避免不同塑料的结合使用，而且应用在一辆车内的不同类型的塑料尽量少。
Environmental legislation in so far as it affects motor vehicles has been limited to noise, in some cases fuel efficiency and, especially, emissions.
环境立法就它对汽车的影响来说限制了噪声、在某些情况下的燃油效率以及排放。
in so far as至于, 就...
This is the truth in so far as I know it.
就我所知,这是真实情况.
The world's first automotive emissions legislation was enacted in California in l962, with the making of crankcase ventilation devices mandatory on all l964 model year cars, and this was prompted by the severe air quality problems in the Los Angeles basin, some of which was attributed to crankcase 'blow-by’.
伴随着1964年车型必须安装曲轴箱通风装置，世界上第一部汽车排放的法律1962年在加利福尼亚颁布，这由洛杉矶盆地严重的空气质量问题而提出的，而这一问题部分归因于曲轴箱的泄漏。
However such powers were introduced from l965 and by l970 culminated in the federal Clean Air Act Amendments, which provided a full regulatory framework including the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency. Subsequent tightening of emissions standards are essentially amendments or additions to the Clean Air Act.
然而，这种力量从1965年到1970年在联邦“洁净空气行动修正案”中达到极点，它提供了包括创建环保局在内的一个完整的规范框架。排放标准的逐步

严格本质上是对“洁净空气行动”的修正和补充。
Several other countries followed the USA example, most notably Japan, which because of the high population density in urban areas shared some of California's urban air pollution problems.
好几个其它国家，以美国为榜样开始立法，最明显的是在日本，因为其很高的城市人口密度经受了某些类似加利福尼亚的城市污染问题。
These standards were combined in a more comprehensive set of regulations in l973,combined with a new l0-mode test cycle.
与新的10模式试验循环一起，在1973年这些标准被综合到一套更为复杂的法规之中。
Although car ownership levels still tend to be higher in the rural areas of the industrialized world, the car has become very much a feature of towns and cities, and it is in this setting that most of its Problems are created.
尽管汽车所有者的水平在工业化世界的农村地区仍较高，但汽车已变成城镇和城市里的常见事物，在这种情况下产生了大多数问题。
First of all there is the commitment by the Commission of the European Community (CEC) to the introduction of some form of carbon tax in order to combat CO2 emissions and thus global warming.
首先在欧盟委员会的约定中提议征收一定的碳税以便控制CO2排放以及由此引起的全球变暖。
This development has suffered some set-backs, but the commitment remains and a number of individual Member States have put in place specific measures to reach particular standards by a set date, in line with EC agreements.
这一提议已经遇到了一些困难，但决议保留下来，一些单独的成员国已经提出特定的措施在指定的日期实现特定的标准，以与欧盟的协议保持一致。
However ,electric vehicles are no panacea, because their widespread introduction will require changes in transport infrastructure as well as safety legislation, and, at present, electric vehicles lack the performance and range of their internal combustion counterparts.
然而，电动车也并非灵丹妙药，因为它们的广泛使用将会要求改变交通基础设施和安全法律；并且，到目前为止，电动汽车还不具有与之相对应的内燃机所具有的特性和品种。