地质外文文献翻译中英文对照
长安大学资源学院英语文献翻译
学院地球科学与资源学院
专业资源勘查工程
学生姓名张桃
学号 2
指导教师张亚敏
2015年6月18日
Title:Orthomagmatic ore deposits
One.Orthomagmatic ore deposits
The magma contains a certain number of metal and volatile components of the silicate melt. All kinds of magma after crystallization and differentiation, make the forming materials dispersed in the magma gathered and formed deposits.And this deposits is called magmatic deposits.
Magmatic deposits formed in the magmatic stage, the source of the material of the deposit is the main ore-bearing magma.
Magmatic deposits is the product of the magma by crystallization and differentiation, and generally have the following properties:
1、Deposits have the mainly relationship with the mafic and ultramafic rocks.And a small number of magmatic deposits with alkaline rocks or magmatic carbonatite-related. Mineralization and diagenesis often begin at the same time.And this is typical of syngenetic ore deposits. Few mineralization of the magmatic deposits may be continued to a later time, but generally does not exceed a total period of magmatic activity.
2、The magmatic deposits ore body majority present
stratiform, lenticular and podiform and so on.And they produced in the magma body,and the wall rock of containing ore is the mother rock.Few cases,orebody presenting vein and stockwork enter the wall rock which outside of the mother rock Between the ore body and the wall rock generally is gradual change or rapid gradual change relationship.Only penetration magmatic deposits have the clear boundaries with the wall rock.
3、Except the rare and rare earth elements deposits of the magmatic carbonatite due to special causes have some alteration about the wall rock,the vast majority of magmatic deposits surrounding rock does not have a significant alteration phenomenon.
4、The ore and the wall rock basically have the same mineral composition, when the useful minerals of the rock body aggregate and reach a certain size,they become the orebody.
5、The ore of magmatic deposits often
have,disseminated,the banded,eye porphyritic,dense massive,brecciated and so on,ore structure.The ores structure can be broadly divided into the following categories:
I.Structure sub-the different magmatic condensate crystalline or stacking interactions; II.Reflect the structure of the immiscible fluid crystallization process III.Reflect the
changes in the structure of the physical and chemical conditions.IV.Epigenetic structure.
6、The magmatic deposits forming temperature is high, generally between 1200 to 700 ° C. The mineralization depth changes,generally formed in the ground a few kilometers to tens of kilometers.
Tow.The formation conditions of magmatic deposits Magma deposits are mainly derived from the magma, it is the combined effects of the product by a variety of geological factors, which playing a leading role is the geochemistry of ore-forming elements traits, the magmatic rock conditions, tectonic conditions and physical and chemical conditions and so on.
1、Control the conditions of magmatic rocks formed by magmatic deposits
Magma is the main provider of the metallogenic material of the magmatic deposits and the medium of containing mineral medium.Therefore,how much of the content of useful components of magma is the possibility of the formation of magmatic deposits.
I.Magmatic rocks metallogenic specialization
Metallogenic specialization of magmatic rocks in the
genesis of magmatic rocks with endogenous deposits showed regular contact, and specific types of magmatic rocks are often produced specific types of deposits.
a)With mafic and ultramafic intrusive rocks related deposits
Mafic and ultramafic rock is the complex igneous complex formed by the combination of a variety of rock types, rock types from a single rock composed of rock mass is relatively rare.The size of the rock mass ranging mostly small,and rock strains, rock cover, rock, bedrock is the most common form of the rock mass. With facies and the different combinations,the mafic and ultramafic rocks can be divided into three types.
b)Mineral deposits associated with syenite, nepheline syenite and carbonate igneous complex
Relating to magmatic deposits of these rocks are mostly produced with the form of rock strain,the different components of rock mass facies zone often has ring distribution.
II.The role of the volatile components in the magma
The magma volatile components have the low melting point,highly volatile and they can delay the condensation rate of the magma, make the magma have more fully differentiation.
III.Magmatic assimilation have an influence on the mineralization of the magma Deposits
IV.Beyond one period of magma intrusion on control of the mineralization
2、Tectonic conditions that control the formation of magmatic deposits
Tectonics have a major impact on the type of magmatic deposits, distribution, the most magmatic deposits associated with mafic and ultramafic igneous rocks on the Causes and space. Mafic and ultramafic magma formed by partial melting of mantle material,so the deep fault cuts through the crust to reach the upper mantle have a strict control effect on the mafic, ultramafic rocks and magmatic deposits which have some relationship with them.
Three.Magmatic deposits formation and its characteristics
1、The process of the magma’s useful components analysis, aggregation and positioning is called magmatic mineralization. Because the magmatic deposits mafic - ultramafic petrogenesis process is very complex, the mineralization also is
varied.According to the way and feature of the mineralization,magmatic mineralization can be divided into four categories,the crystallization differentiation
mineralization, melting away from the mineralization the magma eruption mineralization and magma eruption mineralization.
When magma is condensed, with the temperature gradually decreased, the various mineral sequentially from which crystallized out, result in magma changing,and the magma changes in the composition promote the crystallization of certain components, liking magma composition changed with the crystallization process is called crystallization differentiation.
2、Magmatic liquation mineralization and liquation deposit
Magmatic liquation, also known as liquid separation action or immiscibility, refers to the the uniform composition magma melt with decreasing temperature and pressure separated into two components of different melt role.
3、Magmatic eruptions and effusive the Mineralization its deposit
Magma outbreak mineralization kimberlite magma, together with early crystallized olivine, pyrope, diamond crystals and xenoliths along deep faults,and rise rapidly emplaced at the surface produce 2 to 3 kilometers outbreak and the role of the deposit is formed.
The magmatic eruption mineralization is the ore-bearing lava spray overflow to the surface or penetration into the crater near volcanic series along certain channels, the the condensate accumulation of deposit formation. Formed deposits called magma eruption deposits.
Four.Implications for research
Magmatic deposits having very important industrial significance, most of chromium, nickel, platinum group elements as well as a substantial portion of iron, copper, titanium, cobalt, phosphorus, niobium, tantalum and rare earth elements and other deposits are all from magmatic deposits in the world. Mineralization conditions, the genesis of magmatic deposits and distribution law is of great significance.
题目：岩浆矿床
一、岩浆矿床
岩浆是含有一定数量金属及挥发性组分的硅酸盐熔融体。各类岩浆通过结晶作用与分异作用，使分散在其中的成矿物质得以聚集而形成的矿床称为岩浆矿床。
岩浆矿床主要形成于岩浆阶段，矿床的物质来源主要是含矿岩浆。
岩浆矿床是岩浆结晶、分异作用的产物，普遍具有下列性质：
1、矿床主要与镁铁质、超铁镁质岩石有成因关系，少数岩浆矿床与碱性岩或岩浆碳酸岩有关。成矿作用和成岩作用往往是同时进行，属于典型的同生矿床。少数岩浆矿床的成矿作用虽可延续到较晚的时间，但大体上不超过总的岩浆活动时期。
2、岩浆矿床中的矿体多数呈层状、似层状、透镜状、豆荚状等产于岩浆岩体内，含矿围岩即为母岩；少数情况下矿体呈脉状、网脉状进入母岩之外的围岩中。矿体和围岩之间一般为渐变或迅速渐变关系，只有贯入式岩浆矿床和围岩界线清楚。
3、除岩浆碳酸岩中的稀有、稀土元素矿床由于成因特殊而有一定的围岩蚀变外，绝大多数岩浆矿床的围岩不具有明显的蚀变现象。
4、矿石的矿物成分和围岩基本相同，当岩体内的有用矿物富集达到一定规模时就成为矿体。
5、岩浆矿床的矿石常具浸染状、条带状、眼斑状、致密块状以
及角砾状等矿石构造；矿石结构可大致分为以下几类：I分异岩浆冷凝结晶或堆积作用的结构；II反映不混溶流体结晶过程的结构III 反映物理化学条件变化的结构IV后生结构。
6、岩浆矿床的形成温度较高，一般在1200~700℃之间。成矿深度变化也较大，一般都形成于地下几公里至几十公里。
二、岩浆矿床的形成条件
岩浆矿床主要源于岩浆，是多种地质因素综合作用的产物，其中起主导作用的是成矿元素的地球化学性状、岩浆岩条件、大地构造条件和物理化学条件等。
1、控制岩浆矿床形成的岩浆岩条件
岩浆是岩浆矿床成矿物质的主要提供者和携带成矿物质的介质，因此岩浆中有用组分含量的多少对能否形成岩浆矿床有重要影响。
I岩浆岩成矿专属性
岩浆岩成矿专属性是指岩浆岩与内生矿床间在成因上表现出有规律的联系，一定类型的岩浆岩经常产有一定类型的矿床。
A、与镁铁质、超镁铁质侵入岩有关的矿床
镁铁质、超镁铁质岩经常是由多种岩石类型组合而成的复杂的岩浆杂岩体，由单一岩石岩石类型构成的岩体较为少见。岩体的规模大小不等，以小型居多，形态以岩株、岩盖、岩盘、岩床最常见。根据岩相和组合不同，镁铁质、超镁铁质岩可分为3个类型。
B、与正长岩、霞石正长岩和碳酸杂岩体有关的矿床
与岩浆矿床有关的这类岩石大多呈岩株状产出，岩体内不同成分
的岩相带常呈环状分布。
II岩浆中挥发性组分的作用
岩浆中挥发性组分的熔点低、挥发性强，能延缓岩浆的冷凝速度，使岩浆得到更充分的分异。
III岩浆同化混染作用对岩浆矿床成矿的影响
岩浆在其形成和向上运移的过程中，往往会熔化或溶解一些外来物质，从而使岩浆成分发生改变的作用，即同化作用。在岩浆侵位的过程中，对围岩的同化作用在一定程度上影响岩浆的成分，也影响着其中的成矿组分的分异和聚集能力。当围岩成分与岩浆成分相差较大时，它既降低了岩浆中成矿物质的浓度，也影响成矿物质分异、聚集的程度。
一般认为，在地壳活动强烈地区，岩浆与被同化围岩成分差别越大、侵入体的规模越大、侵位越深、成分越基性、挥发分越多以及围岩破碎程度越高时，同化作用愈强烈而完全。
IV岩浆的多期次侵入作用对成矿的控制
2、控制岩浆矿床形成的大地构造条件
大地构造对岩浆矿床的类型、分布等有重要影响、大多数岩浆矿床在成因和空间上与镁铁质、超镁铁质岩浆岩有关。由于镁铁质、超镁铁质岩浆系地幔物质部分熔融而成，所以切穿地壳而达上地幔的深大断裂对镁铁质、超镁铁质岩及与之有关的岩浆矿床有严格的控制作用。
三、岩浆矿床的形成作用及其特征
岩浆中有用组分分析、聚集和定位的过程称为岩浆成矿作用。与岩浆矿床有关的镁铁-超镁铁质岩体的成岩过程十分复杂，因此成矿作用也是多种多样的。根据成矿作用的方式和特点，岩浆成矿作用主要可分为结晶分异成矿作用、熔离成矿作用、岩浆爆发成矿作用和岩浆喷溢成矿作用四类。
1、结晶分异成矿作用与岩浆分结矿床
岩浆冷凝时，随着温度的逐渐下降，各种矿物依次从中晶出，导致岩浆成分不断改变，岩浆成分的改变又促使某些组分的结晶，这种随结晶作用岩浆成分发生改变的过程称之为结晶分异作用。
2、岩浆熔离成矿作用与熔离矿床
岩浆熔离作用亦称液态分离作用或不混溶作用，是指成分均匀的岩浆熔融体随着温度和压力的降低，分离成两种成分不同的熔融体的作用。
3、岩浆爆发和喷溢成矿作用及其矿床
岩浆爆发成矿作用是指金伯利岩岩浆，连同早期晶出的橄榄石、镁铝榴石、金刚石晶体及捕虏体一起，迅速地沿深断裂上升，侵位于地表2~3千米处产生爆发并形成矿床的作用。
岩浆喷溢成矿作用是指含矿熔浆沿一定通道喷溢至地表或贯入到火山口附近的火山岩系中，冷凝堆积形成矿床的作用。形成的矿床称为岩浆喷溢矿床。
四、研究意义
岩浆矿床具有十分重要的工业意义，世界上绝大部分的铬、镍、
铂族元素以及相当大部分铁、铜、钛、钴、磷、铌、钽和稀土元素等矿床资源均来自岩浆矿床。因此研究岩浆矿床的成矿条件、矿床成因和分布规律等具有重要意义。
中英文文献翻译
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英文文献翻译
中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离，该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好，但是其需要消耗大量的时间，并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时，这些问题显得更加突出。近年来，几种制备系统已经进行了改进，能将分离时间减少到1-3h，并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥（使用薄层色谱分析进行分析）。在这些方法中，在我们的实验室中，媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近，我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术，可用于反应产物的常规提纯，我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等（ΔR f≥），而且构建这个系统花费非常低，并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础，专门针对快速分离，介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的，优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本，放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内，使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间（r）和峰宽（w,w/2）的比率进行测定的（Figure 1），结果如图2-4所示，图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。
土木工程外文翻译.doc
项目成本控制 一、引言 项目是企业形象的窗口和效益的源泉。随着市场竞争日趋激烈，工程质量、文明施工要求不断提高，材料价格波动起伏，以及其他种种不确定因素的影响，使得项目运作处于较为严峻的环境之中。由此可见项目的成本控制是贯穿在工程建设自招投标阶段直到竣工验收的全过程，它是企业全面成本管理的重要环节，必须在组织和控制措施上给于高度的重视，以期达到提高企业经济效益的目的。 二、概述 工程施工项目成本控制，指在项目成本在成本发生和形成过程中，对生产经营所消耗的人力资源、物资资源和费用开支，进行指导、监督、调节和限制，及时预防、发现和纠正偏差从而把各项费用控制在计划成本的预定目标之内，以达到保证企业生产经营效益的目的。 三、施工企业成本控制原则 施工企业的成本控制是以施工项目成本控制为中心，施工项目成本控制原则是企业成本管理的基础和核心，施工企业项目经理部在对项目施工过程进行成本控制时，必须遵循以下基本原则。 3.1 成本最低化原则。施工项目成本控制的根本目的，在于通过成本管理的各种手段，促进不断降低施工项目成本，以达到可能实现最低的目标成本的要求。在实行成本最低化原则时，应注意降低成本的可能性和合理的成本最低化。一方面挖掘各种降低成本的能力，使可能性变为现实；另一方面要从实际出发，制定通过主观努力可能达到合理的最低成本水平。 3.2 全面成本控制原则。全面成本管理是全企业、全员和全过程的管理，亦称“三全”管理。项目成本的全员控制有一个系统的实质性内容，包括各部门、各单位的责任网络和班组经济核算等等，应防止成本控制人人有责，人人不管。项目成本的全过程控制要求成本控制工作要随着项目施工进展的各个阶段连续 进行，既不能疏漏，又不能时紧时松，应使施工项目成本自始至终置于有效的控制之下。 3.3 动态控制原则。施工项目是一次性的，成本控制应强调项目的中间控制，即动态控制。因为施工准备阶段的成本控制只是根据施工组织设计的具体内容确
客户关系管理外文文献翻译(2017)
XXX学院 毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 学院：计算机与软件工程学院 专业：计算机科学技术(软件工程方向) 姓名： 学号： 外文出处：GoyKakus.THE RESEARCH OFCUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT STRATEGY [J]. International Journal of Management Research & Review, 2017, 1(9): 624-635. 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。 注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。
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互利共赢的供应商质量控制 前言 近年来，随着对供应链的重视，供应商管理正逐渐成为企业和学术界的关注对象，IS0９000族标准以及QS 9０00标准都对供应商的管理提出了相应的要求，与供应商管理有关的研究成果正逐渐增多，一些软件巨头也推出了供应商关系管理的软件，但是在这些研究成果和应用软件中，涉及到的供应商质量控制的内容只是一些最基本的要求，而供应商质量控制恰恰是供应商管理的最基本、最重要的内容。另一方而，质量管理界对质量控制的研究取得了大量的成果，遗憾的是这些成果大多依然局限于企业的内部控制，仅仅研究从企业内部各环节如何改善产品的质量，而基于供应链的角度来研究质量控制的成果尚不多见。因此，系统地研究经济全球化形势下供应商质量控制的理论与方法，将有助于推动我国企业产品质量的快速提高和供应链竞争优势的形成与巩固。 1、质量与企业共存 质量一直是一个随着时代的变化而不断变化的概念,人们对质量的认识也往往因关注点不同而有所不同。如，早在1908年，通用汽车公司的工程师们在皇家汽车俱乐部会员们的面前拆解了3辆凯迪拉克轿车，并把这些零件混在一起,而后从中选择零件重新组装成车，然后驾车绝尘而去。这令在场的会员极为震惊，认为凯迪拉克车质量之高令人惊叹。显然在当时，汽车零件具有互换性是一种了不起的质量特性,这也是福特公司的Ｎ型车和T型车取得辉煌成功的重要原因.时至今日，即使农用三轮车的零部件也具有极高的互换性，零部件的标准化和互换性已经是理所当然的事情，不再是吸引顾客的重要质量特性.可见质量的内涵是不断变化的.那么究竟什么是质量呢？ （１)市场竟争就是企业间对“顾客”的争夺，在日益激烈的“顾客"争夺战中，质量、价格、交付（交付日期、方式和手段）和服务是企业常用的四个法宝，其中质量是根本，离开质量其他三项将变得毫无意义，因此可以说质量己成为市场竞争的焦点.它反映了产品是否能够反映顾客需求、能否满足顾客需求，从面决定了产品的市场前途。有鉴于此，质量己成为一项全球性运动,世界上所有优秀企业无一不把质量作为企业战略的关键内容，从战略的角度来规划质量。 （2）对于企业经营者来说,认识到质量对企业的重要意义只是经营企业的第一步,重要的是如何利用科学的方法来保证产品和服务的质量，使顾客满意，来保证过程和工作的质量来获互利共炭的供应商质量控制得良好的业绩。 众所周知,企业管理是社会生产力发展到一定程度的历史产物,质量管理作为企业管理的组成部分,同样也是社会发展的客观要求，特别是顾客处于主导地位的今天,要使顾客满意，就必须有过硬的产品质量和服务质量，这就要求企业积极推行先进的质量管理理论与方法，不断进行质量管理创新. ２、企业与供应商质量控制 随着生产社会化的不断发展，企业的生产活动分工越来越细,专业化程度越来越强，促使生产技术水平越来越高,产品质量得到大幅度改善。通常，某一产品不可能由一个企业从最初的原材料开始加工直至形成顾客最终使用的产品，往往是通过多个企业分工协作来完成.另外，先进生产方式的广泛应用,如准时生产、敏捷制造、零库存等，使企业与供应商的关系愈加紧密，企业与供应商的关系也由单纯的买卖关系向互利共底的合作关系演变。 ISO 900０族标准自1987年诞生以来受到了世界各国的一致追捧,全球约５0多万家企业通过ISO90０1质量管理体系认证足以说明这套管理标准在引领国际管理潮流方面的巨大成功。在备受企业欢迎的新版标准ＩSO9000：2０00中，互利的供应商关系被作为八项质量管理原则之一，充分体现了供应商关系管理在企业经营实践中的作用和价值。企业要贯彻这一原则,就必须
英文文献及中文翻译
毕业设计说明书 英文文献及中文翻译 学院：专 2011年6月 电子与计算机科学技术软件工程
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土木工程外文文献翻译
专业资料 学院： 专业：土木工程 姓名： 学号： 外文出处：Structural Systems to resist (用外文写) Lateral loads 附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 抗侧向荷载的结构体系 常用的结构体系 若已测出荷载量达数千万磅重，那么在高层建筑设计中就没有多少可以进行极其复杂的构思余地了。确实，较好的高层建筑普遍具有构思简单、表现明晰的特点。 这并不是说没有进行宏观构思的余地。实际上，正是因为有了这种宏观的构思，新奇的高层建筑体系才得以发展，可能更重要的是：几年以前才出现的一些新概念在今天的技术中已经变得平常了。 如果忽略一些与建筑材料密切相关的概念不谈，高层建筑里最为常用的结构体系便可分为如下几类： 1.抗弯矩框架。 2.支撑框架，包括偏心支撑框架。 3.剪力墙，包括钢板剪力墙。 4.筒中框架。 5.筒中筒结构。 6.核心交互结构。 7. 框格体系或束筒体系。 特别是由于最近趋向于更复杂的建筑形式，同时也需要增加刚度以抵抗几力和地震力，大多数高层建筑都具有由框架、支撑构架、剪力墙和相关体系相结合而构成的体系。而且，就较高的建筑物而言，大多数都是由交互式构件组成三维陈列。 将这些构件结合起来的方法正是高层建筑设计方法的本质。其结合方式需要在考虑环境、功能和费用后再发展，以便提供促使建筑发展达到新高度的有效结构。这并
不是说富于想象力的结构设计就能够创造出伟大建筑。正相反，有许多例优美的建筑仅得到结构工程师适当的支持就被创造出来了，然而，如果没有天赋甚厚的建筑师的创造力的指导，那么，得以发展的就只能是好的结构，并非是伟大的建筑。无论如何，要想创造出高层建筑真正非凡的设计，两者都需要最好的。 虽然在文献中通常可以见到有关这七种体系的全面性讨论，但是在这里还值得进一步讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论中。 抗弯矩框架 抗弯矩框架也许是低，中高度的建筑中常用的体系，它具有线性水平构件和垂直构件在接头处基本刚接之特点。这种框架用作独立的体系，或者和其他体系结合起来使用，以便提供所需要水平荷载抵抗力。对于较高的高层建筑，可能会发现该本系不宜作为独立体系，这是因为在侧向力的作用下难以调动足够的刚度。 我们可以利用STRESS，STRUDL 或者其他大量合适的计算机程序进行结构分析。所谓的门架法分析或悬臂法分析在当今的技术中无一席之地，由于柱梁节点固有柔性，并且由于初步设计应该力求突出体系的弱点，所以在初析中使用框架的中心距尺寸设计是司空惯的。当然，在设计的后期阶段，实际地评价结点的变形很有必要。 支撑框架 支撑框架实际上刚度比抗弯矩框架强，在高层建筑中也得到更广泛的应用。这种体系以其结点处铰接或则接的线性水平构件、垂直构件和斜撑构件而具特色，它通常与其他体系共同用于较高的建筑，并且作为一种独立的体系用在低、中高度的建筑中。
仪表板外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
Dashboard From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about a control panel placed in the front of the car. For other uses, see Dashboard (disambiguation). The dashboard of a Bentley Continental GTC car A dashboard (also called dash, instrument panel (IP), or fascia) is a control panel located directly ahead of a vehicle's driver, displaying instrumentation and controls for the vehicle's operation. Contents 1.Etymology 2.Dashboard features 3.Padding and safety 4.Fashion in instrumentation 5.See also 6.References Etymology Horse-drawn carriage dashboard Originally, the word dashboard applied to a barrier of wood or leather fixed at the front of a horse-drawn carriage or sleigh to protect the driver from mud or other debris "dashed up" (thrown up) by the horses' hooves.[1] Commonly these boards did not perform any additional function other than providing a convenient handhold for ascending into the driver's seat, or a small clip with which to secure the reins when not in use. When the first "horseless carriages" were constructed in the late 19th century, with engines mounted beneath the driver such as the Daimler Stahlradwagen, the simple dashboard was retained to protect occupants from debris thrown up by the cars' front wheels. However, as car design evolved to position the motor in front of the driver, the dashboard became a panel that protected vehicle occupants from the heat and oil of the engine. With gradually increasing mechanical complexity, this panel formed a convenient location for the placement of gauges and minor controls, and from this evolved the modern instrument panel,
工商管理专业外文文献翻译
Project Budget Monitor and Control Author：Yin Guo-li Nationality：American Derivation：Management Science and Engineering.Montreal: Mar 20, 2010 . With the marketing competitiveness growing, it is more and more critical in budget control of each project. This paper discusses that in the construction phase, how can a project manager be successful in budget control. There are many methods discussed in this paper, it reveals that to be successful, the project manager must concern all this methods. 1. INTRODUCTION The survey shows that most projects encounter cost over-runs (Williams Ackermann, Eden, 2002,pl92). According to Wright (1997)'s research, a good rule of thumb is to add a minimum of 50% to the first estimate of the budget (Gardiner and Stewart, 1998, p251). It indicates that project is very complex and full of challenge. Many unexpected issues will lead the project cost over-runs. Therefore, many technologies and methods are developed for successful monitoring and control to lead the project to success. In this article, we will discuss in the construction phase, how can a project manager to be successful budget control. 2. THE CONCEPT AND THE PURPOSE OF PROJECT CONTROL AND MONITOR Erel and Raz (2000) state that the project control cycle consists of measuring the status of the project, comparing to the plan, analysis of the deviations, and implementing any appropriate corrective actions. When a project reach the construction phase, monitor and control is critical to deliver the project success. Project monitoring exists to establish the need to take corrective action, whilst there is still time to take action. Through monitoring the activities, the project team can analyze the deviations and decide what to do and actually do it. The purpose of monitor and control is to support the implementation of corrective actions, ensure projects stay on target or get project back on target once it has gone off target。