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关于口译做笔记notes-taking

关于口译做笔记notes-taking
关于口译做笔记notes-taking

THE SEVEN PRINCIPLES

The use of a technique is always dependent upon the application of a certain number of principles. This is what we call the instructions. One need not follow the rules recommended in such instructions. Indeed the product, device or system for which they were devised may well work even if they are not observed, but will do so less efficiently. Furthermore, the simpler the instructions, the more likely the user are to follow them. The same applies to note-taking. A few very simple principles give this system its sound base and precision, and make using it straightforward. There are seven of these principles; in order they are:

1 Noting the idea and not the word

2 The rules of abbreviation

3 Links

4 Negation

5 Adding emphasis

6 Verticality

7 Shift

Some of these principles have already been explained by Jean Herbert in his Interpreter’s Handbook1.

1. Noting the idea rather than the word

Take any French text and give it to 10 excellent english translators. The result will be ten very well translated texts, but ten very different texts in as far as the actual words used are concerned. The fact that we have ten good translations, but ten different texts, shows that what is important is the translation of the idea and not the word. This is even truer of interpretation since the interpreter must produce a version of the text in another language immediately. He must be free of the often misleading constraints that words represent. It is through the analysis and notation of the ideas that the interpreter will avoid mistakes and a laboured delivery.

Example: Let us take the following, from French into English: …Il y a des fortes chances pour que...../ There is a very good chance that...” If we base our notation of this expression on the words, the key word is chance. If we base it on the idea, it is probable.

1 Georg & C ie, Geneva, 1956.

The notes will have to be read 20 minutes – even an hour2– after the idea was originally expressed. In the first example it would be very easy to make a mistake. Having noted chance the interpreter might, if the context allowed, render it …there is a chance that” or …by chance”. If on the other hand he noted probable the mistake cannot be made. The issue of style is also dealt with in the second example where one would automatically say (interpreting into English), …It is probable that”, or …it is likely that”, or …in all likelihood” whereas in the first example even if the interpreter had correctly recalled the idea that the word chance represented he/she will be a prisoner to that word and might easily produce a gallicism3.

Example: …We should try to live up to....”. It would be absurd to note the word …live” and it would greatly increase the risk of making a mistake. Although it would seem to be very different from the original it wou ld be more appropriate to note in French, for example, … à la hauteur” (in english ‘to be up to’). This is the result of analysing the idea behind what is said and noting it idiomatically in the target language. It would be just as useful to note be =, representing being equal to , which could very easily be read back idiomatically in intepretation (ie. …à la hauteur in French”, …to be up to in English”).

Whenever taking notes the interpreter must concentrate on the major idea and how this can be noted clearly and simply (preferably in the target language, although this is not essential).

In the practical exercises in Part 3 of this book you will find a number of examples of noting the idea rather than the word. It is recommended that you examine these with particular care.

2. The Rules of Abbreviation

A. ABBREVIATION OF WORDS

The rule of thumb is that unless a word is short (4-5 letters) the interpreter should note it in an abbreviated form.

If we have to note …specialized” it is more meaningful and reliable to note sp ed than to write spec.

2 this was indeed the case when Rozan wrote. Although nowadays 20 minutes is considered a long consecutive speech, his comments still apply.

3 being unduly influenced by the source language is, of course, not only a problem in French-English interpretation but in all interpretation.

B. INDICATING GENDER AND TENSE

Having abbreviated a word or an idea (be it by the use of a symbol or a contraction of its component letters) it can also be very helpful to give an indication of gender4 and tense).

Thus in the expression: …I will come back to this a little later”, noting the future tense will render the words …a little later”superfluous. We will see below that …I speak” can be noted : I ”. Therefore we note : I ll”

The expression: …those mentioned”, must be noted : rf d; because rf alone could be read back as …those which mention”.

Rule: To indicate gender5 and number we add e or s to the symbol or abbreviation. To indicate tense we add ll for the future and d for the past.

See also the examples in Part 3.

C. ABBREVIATING THE REGISTER

The expression …which have contributed to” is long. The word help is short. Wherever possible we must abbreviate by using a word which conveys the same meaning but is shorter.

Similarly, …...which are worth looking at” can be noted int g (interesting).

…In order to arrive at some conclusions” can be noted to end.

…Taking into account the situation at the present time” can be noted as sit on now.

Examine closely the abbreviations in Part 3.

3. Links

The part of any speech that is both the most important and the most difficult to note is the sequence of ideas and the links between them. (Jean Herbert)

An idea can be distorted completely if its relation to the previous idea is not clearly indicated. When taking notes then, we should never miss out the links. Indeed what we

4 Rozan was working from and into French. Gender is meaningless for those noting in English, however, the idea could be usefully adapted for use in, for example, the Slavic languages where nouns have gender.

5Again the ‘e’ represents the French feminine ending. Any letter can be used and this will depend on the languages involved.

actually see is that if the links are noted well the rest of the idea can be summarised in just a few strokes of the pen.

A. Noting links becomes very simple if we use the key words that follow. (Over time this will become automatic.)

as, why and that is because, this is the reason why, since, given the fact that, (in some instances) given that; to convey explanation.

tho although, despite the fact that; to convey opposition

but on the other hand, but, nevertheless, however; to convey limitations

if it is possible that, assuming that; to convey supposition.

as to as far as x is concerned, on the matter of; to convey reference

tfe therefore, one can then conclude; to convey conclusion.

The three symbols below (which can also be found in Part 2) are also extremely useful.

=the same goes for, one might say the same of; to convey the idea of

equality or correspondance

on the other hand, contrary to; to convey the idea of difference or lack

of correspondance

in + in addition, furthermore, if we also take account of; to convey the idea

of additional precision.

B. Linking is not just about representing the idea; it will often impact

on the very content of the speech. It is a question of noting

quickly and without repetition the group of subject words and the

group of complement words to which the idea relates. This problem

can be solved quickly and easily by using the the recall arrow (Jean

Herbert)

Examine carefully the examples of links in Part 3.

4. and

5. Negation and emphasis

Negation and emphasis are two essential elements of any speech and as such should be noted unambiguously (See Jean Herbert pp46-47).

1. NEGATION

Negation might be noted by means of a line running through a word or symbol. Example:

If we use OK to signify …agree”, then …disagree” will be OK . It is also possible to write the word no before the word to be negated (thus in our example we would note no OK). This second method is clearer and since …no” is a very short word using it is not a problem.

2. EMPHASIS

To emphasize a word we can underline it (twice if we are dealing with a superlative or absolute).

Example:

…(The study) is interesting” : int g

…(The study) is very interesting” : int g

…(The study) is extremely interesting” : int g

In some cases the line may be replaced by a circumflex to avoid confusion arising from the use of verticality.

Alternatively emphasis can be noted with a dotted line.

Example:

…This report might be useful” : useful

The use of underlining to denote nuance allows us to qualify the word (or idea) underlined without noting the qualifier.

Example:

…important question” becomes : ?

…we should look at this very carefully” becomes : look at

…I would like to say in the strongest possible terms” becomes : I say

…...an imperfect solution” becomes : sol tn

6. VERTICALITY

It is the principles of Verticality and Shift (described in the next section) which form the backbone of the note-taking system described in this book.

Verticality means taking notes from top to bottom rather than from left to right. This method makes it possible to:

a) group ideas logically, allowing a complete and immediate synthesis when we come to read back our notes,

b) to do away with many links which would otherwise be essential to the clarity of the text.

A. STACKING

…Stacking6” consists of placing different elements of the text above or below one another.

B. USING BRACKETS

Brackets are an important part of the verticality system. In every speech there will be certain elements, which are mentioned to clarify an idea or to highlight a particular point, but which are not integral to the speaker’s train of thought.

These parts of a speech should be noted in brackets, below the main element to which they refer.

To encourage a natural use of the verticality technique it is recommended that you use relatively large but narrow pieces of paper. This will allow you to note the maximum amount of text on one page whilst automatically bringing your notes back to the left hand side of the page.

7. SHIFT

Shift and Verticality are the fundamental principles underlying this note-taking system.

To explain Shift let us take an example: …Over the course of 1954, prices rose, although not to the same extent as income, thus the population’s net income increased.” Our notes will be as follows ( the symbol denotes increase):

Having used Shift to give our notes a vertical layout on the page, noting the links is almost enough to give us an accurate and full version of the text.

6…Superposition” in French

Shift means writing notes in the place on a lower line where they would have appeared had the text on the line above been repeated.

口译笔记常用符号

口译笔记法常用符号

inquiry, interrogate, ask, mystery,…?问题;question, problem, … !危险,警告,当心,值得注意的是;dangerous, warning, alarm, watch out, of course °人,人民,伙伴,朋友;people, partner, … ?信息,消息,情报;information, message, intelligence, … 删除,废除,放弃;delete, discard, give up, …?贸易,交换,交流,关于,关联,替代;trade, exchange, communication, relationship __ 这个,强调;emphasize a certain word/ phrase. …继续,持续,不断的,长期的,各种各样的,多的;more, continuous, … => 加强,推动,促进;enhance, promote, … × # 不仅;not only, … & 和,而且;and… @关于;about e.g . 例如,比如;for example, such as, … (三)图形符号 ?高兴,激动;happy, pleased, excited, … ?失望,不满意,生气;unhappy, unsatisfied, angry, … 会议,聚会;conference, symposium, convention, session, forum, seminar, council, congress, meeting, assembly, gathering, committee,

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口译笔记训练——笔记法实例解析(配图片) Notetaking 1 去年春天,我国遭遇了一场非典疫情重大灾害。党中央、国务院把人民群众的身体健康和生命安全放在第一位,及时研究和部署防治非典工作。将非典列为法定传染病管理,如实公布疫情,在全国范围内实行群防群控。国务院和地方政府成立防治非典指挥部,统一调度人力物力财力,充分发挥城乡基层组织的作用,确保预防、救治工作紧张有序进行。 China suffered from a disastrous SARS outbreak last spring. The Party Central Com mittee and the State Council gave top priority to protecting people's health and live s and promptly investigated SARS and took steps to prevent and treat it. We enforc ed the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Prevention and Treatment of Communicable Diseases, formulated the Regulations on Public Health Emergency Res ponse, and classified SARS as a communicable disease. We reported the facts of th e SARS situation exactly as they were and mobilized the general public throughout t he country to control the outbreak. The State Council and local governments establi shed anti-SARS headquarters to coordinate human, material and financial resources and to make full use of primary-level organizations in both urban and rural areas, s o as to ensure that prevention and treatment work was done quickly and orderly.

口译中的逻辑分析

口译中的逻辑分析 口译训练的三阶段和话语的六种类型 口译是一种技能,而不是一种知识或理论。作为一种技能,只有通过大量训练和实践才能充分掌握。因此,口译课除讲解必要的理论和技巧外,其重点应放在大量的操练上,使学生通过反复训练,逐步掌握口译技巧。 口译训练可分为三个阶段,一是听与理解阶段,主要解决听什么、理解什么的问题。要让学生学会启动认知知识,根据语境、交际环境和交际主题等理解篇章意义,而不是简单地听辨语义;二是记忆阶段,主要解决如何把理解的内容记忆下来。要让学生逐渐学会跟踪讲话人的思路,通过视觉、感觉、形象、顺时、线性、类比等记忆方法。或者利用笔记把可唤起记忆的意义载体记录下来;三是表达阶段,主要解决如何借助笔记的提示把理解了的内容表达出来。 口译训练应特别重视记忆训练。人的记忆按其内容可以划分为文字记忆(指将材料逐词逐句地加以背诵的记忆方式,如背诵一篇文章)和内容记忆(指对材料进行有意义的加工,记忆其思想为“长久记忆”和“短时记忆”两类。所谓“长久 记忆”是指一种长期保持信息的记忆,也叫潜在记忆或被动记忆。这相当于译员 平时学习积累的知识、经验,事前准备的背景知识、专业知识、词汇术语。所谓“短时记忆”是指信息储存一两分钟的记忆,也称为操作记忆或积极记忆。译员临场运用的主要是靠短时操作记忆,同时把潜在记忆转化为积极记忆。由于口译的任务是用目的语重述来源语所表达的内容,即:用与来源语完全不同的词汇、句型来表达来源语所表述的意义,因此译员在倾听他人讲话的同时必须立即忘掉来源语的用词,用大脑快速地分析并记住来源语的全部意思。由此可见,口译中,译员对来源语所表达内容的记忆发挥着重要作用。 一个人的记忆力固然与先天遗传有很大的关系,但人在自己的先天记忆面前并不是完全无能为力的。我们可以通过后天的训练增强记忆力。最有效的记忆辅助手段是口译笔记。译员之所以能把几分钟的讲话忠实地用另一种语言表达出来,是因为思想或口译中的交际意义都可以用某种载体(符号)存储在译员的记忆之中。这种载体包括语言符号(中英文字词)、数学符号、画面、形象、数字等。它们可以记在纸上,也可以记在译员的脑子里。它们作为提示符号,存储在译员的短时记忆中,随时帮助译员回忆起长久记忆中存储的讲话意义,并按照目标语的规则把理解的意义表达出来。辅助记忆的另一种手段是跟踪讲话人的思路。 口译所能见到的话语主要有六种类型:

口译笔记训练

考中高口的朋友们啊(不管是笔试还是口试!)都用得着的啊:口译笔记训练——笔记法实例解析!!(配图片!) 首先要说明,内容来源于网络,感谢原作作者Eric的辛勤付出!! Notetaking 1 去年春天,我国遭遇了一场非典疫情重大灾害。党中央、国务院把人民群众的身体健康和生命安全放在第一位,及时研究和部署防治非典工作。将非典列为法定传染病管理,如实公布疫情,在全国范围内实行群防群控。国务院和地方政府成立防治非典指挥部,统一调度人力物力财力,充分发挥城乡基层组织的作用,确保预防、救治工作紧张有序进行。 China suffered from a disastrous SARS outbreak last spring. The Party Central Com mittee and the State Council gave top priority to protecting people's health and live s and promptly investigated SARS and took steps to prevent and treat it. We enforc ed the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Prevention and Treatment of Communicable Diseases, formulated the Regulations on Public Health Emergency Res ponse, and classified SARS as a communicable disease. We reported the facts of th e SARS situation exactly as they were and mobilized the general public throughout t he country to control the outbreak. The State Council and local governments establi shed anti-SARS headquarters to coordinate human, material and financial resources and to make full use of primary-level organizations in both urban and rural areas, s o as to ensure that prevention and treatment work was done quickly and orderly.

论口译笔记练习的六个步骤

口译初学者,从无笔记口译转入到有笔记口译训练的阶段,往往陷入听的懂却不记不下来或者一记笔记就无法听的困境,甚至手忙脚乱,不知所措。to listening or to note-taking,that is a problem.主要原因有三:一是听辨能力不过关,不能很好的分辨意群和主次信息;二是,精力分配(effort coordination),只能将注意力放在听上或者写上,无法找到听和记之间的平衡。三是,笔记技巧不熟,没有形成自己的笔记体系。 口译笔记是大脑短期记忆的有效补充。用的好,会成为译员手上的大杀器;用不好,会成为译员的绊脚石。在纵写布局、并列式叠加分布、分层缩进等通用原则基础上,口译学习者应该结合自己的思维特点和理解习惯,设计个人的笔记体系。经过一定量的练习,并采用一定的方法,则可以形成简洁和便利的口译笔记。 第一步——无限时中文视记练习:即看着中文文本,边进行逻辑分析,边记口译笔记。无时间限制,认真分析原文结构,进行笔记。笔记完毕后,不看原文,用中文或者英文读出笔记记录的内容。对同一个段落可以反复练习三到四遍,直到产生最简洁有效的笔记。该练习,由于无听辨烦扰、无时间压力,初学者可以充分熟悉笔记技巧,初步设计出自己的笔记体系。

第二步——英文视记练习:步骤同中文视记练习。练习时,需体会中、英文语言差异对笔记带来的影响。 第三步——限时视记练习:以正常语速朗读文章,记录下朗读完毕所需要的时间。然后以稍长于刚才朗读时间的时间段为限,在限定时间内,看着中文/英文文本,记口译笔记。比如,如果朗读完原文的时间为1分30秒,则限定时间可为1分45秒,在1分45秒内要完成笔记,然后用中文或英文读出笔记。 如果能在1分45秒内完成所有笔记,则将限定时间定为1分35秒,然后笔记、阅读笔记。达到目标后,将时间限定为1分25秒-30秒,然后记笔记、阅读笔记。该练习,可以模拟听记时的时间压力,培养迅速的区分主次信息、选择笔记记忆点的能力。 第四步——中文听记练习:听中文原文,然后记笔记,记完之后用中文或英文翻译刚才记录的内容。同一段落可以反复练习两遍,并将两遍笔记进行对比和分析,找出问题所在。多余中国学生,由于中文是母语,听力和输入不是问题。放在听辨上的精力要远远小于听英文时的精力,可以帮助学习者练习听辨及笔记的结合,练习精力分配,找到听和记的平衡点。

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