中英文文献翻译

毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献及译文

英文题目Component-based Safety Computer of Railway

Signal Interlocking System

中文题目模块化安全铁路信号计算机联锁系统

学院自动化与电气工程学院

专业自动控制

姓名葛彦宁

学号 200808746

指导教师贺清

2012年5月30日

Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal

Interlocking System

1 Introduction

Signal Interlocking System is the critical equipment which can guarantee traffic safety and enhance operational efficiency in railway transportation. For a long time, the core control computer adopts in interlocking system is the special customized high-grade safety computer, for example, the SIMIS of Siemens, the EI32 of Nippon Signal, and so on. Along with the rapid development of electronic technology, the customized safety computer is facing severe challenges, for instance, the high development costs, poor usability, weak expansibility and slow technology update. To overcome the flaws of the high-grade special customized computer, the U.S. Department of Defense has put forward the concept：we should adopt commercial standards to replace military norms and standards for meeting consumers’demand [1]. In the meantime, there are several explorations and practices about adopting open system architecture in avionics. The United Stated and Europe have do much research about utilizing cost-effective fault-tolerant computer to replace the dedicated computer in aerospace and other safety-critical fields. In recent years, it is gradually becoming a new trend that the utilization of standardized components in aerospace, industry, transportation and other safety-critical fields.

2 Railways signal interlocking system

2.1 Functions of signal interlocking system

The basic function of signal interlocking system is to protect train safety by controlling signal equipments, such as switch points, signals and track units in a station, and it handles routes via a certain interlocking regulation.

Since the birth of the railway transportation, signal interlocking system has gone through manual signal, mechanical signal, relay-based interlocking, and the modern computer-based Interlocking System.

2.2 Architecture of signal interlocking system

Generally, the Interlocking System has a hierarchical structure. According to the function of equipments, the system can be divided to the function of equipments; the system

can be divided into three layers as shown in figure1.

Figure 1 Architecture of Signal Interlocking System

3 Component-based safety computer design

3.1 Design strategy

The design concept of component-based safety critical computer is different from that of special customized computer. Our design strategy of SIC is on a base of fault-tolerance and system integration. We separate the SIC into three layers, the standardized component unit layer, safety software layer and the system layer. Different safety func tions are allocated for each layer, and the final integration of the three layers ensures the predefined safety integrity level of the whole SIC. The three layers can be described as follows:

(1) Component unit layer includes four independent standardized CPU modules. A hardware “SAFETY AND” logic is implemented in this year.

(2) Safety software layer mainly utilizes fail-safe strategy and fault-tolerant management. The interlocking safety computing of the whole system adopts two outputs from different CPU, it can mostly ensure the diversity of software to hold with design errors of signal version and remove hidden risks.

(3) System layer aims to improve reliability, availability and maintainability by means of redundancy.

3.2 Design of hardware fault-tolerant structure

As shown in figure 2, the SIC of four independent component units (C11, C12, C21, C22). The fault-tolerant architecture adopts dual 2 vote 2 (2v2×2) structure, and a kind of high-performance standardized module has been selected as computing unit which adopts Intel X Scale kernel, 533 MHZ.

The operation of SIC is based on a dual two-layer data buses. The high bus adopts the standard Ethernet and TCP/IP communication protocol, and the low bus is Controller Area Network (CAN). C11、C12 and C21、C22 respectively make up of two safety computing

components IC1 and IC2, which are of 2v2 structure. And each component has an external dynamic circuit watchdog that is set for computing supervision and switching.

Figure 2 Hardware structure of SIC

3.3 Standardized component unit

After component module is made certain, according to the safety-critical requirements of railway signal interlocking system, we have to do a secondary development on the module. The design includes power supply, interfaces and other embedded circuits.

The fault-tolerant processing, synchronized computing, and fault diagnosis of SIC mostly depend on the safety software. Here the safety software design method is differing from that of the special computer too. For dedicated computer, the software is often specially designed based on the bare hardware. As restricted by computing ability and application object, a special scheduling program is commonly designed as safety software for the computer, and not a universal operating system. The fault-tolerant processing and fault diagnosis of the dedicated computer are tightly hardware-coupled. However, the safety software for SIC is exoteric and loosely hardware-coupled, and it is based on a standard Linux OS.

The safety software is vital element of secondary development. It includes Linux OS adjustment, fail-safe process, fault-tolerance management, and safety interlocking logic. The hierarchy relations between them are shown in Figure 4.

Safety Interlock Logic

Fail-safe process

Fault-tolerance management

Linux OS adjustment

Figure 4 Safety software hierarchy of SIC

3.4 Fault-tolerant model and safety computation

3.4.1 Fault-tolerant model

The Fault-tolerant computation of SIC is of a multilevel model:

SIC=F1002D(F2002(S c11,S c12),F2002(S c21,S c22))

Firstly, basic computing unit Ci1 adopts one algorithm to complete the S Ci1, and Ci2 finishes the S Ci2via a different algorithm, secondly 2 out of 2 (2oo2) safety computing component of SIC executes 2oo2 calculation and gets F SICi from the calculation results of S Ci1 S Ci2, and thirdly, according the states of watchdog and switch unit block, the result of SIC is gotten via a 1 out of 2 with diagnostics (1oo2D) calculation, which is based on F SIC1 and F SIC2.

The flow of calculations is as follows:

(1) S ci1=F ci1 (D net1,D net2,D di,D fss)

(2) S ci2=F ci2 (D net1,D net2,D di,D fss)

(3) F SICi=F2oo2 (S ci1, S ci2 ),(i=1,2)

(4) SIC_OutPut=F1oo2D (F SIC1, F SIC2)

3.4.2 Safety computation

As interlocking system consists of a fixed set of task, the computational model of SIC is task-based. In general, applications may conform to a time-triggered, event-triggered or mixed computational model. Here the time-triggered mode is selected, tasks are executed cyclically. The consistency of computing states between the two units is the foundation of SIC for ensuring safety and credibility. As SIC works under a loosely coupled mode, it is different from that of dedicated hardware-coupled computer. So a specialized synchronization algorithm is necessary for SIC.

SIC can be considered as a multiprocessor distributed system, and its computational model is essentially based on data comparing via high bus communication. First, an analytical approach is used to confirm the worst-case response time of each task. To guarantee the deadline of tasks that communicate across the network, the access time and delay of communication medium is set to a fixed possible value. Moreover, the computational model must meets the real time requirements of railway interlocking system, within the system computing cycle, we set many check points P i(i=1,2,... n) , which are small enough for synchronization, and computation result voting is executed at each point. The safety

computation flow of SIC is shown in Figure 5.

S t a r t

０clock

clock

S a f e t y f u n c t i o n s T a s k s o f i n t e r l o c k i n g l o g i c i :p

:c h e c k p o i n t I n i t i a l i z e S y n c h r o n i z a t i o n G u a r a n t e e S y n c h r o n o u s T i m e t r i g g e r

Figure 5 Safety computational model of SIC

4. Hardware safety integrity level evaluation

4.1 Safety Integrity

As an authoritative international standard for safety-related system, IEC 61508 presents a definition of safety integrity: probability of a safety-related system satisfactorily performing the required safety functions under all the stated conditions within a stated period of time. In IEC 61508, there are four levels of safety integrity are prescribe, SIL1～SIL4. The SIL1 is the lowest, and SIL4 highest.

According to IEC 61508, the SIC belongs to safety-related systems in high demand or continuous mode of operation. The SIL of SIC can be evaluated via the probability of dangerous per hour. The provision of SIL about such system in IEC 61508, see table 1.

Table 1-Safety Integrity levels: target failure measures for a safety function operating in high demand or

continuous mode of operation

Safety Integrity level

High demand or continuous mode of Operation (Probability of a dangerous Failure per hour)

4 ≥10-9 to ＜10-8

3 ≥10-8 to ＜10-7

2 ≥10-7 to ＜10-6

1 ≥10-6 to ＜10-5

4.2 Reliability block diagram of SIC

After analyzing the structure and working principle of the SIC, we get the bock diagram of reliability, as figure 6.

Figure 6 Block diagram of SIC reliability

5. Conclusions

In this paper, we proposed an available standardized component-based computer SIC. Railway signal interlocking is a fail-safe system with a required probability of less than 10-9 safety critical failures per hour. In order to meet the critical constraints, fault-tolerant architecture and safety tactics are used in SIC. Although the computational model and implementation techniques are rather complex, the philosophy of SIC provides a cheerful prospect to safety critical applications, it renders in a simpler style of hardware, furthermore, it can shorten development cycle and reduce cost. SIC has been put into practical application, and high performance of reliability and safety has been proven. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………

From: https://www.sodocs.net/doc/089079928.html,

模块化安全铁路信号计算机联锁系统

1概述

信号联锁系统是保证交通安全、提高铁路运输效率的关键设备。长期以来，在联锁系统中采用的核心控制计算机是特定的高档安全计算机，例如，西门子的SIMIS、日本信号的EI32等。随着电子技术的飞速发展，定制的安全计算机面临着严重的挑战，例如：高的开发成本、可用性差、弱可扩展性、和缓慢的技术更新。为了克服高档特定计算机的缺点，美国国防部提出：我们应该采用商业标准，来取代军事准则和满足客户需要的标准。与此同时，有许多关于在电子设备中采用开放式系统结构的探索与实践。美国和欧洲已经做了很多关于利用利用划算的容错计算机来代替专用电脑在航天和其它安全关键领域。近年来，在航空航天、工业、交通和其它安全关键领域，利用标准化部件正逐步成为一种新的趋势。

2 铁路信号联锁系统

2.1信号联锁系统的功能

信号联锁系统的基本功能是通过控制信号设备，保护列车运行安全。如控制道岔的转换、信号的开放和控制列车通过车站，它通过一种联锁处理规则控制线路。

自铁路运输诞生以来、信号联锁系统已经经历了手动信号、机械信号、继电器联锁和现代计算机联锁系统。

2.2信号联锁系统的构架

一般来说，联锁系统具有层次结构。根据设备的功能，系统可分为三层，如图2.1所示。

图2.1 信号联锁系统的结构

3 安全计算机的组件设计

3.1设计策略

模块化安全关键计算机组件的设计理念不同于那些特殊定制的计算机。我们对安全联锁计算机的设计理念是基于系统的容错性和系统的综合需求。将其分为三层：标准化组成单元层、软件安全层与系统层，并给每一层分配不同的安全功能，最终将三层集成，并确保系统达到预定的安全完整性水平。三层可以描述如下：

(1) 标准化组成单元层包括四个独立的标准化CPU模块。这一层实现硬件“安全”逻辑联锁。

(2) 软件安全层主要用故障-安用策略和容错算法。由于一个完整的安全联锁系统采用两个不同的CPU输出的结果，所以最能确保软件设计某一版本，在设计时存在的多种错误，清除潜在的风险。

(3) 系统层，旨在提高系统的可用性和冗余系统的可维护性。

3.2容错结构的硬件设计

如图3.1，安全联锁计算机由四个独立单元组成(C11，C12，C21，C22)。采用双容错结构设计(2×2取2)结构，计算单元选用高可靠性、高效率的模块，采用了英特尔XScale 内核，533兆赫的处理器。

安全联锁计算机的操作基于两层数据总线上。高速总线采用标准以太网结构和TCP / IP通信协议、低总线控制器局域网(CAN)。C11、C12和C21、C22分别组成两个独立

的安全计算部件IC1和IC2，并构成2乘2取2结构，并且每一部分都有计算机监控和外部开关电路动态监测。

图3.1 SIC硬件结构

3.3标准化组成单元

在研究清楚组成模块后，根据铁路信号联锁系统的临界安全性要求，我们必须做一个二次开发的模块。该设计主要包括电源、接口和其他嵌入式电路。

安全联锁计算机的容错计算、处理、故障的同步诊断主要依靠安全软件。这个安全软件的设计方法不同于其他专用的特殊计算机。在专用特殊计算机中，软件通常基于单一裸露硬件而特别设计，限于计算处理能力和软件兼容性，在电脑上特殊的调度程序一般基于安全性软件设计，而不是一个普通的操作系统。专用计算机中容错处理系统和故障诊断系统通过硬件耦合。然而，安全联锁计算机中的安全软件是开放、宽松的，它基于标准的Linux操作系统。

安全软件的二次开发是至关重要的。它包括Linux系统调整，故障-安全导向、容错性管理，安全联锁的逻辑。它们之间的层次关系如图3.3。

安全联锁逻辑

故障-安全进程

容错原理

Linux 操作系统调整

图3.3 SIC的安全软件层次关系

3.4容错模型和安全估计算

3.4.1 容错模型

安全联锁计算机的多层容错计算模型：

SIC= F1oo2D (F2oo2(S C11, S C12 ), F2oo2 (S C21,S C22)

首先,根据计算单元Ci1采用一个算法来完成Sci1，Ci2计算单元通过不同的算法完成Sci2，其次，安全联锁计算机实行二乘二取二算法计算得到的结果和Sci1、Sci2计算，输出到F SICi中的结果，再进行二乘二取二运算，第三，根据监视系统和开关单元块，安全联锁计算机运算的结果在基于F SIC1和F SIC2输出的结果上，经过与门的诊断处理（2取1），就计算出Sci1。同样的，根据Ci2的计算结果通过不同的算法也完成Sci2。

计算流程如下：

(1)Sci1=F ci1 (D net1，Dnet2，Ddi，Dfss)；

(2)Sci2=F ci2 (D net1，Dnet2，Ddi，Dfss)；

(3)FSIC1=F2oo2 (S ci1，Sci2)，(i=1，2)；

(4) SIC OutPut=Floo2D(FSIC1，FSIC2)。

3.4.2 安全性计算

由于联锁系统由一组固定的任务构成，故SIC的计算模型是基于任务的。通常，应用程序可符合一个时间触发、事件触发或者混合的计算模型。这里选用时间触发的计算模型，循环执行任务。为保证安全性和可信度，单元之间的计算机状态的一致性是SIC 的基础。因为SIC工作在一个松散耦合的模式，它不同于专用的硬件耦合的计算机。所以SIC需要一个专业的同步算法。

SIC可以被视为是一种多处理器分布式系统，其计算模型实质上是基于通过较高的

总线通信的数据。首先，一种解析方法是用于证实每项任务的最差的响应时间。为了保证通过网络沟通的任务的最后期限，传播媒介的访问时间和延迟被设计为固定值。此外，计算模型必须满足铁路联锁系统在系统计算周期的实时要求，我们设了许多检查点P i (i=1,2,…n),取值很小，能实现同步，并且在每个检查点得出计算结果。SIC 的安全计算流如图3.4所示。

开始

０时钟

时钟

安全功能联锁逻辑任务τi :p i :检查点

初始化同步

保证同步时钟脉冲

图3.5 SIC 的安全计算模型

4 硬件的安全完整性水平评价

4.1安全完整性

作为国际权威的安全体系方面的标准，国际电工委员会61508提出关于安全完整性方面的定义：在规定的条件下、规定的时间内，安全系统成功实现所要求的安全功能的概率。IEC61508定义了4个层次的安全完整性，SIL1 ~ SIL4。SIL1是最低的，SIL4最高。

根据IEC 61508，安全联锁计算机属于高需求或连续运行模式系统。安全联锁计算机的安全完整性级别可以通过系统每小时的潜在危险估算出来，在IEC61508中，安全完整性级别是这样定义的，如表4.1：

表4.1 高需求或连续运行模式系统在安全功能启动情况下的失效点安全完整性水平高需求或连续模式行动（故障概率每小时）

4 ≥10-9 to ＜10-8

3 ≥10-8 to ＜10-7

2 ≥10-7 to ＜10-6

1 ≥10-6 to ＜10-5

4.2安全联锁计算机的可靠性框图

在分析了安全完整性级别的的结构和工作原理的基础上，我们得到其可靠性的结构图，如图4.1所示。

图4.1 SIC的可靠性结构图

5结论

在本文中，我们提出了一种有效的标准模块化计算机的的安全完整性，铁路信号联锁系统是故障-安全系统，每小时的失效故障率必须要低于10-9，尽管计算模型和实施技术相当复杂，但是为了达到系统规定的参数值，安全完整性系统中必须使用容错系统结构和安全性策略。安全完整性的思想和理论给安全关键性应用展现了一个美好的应用前景。它提供一种简单的硬件组成，而且还可以缩短开发周期，降低成本。现在，安全联锁计算机已投入实际应用，其高性能、可靠性和安全性已经被证实。…………………………………………………………………

摘自：https://www.sodocs.net/doc/089079928.html,

中英文文献翻译

毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献及译文 英文题目Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 中文题目模块化安全铁路信号计算机联锁系统 学院自动化与电气工程学院 专业自动控制 姓名葛彦宁 学号 200808746 指导教师贺清 2012年5月30日

Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 1 Introduction Signal Interlocking System is the critical equipment which can guarantee traffic safety and enhance operational efficiency in railway transportation. For a long time, the core control computer adopts in interlocking system is the special customized high-grade safety computer, for example, the SIMIS of Siemens, the EI32 of Nippon Signal, and so on. Along with the rapid development of electronic technology, the customized safety computer is facing severe challenges, for instance, the high development costs, poor usability, weak expansibility and slow technology update. To overcome the flaws of the high-grade special customized computer, the U.S. Department of Defense has put forward the concept：we should adopt commercial standards to replace military norms and standards for meeting consumers’demand [1]. In the meantime, there are several explorations and practices about adopting open system architecture in avionics. The United Stated and Europe have do much research about utilizing cost-effective fault-tolerant computer to replace the dedicated computer in aerospace and other safety-critical fields. In recent years, it is gradually becoming a new trend that the utilization of standardized components in aerospace, industry, transportation and other safety-critical fields. 2 Railways signal interlocking system 2.1 Functions of signal interlocking system The basic function of signal interlocking system is to protect train safety by controlling signal equipments, such as switch points, signals and track units in a station, and it handles routes via a certain interlocking regulation. Since the birth of the railway transportation, signal interlocking system has gone through manual signal, mechanical signal, relay-based interlocking, and the modern computer-based Interlocking System. 2.2 Architecture of signal interlocking system Generally, the Interlocking System has a hierarchical structure. According to the function of equipments, the system can be divided to the function of equipments; the system

建筑类外文文献及中文翻译

forced concrete structure reinforced with an overviewRein Since the reform and opening up, with the national economy's rapid and sustained development of a reinforced concrete structure built, reinforced with the development of technology has been great. Therefore, to promote the use of advanced technology reinforced connecting to improve project quality and speed up the pace of construction, improve labor productivity, reduce costs, and is of great significance. Reinforced steel bars connecting technologies can be divided into two broad categories linking welding machinery and steel. There are six types of welding steel welding methods, and some apply to the prefabricated plant, and some apply to the construction site, some of both apply. There are three types of machinery commonly used reinforcement linking method primarily applicable to the construction site. Ways has its own characteristics and different application, and in the continuous development and improvement. In actual production, should be based on specific conditions of work, working environment and technical requirements, the choice of suitable methods to achieve the best overall efficiency. 1、steel mechanical link 1.1 radial squeeze link Will be a steel sleeve in two sets to the highly-reinforced Department with superhigh pressure hydraulic equipment (squeeze tongs) along steel sleeve radial squeeze steel casing, in squeezing out tongs squeeze pressure role of a steel sleeve plasticity deformation closely integrated with reinforced through reinforced steel sleeve and Wang Liang's Position will be two solid steel bars linked Characteristic: Connect intensity to be high, performance reliable, can bear high stress draw and pigeonhole the load and tired load repeatedly.

文献翻译英文原文

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/089079928.html,/finance/company/consumer.html Consumer finance company The consumer finance division of the SG group of France has become highly active within India. They plan to offer finance for vehicles and two-wheelers to consumers, aiming to provide close to Rs. 400 billion in India in the next few years of its operations. The SG group is also dealing in stock broking, asset management, investment banking, private banking, information technology and business processing. SG group has ventured into the rapidly growing consumer credit market in India, and have plans to construct a headquarters at Kolkata. The AIG Group has been approved by the RBI to set up a non-banking finance company (NBFC). AIG seeks to introduce its consumer finance and asset management businesses in India. AIG Capital India plans to emphasize credit cards, mortgage financing, consumer durable financing and personal loans. Leading Indian and international concerns like the HSBC, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, Barclays and HDFC Bank are also waiting to be approved by the Reserve Bank of India to initiate similar operations. AIG is presently involved in insurance and financial services in more than one hundred countries. The affiliates of the AIG Group also provide retirement and asset management services all over the world. Many international companies have been looking at NBFC business because of the growing consumer finance market. Unlike foreign banks, there are no strictures on branch openings for the NBFCs. GE Consumer Finance is a section of General Electric. It is responsible for looking after the retail finance operations. GE Consumer Finance also governs the GE Capital Asia. Outside the United States, GE Consumer Finance performs its operations under the GE Money brand. GE Consumer Finance currently offers financial services in more than fifty countries. The company deals in credit cards, personal finance, mortgages and automobile solutions. It has a client base of more than 118 million customers throughout the world

中英文对照资料外文翻译文献

中英文对照资料外文翻译文献 平设计任何时期平面设计可以参照一些艺术和专业学科侧重于视觉传达和介绍。采用多种方式相结合，创造和符号，图像和语句创建一个代表性的想法和信息。平面设计师可以使用印刷，视觉艺术和排版技术产生的最终结果。平面设计常常提到的进程，其中沟通是创造和产品设计。共同使用的平面设计包括杂志，广告，产品包装和网页设计。例如，可能包括产品包装的标志或其他艺术作品，举办文字和纯粹的设计元素，如形状和颜色统一件。组成的一个最重要的特点，尤其是平面设计在使用前现有材料或不同的元素。平面设计涵盖了人类历史上诸多领域，在此漫长的历史和在相对最近爆炸视觉传达中的第20和21世纪，人们有时是模糊的区别和重叠的广告艺术，平面设计和美术。毕竟，他们有着许多相同的内容，理论，原则，做法和语言，有时同样的客人或客户。广告艺术的最终目标是出售的商品和服务。在平面设计，“其实质是使以信息，形成以思想，言论和感觉的经验”。

在唐朝（618-906 ）之间的第4和第7世纪的木块被切断打印纺织品和后重现佛典。阿藏印在868是已知最早的印刷书籍。在19世纪后期欧洲，尤其是在英国，平面设计开始以独立的运动从美术中分离出来。蒙德里安称为父亲的图形设计。他是一个很好的艺术家，但是他在现代广告中利用现代电网系统在广告、印刷和网络布局网格。于1849年，在大不列颠亨利科尔成为的主要力量之一在设计教育界，该国政府通告设计在杂志设计和制造的重要性。他组织了大型的展览作为庆祝现代工业技术和维多利亚式的设计。从1892年至1896年威廉?莫里斯凯尔姆斯科特出版社出版的书籍的一些最重要的平面设计产品和工艺美术运动，并提出了一个非常赚钱的商机就是出版伟大文本论的图书并以高价出售给富人。莫里斯证明了市场的存在使平面设计在他们自己拥有的权利，并帮助开拓者从生产和美术分离设计。这历史相对论是，然而，重要的，因为它为第一次重大的反应对于十九世纪的陈旧的平面设计。莫里斯的工作，以及与其他私营新闻运动，直接影响新艺术风格和间接负责20世纪初非专业性平面设计的事态发展。谁创造了最初的“平面设计”似乎存在争议。这被归因于英国的设计师和大学教授Richard Guyatt，但另一消息来源于20世纪初美国图书设计师William Addison Dwiggins。伦敦地铁的标志设计是爱德华约翰斯顿于1916年设计的一个经典的现代而且使用了系统字体设计。在20世纪20年代，苏联的建构主义应用于“智能生产”在不同领域的生产。个性化的运动艺术在2俄罗斯大革命是没有价值的，从而走向以创造物体的功利为目的。他们设计的建筑、剧院集、海报、面料、服装、家具、徽标、菜单等。J an Tschichold 在他的1928年书中编纂了新的现代印刷原则，他后来否认他在这本书的法西斯主义哲学主张，但它仍然是非常有影响力。Tschichold ，包豪斯印刷专家如赫伯特拜耳和拉斯洛莫霍伊一纳吉，和El Lissitzky 是平面设计之父都被我们今天所知。他们首创的生产技术和文体设备，主要用于整个二十世纪。随后的几年看到平面设计在现代风格获得广泛的接受和应用。第二次世界大战结束后，美国经济的建立更需要平面设计，主要是广告和包装等。移居国外的德国包豪斯设计学院于1937年到芝加哥带来了“大规模生产”极简到美国;引发野火的“现代”

英文文献翻译

中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离，该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好，但是其需要消耗大量的时间，并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时，这些问题显得更加突出。近年来，几种制备系统已经进行了改进，能将分离时间减少到1-3h，并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥（使用薄层色谱分析进行分析）。在这些方法中，在我们的实验室中，媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近，我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术，可用于反应产物的常规提纯，我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等（ΔR f≥），而且构建这个系统花费非常低，并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础，专门针对快速分离，介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的，优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本，放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内，使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间（r）和峰宽（w,w/2）的比率进行测定的（Figure 1），结果如图2-4所示，图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。

统计学中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照翻译 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) Policies for Development of Iron and Steel Industry The iron and steel industry is an important basic industry of the national economy, a supporting industry for realizing the industrialization and an intensive industry in technologies, capital, resources and energy, and its development requires a comprehensive balancing of all kinds of external conditions. China is a big developing country with a comparatively big demand of iron and steel in the economic development for a long time to go. China's production capacity of iron and steel has ranked the first place in the world for many years. However, there is a large gap in terms of the technological level and material consumption of the iron and steel industry compared with the international advanced level, so the focus of development for the future shall be put on technical upgrading and structural adjustment. In order to enhance the whole technical level of the iron and steel industry, promote the structural adjustment, improve the industrial layout, develop a recycling economy, lower the consumption of materials and energy, pay attention to the environmental protection, raise the comprehensive competitive capacity of enterprises, realize the industrial upgrading, and develop the iron and steel industry into an industry with

土木工程外文文献翻译

专业资料 学院： 专业：土木工程 姓名： 学号： 外文出处：Structural Systems to resist (用外文写) Lateral loads 附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。

附件1：外文资料翻译译文 抗侧向荷载的结构体系 常用的结构体系 若已测出荷载量达数千万磅重，那么在高层建筑设计中就没有多少可以进行极其复杂的构思余地了。确实，较好的高层建筑普遍具有构思简单、表现明晰的特点。 这并不是说没有进行宏观构思的余地。实际上，正是因为有了这种宏观的构思，新奇的高层建筑体系才得以发展，可能更重要的是：几年以前才出现的一些新概念在今天的技术中已经变得平常了。 如果忽略一些与建筑材料密切相关的概念不谈，高层建筑里最为常用的结构体系便可分为如下几类： 1.抗弯矩框架。 2.支撑框架，包括偏心支撑框架。 3.剪力墙，包括钢板剪力墙。 4.筒中框架。 5.筒中筒结构。 6.核心交互结构。 7. 框格体系或束筒体系。 特别是由于最近趋向于更复杂的建筑形式，同时也需要增加刚度以抵抗几力和地震力，大多数高层建筑都具有由框架、支撑构架、剪力墙和相关体系相结合而构成的体系。而且，就较高的建筑物而言，大多数都是由交互式构件组成三维陈列。 将这些构件结合起来的方法正是高层建筑设计方法的本质。其结合方式需要在考虑环境、功能和费用后再发展，以便提供促使建筑发展达到新高度的有效结构。这并

不是说富于想象力的结构设计就能够创造出伟大建筑。正相反，有许多例优美的建筑仅得到结构工程师适当的支持就被创造出来了，然而，如果没有天赋甚厚的建筑师的创造力的指导，那么，得以发展的就只能是好的结构，并非是伟大的建筑。无论如何，要想创造出高层建筑真正非凡的设计，两者都需要最好的。 虽然在文献中通常可以见到有关这七种体系的全面性讨论，但是在这里还值得进一步讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论中。 抗弯矩框架 抗弯矩框架也许是低，中高度的建筑中常用的体系，它具有线性水平构件和垂直构件在接头处基本刚接之特点。这种框架用作独立的体系，或者和其他体系结合起来使用，以便提供所需要水平荷载抵抗力。对于较高的高层建筑，可能会发现该本系不宜作为独立体系，这是因为在侧向力的作用下难以调动足够的刚度。 我们可以利用STRESS，STRUDL 或者其他大量合适的计算机程序进行结构分析。所谓的门架法分析或悬臂法分析在当今的技术中无一席之地，由于柱梁节点固有柔性，并且由于初步设计应该力求突出体系的弱点，所以在初析中使用框架的中心距尺寸设计是司空惯的。当然，在设计的后期阶段，实际地评价结点的变形很有必要。 支撑框架 支撑框架实际上刚度比抗弯矩框架强，在高层建筑中也得到更广泛的应用。这种体系以其结点处铰接或则接的线性水平构件、垂直构件和斜撑构件而具特色，它通常与其他体系共同用于较高的建筑，并且作为一种独立的体系用在低、中高度的建筑中。

材料英文文献翻译

The development of plastic mould China's industrial plastic moulds from the start to now, after more than half a century, there has been great development, mold levels have been greatly enhanced. Mould has been at large can produce 48-inch big-screen color TV Molded Case injection mold, 6.5 kg capacity washing machine full of plastic molds, as well as the overall car bumpers and dashboards, and other plastic mould precision plastic molds, the camera is capable of producing plastic mould , multi-cavity mold small modulus gear and molding mold. --Such as Tianjin and Yantai days Electrical Co., Ltd Polaris IK Co. manufactured multi-cavity mold VCD and DVD gear, the gear production of such size precision plastic parts, coaxial, beating requirements have reached a similar foreign the level of product, but also the application of the latest gear design software to correct contraction as a result of the molding profile error to the standard involute requirements. Production can only 0.08 mm thickness of a two-cavity mold and the air Cup difficulty of plastic doors and windows out of high modulus, and so on. Model cavity injection molding manufacturing accuracy of 0.02 to 0.05 mm, surface roughness Ra0.2 μ m, mold quality, and significantly increase life expectancy, non-hardening steel mould life up to 10~ 30 million, hardening steel form up to 50 ~ 10 million times, shorten the delivery time than before, but still higher than abroad,and the gap between a specific data table. Process, the multi-material plastic molding die, efficient multicolor injection mould, inserts exchange structure and core pulling Stripping the innovative design has also made great progress. Gas-assisted injection molding, the use of more mature technologies, such as Qingdao Hisense Co., Ltd., Tianjin factory communications and broadcasting companies, such as mold manufacturers succeeded in 29 ~ 34-inch TV thick-walled shell, as well as some parts on the use of gas-assisted mould technology Some manufacturers also use the C-MOLD gas-assisted software and achieved better results. Prescott, such as Shanghai, such as the new company will provide users with gas-assisted molding equipment and technology. Began promoting hot runner mold, and some plants use rate of more than 20 percent, the general heat-thermal hot runner, or device, a small number of units with the world's advanced level of rigorous hot runner-needle device, a small number of units with World advanced level of rigorous needle-hot runner mould. However, the use of hot runner overall rate of less than 10%, with overseas compared to 50 ~ 80%, the gap larger. In the manufacturing technology, CAD / CAM / CAE technology on the level of application of a new level to the enterprise for the production of household appliances representatives have introduced a considerable number of CAD / CAM systems, such as the United States EDS UG Ⅱ,

英文文献及中文翻译

毕业设计说明书 英文文献及中文翻译 学院：专 2011年6月 电子与计算机科学技术软件工程

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/089079928.html, Overview https://www.sodocs.net/doc/089079928.html, is a unified Web development model that includes the services necessary for you to build enterprise-class Web applications with a minimum of https://www.sodocs.net/doc/089079928.html, is part of https://www.sodocs.net/doc/089079928.html, Framework,and when coding https://www.sodocs.net/doc/089079928.html, applications you have access to classes in https://www.sodocs.net/doc/089079928.html, Framework.You can code your applications in any language compatible with the common language runtime(CLR), including Microsoft Visual Basic and C#.These languages enable you to develop https://www.sodocs.net/doc/089079928.html, applications that benefit from the common language runtime,type safety, inheritance,and so on. If you want to try https://www.sodocs.net/doc/089079928.html,,you can install Visual Web Developer Express using the Microsoft Web Platform Installer,which is a free tool that makes it simple to download,install,and service components of the Microsoft Web Platform.These components include Visual Web Developer Express,Internet Information Services (IIS),SQL Server Express,and https://www.sodocs.net/doc/089079928.html, Framework.All of these are tools that you use to create https://www.sodocs.net/doc/089079928.html, Web applications.You can also use the Microsoft Web Platform Installer to install open-source https://www.sodocs.net/doc/089079928.html, and PHP Web applications. Visual Web Developer Visual Web Developer is a full-featured development environment for creating https://www.sodocs.net/doc/089079928.html, Web applications.Visual Web Developer provides an ideal environment in which to build Web sites and then publish them to a hosting https://www.sodocs.net/doc/089079928.html,ing the development tools in Visual Web Developer,you can develop https://www.sodocs.net/doc/089079928.html, Web pages on your own computer.Visual Web Developer includes a local Web server that provides all the features you need to test and debug https://www.sodocs.net/doc/089079928.html, Web pages,without requiring Internet Information Services(IIS)to be installed. Visual Web Developer provides an ideal environment in which to build Web sites and then publish them to a hosting https://www.sodocs.net/doc/089079928.html,ing the development tools in Visual Web Developer,you can develop https://www.sodocs.net/doc/089079928.html, Web pages on your own computer.

外文翻译中英对照版

VOLUME 30 ISSUE 2 October 2008 Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering Copyright by International OCSCO World Press. All rights reserved.2008 151 Research paper 2008年十月期2卷30 材料与制造工程成果期刊 版权所有：国际OCSCO 世界出版社。一切权利保有。2008 ？？151研究论文 1. Introduction Friction stir welding (FSW) is a new solid-state welding method developed by The Welding Institute (TWI) in 1991 [1]. The weld is formed by the excessive deformation of the material at temperatures below its melting point, thus the method is a solid state joining technique. There is no melting of the material, so FSW has several advantages over the commonly used fusion welding techniques [2-10]. 1.导言摩擦搅拌焊接（FSW）是焊接学？会于1991年研发的一种新型固态焊接方法。这种焊接？是由材料在低于其熔点的温度上过量变形形成，因此此技术是一种固态连接技术。材料不熔化，所以FSW 相比常用的熔化焊接技术有若干优势。例如，在焊接区无多孔性或破裂，工件（尤其薄板上）没有严重扭曲，并且在连接过程中不需要填料、保护气及昂贵的焊接准备there is no significant distortion of the workpieces (particularly in thin plates), and there is no need for filler materials, shielding gases and costly weld preparation during this joining process. FSW被认为是对若干材料例如铝合金、镁合金、黄铜、钛合金及钢最显著且最有潜在用途的焊接技术FSW is considered to be the most remarkable and potentially useful welding technique for several materials, such as Al-alloys, Mg-alloys, brasses, Ti-alloys, and steels [1-16]. 然而，在FSW过程中，用不合适的焊接参数能引起连接处失效，并且使FSW连接处的力学性能恶化。However, during FSW process using inappropriate welding parameters can cause defects in the joint and deteriorate the mechanical properties of the FSW joints [2, 3]. 此技术起初就主要是为低熔点材料如铝合金、镁合金及铜合金而广泛研究的。The technique has initially been widely investigated for mostly low melting materials, such as Al, Mg and Cu alloys. 此技术已被证明是很有用的，尤其在连接用于航空航天用途的如高合金2XXX及7XXX系列铝合金等难熔高强度的铝合金。It has proven to be very useful, particularly in the joining of the difficult-to-fusion join high strength Al-alloys used in aerospace applications, such as highly alloyed 2XXX and 7XXX series aluminium alloys. 做出Al-5086 H32型板摩擦搅拌对焊的高强度、抗疲劳及断裂的力学性能？。The difficulty of making high-strength, fatigue and fracture resistant Mechanical properties of friction stir butt-welded Al-5086 H32 plate G. .am a,*, S. Gü.lüer b, A. .akan c, H.T. Serinda. a a Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, 31040 Antakya, Turkey a 土耳其安塔卡亚31040，Mustafa Kemal大学建筑工程系 b General Directorate of Highways of Turkey, Ankara, Turkey b 土耳其安卡拉土耳其高速公路总理事会？ c Abant Izzet Baysal University, Faculty of Engineering an d Architecture, 14280 Bolu, Turkey c 土耳其Bolu 14280 Abant Izzet Baysal 大学建筑工程系 * Corresponding author: E-mail address: gurelcam@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/089079928.html, *相关作者电子邮箱地址：gurelcam@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/089079928.html, Received 30.06.2008; published in revised form 01.10.2008