论文中英文翻译
An Analysis of Cooperative Principles and
Humorous Effects in Friend s
合作原则的分析和在朋友的幽默效应
Humor is a very intriguing and fascinating phenomenon of human society, which is multidimensional, complex and all pervasive. Therefore, many scholars and experts at all times and in all over the world have done profound research on humor.
幽默是人类社会的一个非常有趣和引人入胜的现象，这是多方面的，复杂和无孔不入的。所以，在任何时候，在世界各地的许多学者和专家总是对幽默进行深入的研究。
The significant functions of humor have aroused the interest of many scholars. About 2,000 years ago, people began the research on humor. However, the study of humor is not a simple task for the reason that it is an interdisciplinary science drawing upon a wide range of academic disciplines including biology, psychology, sociology, philosophy, geography, history, linguistics, literature, education, family science, and film studies and so on. Moreover, there are different reasons and purposes for humor. One may wish to be sociable, cope better, seem clever, solve problems, make a critical point, enhance therapy, or express something one could not otherwise express by means of humor.
显著幽默的功能已引起许多学者的兴趣。大约在2000年前，人们对幽默开始研究，然而，这项幽默的研究不是一个简单的任务，理由是它是一个跨学科的科学绘图在各种各样的学科，包括生物学、心理学、社会学、哲学、地理、历史、语言、文学、教育、家庭科学和电影研究等。此外，幽默有不同的原因和目的，人们可能希望有点大男子主义，随机应变，似乎是聪明，解决问题，使一个临界点，加强治疗，或表达的东西不能以其他方式表达幽默的方式。
Within the 20th century, linguistics has developed greatly in almost every area of the discipline from sounds, words and sentences to meaning and texts. Meanwhile, linguistic studies on humor have also extended considerably to social, cultural, and pragmatic concerns. One of the most noticeable achievements in linguistics over the
past few decades is the development of pragmatics. It is not long before scholars apply pragmatics into humor analysis. The purpose of this thesis is to exploit the mechanisms of the generation and perception of humor from the pragmatics perspective. It is carried out with the help of the application of Cooperative Principles and its maxims; Furthermore, the author also wants to probe into the obstacles which prohibit the English learners from understanding and appreciating the humorous utterances in Friends as well as in daily life. Furthermore, the author wants to discuss the possibility and effects of using humor in English teaching classes.
在20世纪，语言学有了很大的发展，几乎在每一个领域学科从声音、单词或句子的意义和文本。与此同时，幽默的语言学研究有了很大的延伸到了社会、文化、务实的问题。其中最显著的成就是在过去的几十年里，在语言学中语用学的发展，这不是很久以前学者使用语用学里幽默的分析报告。本论文的目的是利用从语用学的角度看幽默的产生和感知的机制。它进行的应用程序是在合作原则和它的格言下实施的，此外，作者也想探讨禁止的英语学习者的障碍，理解和欣赏的朋友，以及在日常生活中的幽默话语，而且，作者想讨论用幽默在英语教学中的可能性和影响。
The significance of the study, First of all, for people who are interested in humor and pragmatics or studying this topic, this thesis may be able to help them as a means of reference to study about English humor as well as its relation with the function of speech. Moreover, it is very interesting to study comedy film-sitcom, since it can give different points of view in studying language. What the author means is that mostly people observe the phenomena of language in serious or ordinary situation but in comedic situation, there is a different set of situation where people sometimes may act uncooperatively or impolitely to achieve the humorous scene. This kind of scene may look awkward and unusual, but it can also happen sometimes in real life, whether the people realize it or not. The author also thinks it would be very interesting to know the way in which humor is generated from the linguistic point of view. And the humorous teaching approach would make a contribution to the students of English learning by improving classroom atmosphere, reducing class tension and increasing the rapport between students and teacher.
本研究的意义，首先，有兴趣的幽默和语用学研究这个主题的人，这篇论文可能是作为参考研究对英语幽默的关系以及与语音功能的一种手段，能够帮助他们。再者，研究喜剧电影是非常有趣的，因为在学习语言中它可以有不同的观点，作者的意思，在喜剧的情况下，大部分人观察语言现象严重或普通，有一组不同的情况下，人们有时可能会采取不合礼或不礼貌的对待，以达到幽默的效果。这样的情景可能会显得尴尬和不寻常，但它也可以发生，在现实生活中的人是否意识到这一点，作者也想知道从语言学的角度来看，幽默产生的方式，这将是非常有趣，幽默的教学方式，英语学习的学生，通过改善课堂的气氛，减少课堂的紧张，增加学生和老师之间的关系做出了贡献。
An introduction of Friends and humor
介绍朋友和幽默
A.A brief introduction to Friends
简要介绍朋友
Friend is a world famous American sitcom telling of the stories of six good friends and their respective private lives. The story takes place in Manhattan, New York. It presents most aspects of American society, for example, morality, social values, family values, sex values, religion, government, institution, education, occupation, etc. and introduces people of all walks to the audiences, from cooks to professors, from blue collars to white collars. And the most important feature for the sitcom is its humorous dialogues among the characters. The sitcom Friends has six protagonists who recur in the sitcom all the way. What follows is a general introduction to them with the purpose to do better analysis on the humor in the sitcom.
朋友是世界著名美国情景剧讲述的六个好朋友和他们各自的私生活的故事。这个故事发生在纽约曼哈顿，它提出了美国社会的许多方面，例如，道德观，社会价值观，家庭观念，性价值观，宗教，政府，机构，教育，职业等等和向观众介绍了各界人士，从厨师到教授，从蓝领到白领阶层，最重要的特点是它的幽默情景喜剧人物之间的对话，情景喜剧朋友有六个主要人物重现情景喜剧的方式，以下是一般介绍他们的目的，做更好的分析情景喜剧中的幽默。
Rachel Green, she runs away half an hour before her wedding and goes to Monica for shelter after the run away. Monica is her best friend in high school and Monica?s brother has one-sided love for Rachel for many years. Besides, their families are old family friends .In order to be independent from her family, Rachel gets her first job as a waitress at the cafénamed Central Perk ,which they visit frequently .Later Rachel gets the appropriate job for her as an assistant buyer at Bloomingdale?s and Ralph Lauren for she has an exquisite taste for fashion. Rachel?s sense of humor has a childish flavor and that makes her very lovely.
瑞秋·格林，她的婚礼前，她跑了一个半小时，莫妮卡住所后离家出走，莫妮卡是她高中最好的朋友，莫妮卡的哥哥单恋瑞秋多年，此外，他们的家庭是世交，为了从她的家庭独立，瑞秋找到了她的第一份工作，在一个名叫Central Perk的咖啡厅里做服务员，他们经常见面，之后瑞秋得到了一份适合的工作，在布鲁明戴尔做采购助理，拉尔夫·劳伦觉得她有精致时尚的感觉，瑞秋的幽默感有一种天真的感觉，这使她显得很可爱。
Monica Geller, Ross…s younger sister, is a chef in the sitcom, who is often contrasted with his anthropologist brother by her boastful and overcritical parents. She is obese in her childhood and youth hood, which becomes the target of jokes to her friends. She always strives for perfection in everything ranging from house-cleaning, food-cooking to wedding arrangement. So her sense of humor has a bit flavor of crankiness.
莫妮卡盖勒，罗斯的妹妹，在情景剧中是一名厨师，她经常被她的傲慢及苛求的父母和她的人类学家哥哥作对比，在童年和少年的时期她的肥胖成为她朋友的开玩笑的目标，她总是精益求精，从房子的清洁，食物烹饪婚礼的安排。所以，她的幽默感有点偏执的感觉。
Phoebe Buffay is a masseuse and an amateur in music and the lyrics she writes have always been performed in the same melody. Usually Phoebe?s behavior is a little bit eccentric and weird. But in my opinion, she is the most strong-willed and optimistic figure in this sitcom. She has a bitter childhood as her parents divorced when she was very young and she has to make a living by herself at the age of 14 In this situation, she doesn?t lose her passion for life, her goodness and her sense of humor, which is commendable and estimable.
菲比布菲是一个按摩师，在作曲和作词方面是业余的爱好者，她一直在同样的旋律上创作，在我看来，菲比的行为有一些古怪，在情景剧中，她是最坚强和乐观的人物，她有一个苦涩的童年，当她还小的时候她的父母就离异了，在14岁的时候就靠她自己生活，她并没有失去对生活的热爱，她的善良，他的幽默感，这是值得赞扬和难得的。
Joey Tribbiani at first a minor actor and later becomes a famous one for his role in the sitcom Days of our Lives as Dr. Drake Ramoray. Moreover, he is a playboy with many girlfriends and a food lover. His sense of humor goes to the category of innocence and naiveté.
Joey Tribbiani最初是一个小演员，后来在生活情景剧中成为有名的博士德雷克，此外，他是一个花花公子，有许多的女朋友，是位美食爱好者，他的幽默感表现在天真和幼稚里。
Chandler Bing is an expert in data analysis for a large multi-national corporation. He has incurable mental hurt because of his parents divorce and so his sense of humor is very sarcastic and ironic.
钱德勒兵在大型的合资企业是数据分析专家，因为他父母的离异给他造成了严重的伤害，所以他的幽默感是非常讽刺的。
Ross Geller, Monica?s elder brother, is an anthropologist who first works at a museum of prehistoric history and then a professor at New York University. At the very beginning of this sitcom he divorces with his lesbian wife and he is loyal to his love for Rachel. Generally speaking, his sense of humor is pedantic and scholastic.
罗斯·盖勒，莫妮卡的哥哥，是位人类学家，第一份工作是在纽约大学史前史博物馆教授，这个情景喜剧开始的时候，他与他的同性恋妻子离婚，他是忠于瑞秋的。一般来讲，他的幽默感是迂腐和学术的。
As a result, the American sitcom Friends embodies ample and miscellaneous humorous utterances which provide authentic material for us on humor research. In the following the author will take a lot of the examples selected for Friends to make a research on humor from the angle of pragmatics.
B.A brief introduction to humor
In Oxford Advanced Learner?s English-Chinese Dictionary, the notion of humor is the quality in something that makes it funny or amusing; or the ability to laugh at things that are amusing. Humor1 is a central part of all cultures, languages, idiolects, and most registers of speech. And not only is humor a pervasive phenomenon
fulfilling vital roles in all kinds of human communication, it also forms a quantitatively relevant part of it. This centrality of humor, both as a means and as an end of human interchange, is widely accepted.
Humor is almost everywhere. We can find humor in our conversations, in the movies, on televisions, in books, newspapers and magazines, on the radios, etc. There is nowhere that has not been filled with humor and there is no field, whether it is sex, marriage, politics, religion, work, and family---any field you name it---that has not been ridiculed as humorous expressions. Few words may have as many positive and pleasant connotations as the word …humor? does. Humor carries with it connotations like light-hearted, amusing, optimistic, enjoyable, relieving, intelligent, witty and funny, to list only a few. Correspondingly, a sense of humor is a highly desirable trait to possess for human beings.
A preparatory step has to be made for further discussion that is what the definition of humor is. To some extent, it is impossible to give a cogent definition that is valid everywhere since humor research draws upon a wide range of academic disciplines. It is the activity of the brains, the emotion inside us, the smile appearing on the face, etc. As a result, we might as well discuss the humor definition from different perspectives.
Walter Nash considers that “the humor of psychological and social satire is expressed to a very great extent through the flaws and missed connections of speech acts, the contractual failures of parties to conversation”. He points out humorous conversations occur because “those exchanges violate the maxims of …ordinary? conversation, as formulated in a well-known paper by H. P. Grice”. And then he explains his idea:
“The work of Grice, of Austin, and of J. R. Searle, puts into theoretical terms what we already know intuitively about conversation, i.e. that it is a contract involving the agreed conduct of various acts of assertion, direction, performance, verdict-giving, promising, inviting, requesting, etc. When the contract is broken, whether innocently or designedly, the effect may be funny; may illuminate a character or situation; or may designa te some critical defect in a relationship”.
Chinese Professor Mao Ronggui studies humor from linguistic view. He divides humorous language into two types: rhetorical humor and non-rhetorical humor. According to the study of Professor Mao, the rhetorical humor is produced through using various tropes, including oxymoron, transferred epithet, syllepsis, zeugma, anticlimax, pun, irony, parody, paradox, and the non-rhetorical humor is created by lexical deviation and deviation of register.
Besides, many scholars in China have done researches on humor based on pragmatic theories, such as H. P. Grice?s Cooperative Principle (CP), Leech?s Politeness Principle (PP), Sperber & Wilson?s Relevance Theory (RT), diesis, and presupposition, etc. In accordance with their researches, humorous conversations are always produced by flouting the CP or RT, violating the PP, or using obscure diesis or improper presupposition. However, the studies in this field have not reached the stage of maturity, and they are rather insufficient or lack of authority in China, let alone the pragmatic studies on the humorous conversations in American sitcoms Friends since it just came into being in the 1990s.In the following, we are talk about the Cooperative Principle and humor.
Grice once said, “I wish to represent a certain subclass of nonconventioanal implicatures, which I shall call conversational implicatures, as being essentially connected with certain general features of discourse…Our talk exchanges do not normally consist of a succession of disconnected remarks, and would not be rational if they did. They are characteristically, to some degree at least, cooperative efforts; and each participant recognizes in them, to some extent, a common purpose or set of purposes, or at least a mutually accepted direction. This purpose or direction may be fixed from the start, or it may evolve during the exchange; it may be fairly definite, or it may be so indefinite as to leave very considerable latitude to the participants .But at each stage, some possible conversational moves would be excluded as conversationally unsuitable. We might then formulate a rough general principle which participants will be expected to observe, namely: Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged. On might label
this Cooperative Principle.”
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1.Sales Agreement The agreement, (is) made in Beijing this eighth day of August 1993 by ABC Trading Co., Ltd., a Chinese Corporation having its registered office at Beijing, the People’ Repubic of China (hereinafter called “Seller”) and International Tradi ng Co., Ltd., a New York Corporation having its registered office at New York, N.Y., U.S.A. (hereinafter called “Buyer”). 2.WITNESSETH WHEREAS, Seller is engaged in dealing of (product) and desires to sell (product)to Buyer, and WHEREAS, Buyer desires to purchase(product) from Sellers, Now, THEREFORE, it is agreed as follows: 3.Export Contract This Contract is entered into this 5th day of August 1993 between ABC and Trading Co., Ltd. (hereinafter called “Seller”) who agrees to sell, and XYZ Trading Co., Ltd. (hereinafter called “Buyer”) who agrees to buy the following goods on the following terms and condition. 4.Non-Governmental Trading Agreement No. ＿＿This Agreement was made on the＿day of＿19＿, BETWEEN ＿ (hereinafter referred to as the Seller) as the one Side and ＿ (hereinafter referred to as the Buyer) as the one other Side. WHEREAS, the Seller has agreed to sell and the buyer has agreed to buy ＿ (hereinafter referred to as the Goods ) the quantity, specification, and price of which are provided in Schedule A. IT IS HEREBY AGREED AS FOLLOWS: 5.Contract For Joint-Operation Enterprise ＿＿ COMPANY LTD., a company duly organized under the Law of ＿＿ and having its registered office at (hereinafter called “Party A”) AND ＿＿ COMPANY LTD., a company duly organized under the Law of ＿＿ and having its registere d office at (hereinafter called “Party B”) Party A and Party B (hereinafter referred to as the “Parties”) agree to jointly form a Co-operation Venture Company (hereinafter referred to as the “CVC”) in accordance with “the Laws of the People’s Republic of C hina on Joint Ventures Using Chinese and Foreign Investment” and the “Regulations for the Implementation of the Laws of the People’s Republic of China on Joint Ventures Using Chinese and Foreign Investment” and other applicable laws and regulations. 6.MODEL CONTRACT Contract No. Date: Seller: Signed at: Address: Cable Address: Buyer: Address: Cable Address: The Seller and the Buyer have agreed to conclude the following transactions according to the terms and conditions stipulated below: https://www.sodocs.net/doc/0f12713482.html, of Commodity: 2.Specifications: 3.Quantity: 4.Unit Price: 5.Total Price: U.S.$: 6.Packing: 7.Time of Shipment: days after receipt of L/C. 8.Loading Port & Destination Port: From via to . 9.Insurance:
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https://www.sodocs.net/doc/0f12713482.html,/finance/company/consumer.html Consumer finance company The consumer finance division of the SG group of France has become highly active within India. They plan to offer finance for vehicles and two-wheelers to consumers, aiming to provide close to Rs. 400 billion in India in the next few years of its operations. The SG group is also dealing in stock broking, asset management, investment banking, private banking, information technology and business processing. SG group has ventured into the rapidly growing consumer credit market in India, and have plans to construct a headquarters at Kolkata. The AIG Group has been approved by the RBI to set up a non-banking finance company (NBFC). AIG seeks to introduce its consumer finance and asset management businesses in India. AIG Capital India plans to emphasize credit cards, mortgage financing, consumer durable financing and personal loans. Leading Indian and international concerns like the HSBC, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, Barclays and HDFC Bank are also waiting to be approved by the Reserve Bank of India to initiate similar operations. AIG is presently involved in insurance and financial services in more than one hundred countries. The affiliates of the AIG Group also provide retirement and asset management services all over the world. Many international companies have been looking at NBFC business because of the growing consumer finance market. Unlike foreign banks, there are no strictures on branch openings for the NBFCs. GE Consumer Finance is a section of General Electric. It is responsible for looking after the retail finance operations. GE Consumer Finance also governs the GE Capital Asia. Outside the United States, GE Consumer Finance performs its operations under the GE Money brand. GE Consumer Finance currently offers financial services in more than fifty countries. The company deals in credit cards, personal finance, mortgages and automobile solutions. It has a client base of more than 118 million customers throughout the world
论文中英文翻译
An Analysis of Cooperative Principles and Humorous Effects in Friend s 合作原则的分析和在朋友的幽默效应 Humor is a very intriguing and fascinating phenomenon of human society, which is multidimensional, complex and all pervasive. Therefore, many scholars and experts at all times and in all over the world have done profound research on humor. 幽默是人类社会的一个非常有趣和引人入胜的现象，这是多方面的，复杂和无孔不入的。所以，在任何时候，在世界各地的许多学者和专家总是对幽默进行深入的研究。 The significant functions of humor have aroused the interest of many scholars. About 2,000 years ago, people began the research on humor. However, the study of humor is not a simple task for the reason that it is an interdisciplinary science drawing upon a wide range of academic disciplines including biology, psychology, sociology, philosophy, geography, history, linguistics, literature, education, family science, and film studies and so on. Moreover, there are different reasons and purposes for humor. One may wish to be sociable, cope better, seem clever, solve problems, make a critical point, enhance therapy, or express something one could not otherwise express by means of humor. 显著幽默的功能已引起许多学者的兴趣。大约在2000年前，人们对幽默开始研究，然而，这项幽默的研究不是一个简单的任务，理由是它是一个跨学科的科学绘图在各种各样的学科，包括生物学、心理学、社会学、哲学、地理、历史、语言、文学、教育、家庭科学和电影研究等。此外，幽默有不同的原因和目的，人们可能希望有点大男子主义，随机应变，似乎是聪明，解决问题，使一个临界点，加强治疗，或表达的东西不能以其他方式表达幽默的方式。 Within the 20th century, linguistics has developed greatly in almost every area of the discipline from sounds, words and sentences to meaning and texts. Meanwhile, linguistic studies on humor have also extended considerably to social, cultural, and pragmatic concerns. One of the most noticeable achievements in linguistics over the
中英文翻译
附录A：英文原文 Website Design (Xiao Xiang Zhang) Abstract：Website construction is divided into several aspects: set theme site and collect data, establish the site directory structure, to set up the web page link relations, page design and web production, site testing, web site As well as the promotion and maintenance. Each step in the process of website construction are play an role instead. Keywords:the directory structure; Web site production; Site tests; Web site Based on the needs of the society now a days, this paper mainly introduces how to create a static web site. And in the process of establishing personal website gradually over the years at the university of understanding and strengthen the learning of all kinds of knowledge points about creating a website. In my personal understanding, to create a distinctive personal website, can have their own personality and characteristics. In this way can attract people. Only one goal, that is, do yourself. 1 the website construction of stages website localization is the ultimate goal of web site design and guidelines. Who established the theme of the site to solve design for, attract, communication. making web pages through the web page design of web site overall coordinated style. Website of colour fundamental key color, color schemes, page style and page composition and image, animation, repeated research. Convenient navigation design users easy access to the site of the resources. the release and maintenance of the site to complete the site test of all files and uploaded to the server, website promotion and publicity,
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毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献及译文 英文题目Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 中文题目模块化安全铁路信号计算机联锁系统 学院自动化与电气工程学院 专业自动控制 姓名葛彦宁 学号 200808746 指导教师贺清 2012年5月30日
Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 1 Introduction Signal Interlocking System is the critical equipment which can guarantee traffic safety and enhance operational efficiency in railway transportation. For a long time, the core control computer adopts in interlocking system is the special customized high-grade safety computer, for example, the SIMIS of Siemens, the EI32 of Nippon Signal, and so on. Along with the rapid development of electronic technology, the customized safety computer is facing severe challenges, for instance, the high development costs, poor usability, weak expansibility and slow technology update. To overcome the flaws of the high-grade special customized computer, the U.S. Department of Defense has put forward the concept：we should adopt commercial standards to replace military norms and standards for meeting consumers’demand [1]. In the meantime, there are several explorations and practices about adopting open system architecture in avionics. The United Stated and Europe have do much research about utilizing cost-effective fault-tolerant computer to replace the dedicated computer in aerospace and other safety-critical fields. In recent years, it is gradually becoming a new trend that the utilization of standardized components in aerospace, industry, transportation and other safety-critical fields. 2 Railways signal interlocking system 2.1 Functions of signal interlocking system The basic function of signal interlocking system is to protect train safety by controlling signal equipments, such as switch points, signals and track units in a station, and it handles routes via a certain interlocking regulation. Since the birth of the railway transportation, signal interlocking system has gone through manual signal, mechanical signal, relay-based interlocking, and the modern computer-based Interlocking System. 2.2 Architecture of signal interlocking system Generally, the Interlocking System has a hierarchical structure. According to the function of equipments, the system can be divided to the function of equipments; the system
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Analysis of the role of complaint management in the context of relationship marketing Author: Leticia Su′arez ′Alvarez, University of Oviedo, Spain Abstract This research aims to contribute to the relationship-marketing strategy by studying the role of complaint management in long-term relationships. Two factors distinguish it from other studies: it takes into account two types of customers, consumers and firms, and the result variable selected is the probability of ending an ongoing relationship. Two questionnaires were designed for every population. One of them was auto-administrated to a sample of consumers in the north of Spain, and the other one was sent to a representative sample of Spanish firms. The data analyses were conducted using structural equation modeling. The findings confirm the importance that theory accords to the relationship-marketing strategy, and also provide evidence for the importance of complaint management. Thus having a good complaint-handling system and trained and motivated staff who are fully committed to the firm’s objectives are fundamental requisites for firms to be able to build a stable customer portfolio. Keywords complaint management; relationship marketing; relationship termination; trust; satisfaction Introduction Nowadays, the main task for tourism firms is undoubtedly to deliver superior value to customers. One way that these firms can achieve part of this value is by maintaining quality relationships with their customers. In fact, it is well known that managing these relationships is critical for achieving corporate success. Thus the general aim of the present research is to analyze the most important factors that contribute to relationship stabilization between tourism firms and their customers. This research canters on retail travel agencies. We chose this particular type of tourism firm for two reasons. First, competition between retail travel agencies is becoming much more intense, fundamentally due to the advent of the Internet as an alternative distribution channel for tourism services (Wang & Cheung, 2004). The second reason is the current phenomenon of disintermediation, or the tendency of some tourism service providers to contact the end-customer directly. Because of these two developments, retail travel agencies urgently need to develop a strategy that allows them to maintain a stable portfolio of customers over time if they are to remain in the market for the long term. In order to achieve the proposed objective, we set out a causal model that incorporates a number of factors that can condition the future of the relationships between travel agencies and their customers. Specifically, we chose two variables that
中英文翻译混凝土配合比的选择英文原文
规范 5.2－混凝土配合比的选择 5.2.1－混凝土配比的确定有以下规定： （a）和易性和稠度使混凝土在浇筑时，易于成型和易于与钢筋粘结，不会离析或泌水。 （b）按第四章的要求，混凝土具有抵抗侵蚀的性能。 （c）符合5.6节中强度试验要求。 5.2.2－不同材料用在不同部分，起不同作用，要评测每一个组合。 5.2.3－混凝土配比要与5.3节或5.4节相一致，而且要满足适用性。 5.3－以现场试验和（或）试拌配料 注释 R5.2－混凝土配合比的选择 “普通混凝土，重混凝土，大体积混凝土配比选择标准”(ACI 211.1) 5.1给出了选择混凝土配比的细节规则。（提供了两种选择和调整普通混凝土配比的方法：估计重量和绝对体积方法。给出了两种方法的计算实例。按绝对体积方法配制的重混凝土的配比查看附录。）“结构用轻骨料混凝土配比选择标准”(ACI 211.1) 5.2给出了轻质混凝土选料的方法。（提供了选择和调整不同建筑等级轻骨料混凝土的配比方法。） R5.2.1－所用水灰比要足够低，或者轻骨料混凝土的抗压强度足够高,以满足强度标准（见5.3或5.4）和特殊环境（第四章）的要求。该条规范不包括极恶劣暴露环境的要求，如：酸性条件，高温条件，同时也没考虑美学效果，如表面装修。这些方面超出了该规范的范围，应包含在工程技术要求中。混凝土配比要满足该规范的最低要求，以及合同附加的条款。 R5.2.3－本规范强调混合物的现场试验或试验室试拌（见5.3）作为首选的混凝土配比方法。 R5.3－以现场试验和（或）试拌配料 在选择合适的混凝土混合料时，遵循以下三步。第一，确定样品标准偏差。第二，确定要求的混凝土平均抗压强度。第三，根据传统配制试验或合理的经验记录，选择满足该平均强度要求的混凝土配合比。Fig.R5.3是选择配料的流程图。
毕业论文英文参考文献与译文
Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of
英文翻译(小论文)
A virtual instrument based measurement and control platform for vibration analysis of motor LI Wen1, LI Li2 Abstract:This paper describes the establishing process of motor vibration analyzing system based on virtual instrument. This system consists of data acquisition module, vibration spectrum analysis module, and control module. Real-time collection of data acquisition module can be operated during motor running process. Power spectrum, harmonic analysis and STFT intensity spectrum can be done with vibration spectrum analysis module; and the performance of motor under different control laws can be easily studied by call control algorithms with control module. The test results show that the platform is feasible and effective. Key words: motor vibration; virtual instrument; spectrum analysis module; control module 2.1 data acquisition module Place DAQ Assistant Express VI and Write to Measurement File .vi into While Circulation in program block diagram while set the cycle time as 60s, then set the channel, sensitivity, sample rate and other parameters in DAQ Assistant . Run the program can collect experimental data and the data can be stored by the designated route in the folder. Fig.4 shoes its program Fig.4. program of DAQ Data acquisition
中英文对照版合同翻译样本
1.Sales Agreement The agreement, (is) made in Beijing this eighth day of August 1993 by ABC Trading Co., Ltd., a Chinese Corporation having its registered office at Beijing, the People’ Repubic of China (hereinafter called “Seller”) and International Trading Co., Ltd., a New York Corporation having its registered office at New York, N.Y., U.S.A. (hereinafter called “Buyer”). 2.WITNESSETH WHEREAS, Seller is engaged in dealing of (product) and desires to sell (product)to Buyer, and WHEREAS, Buyer desires to purchase(product) from Sellers, Now, THEREFORE, it is agreed as follows: 3.Export Contract th This Contract is entered into this 5 day of August 1993 between ABC and Trading Co., Ltd. (hereinafter called “Seller”) who agrees to sell, and XYZ Trading Co., Ltd. (hereinafter called “Buyer”) who agrees to buy the following goods on the following terms and condition. 4.Non-Governmental Trading Agreement No. ＿＿ This Agreement was made on the＿day of＿ 19＿, BETWEEN ＿(hereinafter referred to as the Seller) as the one Side and ＿ (hereinafter referred to as the Buyer) as the one other Side. WHEREAS, the