跨文化交际整理
Unit 1
1 economic globalization(经济全球化）：the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology.
2 barter system(物物交换）：exchange without money
–Farming communities traded their surplus produce in exchange for products and services without the medium of money.
–Human society has always traded goods across great distances.
3 global village(地球村）：the world form one community
–All the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the Internet.
4 melting pot(大熔炉）：a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities.
5 culture(文化）：can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture.
6 cultural diversity(文化融合）：refers to the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong.
7. Communication(交际）: mean to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.
8 intercultural communication(跨文化交际）：communication between people whose cultural backgrounds and distinct(不同）enough to alter（改变）their communicaion。
9 components of communication（交际的十大要素）
①source(来源）：the person who desires to
②encoding(编码）：the process of putting on idea into a symbol
③message(信息）：identifies the encoding thought
④channel(渠道）：the means of transmission(传播途径）
⑤noise(干扰）：anything distorts the messages
⑥receiver(接受者）：the person who attends to the message
⑦decoding(解码）：assigning meaning to the symbols received
⑧receiver response(接受者反应）：anything the receiver does
⑨feedback(反馈）：the portion which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning
⑩context(场景）：help define(使明确）the communication
思考题：
1.Discuss the four trends that make our world more interdependent.
①convenient transportation systems(便捷的交通系统）
②innovative communication systems(革新通信技术）
③economic globailzation(经济全球化）
④widespread migrations(广泛的移民)
2.What are the three ingredients(组成) of culture?
①artifacts(the material and spiritual products people produce)
②behavior(what they do)
③concepts(共有观点）(what they think)
3.How to understand cultural iceberg?
just as an iceberg, culture has some aspects that are observable and others that can only be suspected an imagined. Also like an iceberg, nine-tenth of culture is below the surface
4.What are the characteristic(特点）of culture?
①shared
②learned(enculuration 文化习得：learning one's culture)
③dynamic(动态的）（accultration文化适应：adopts the changes brought about by another culture)
④ethnocentric(ethnocentrism文化中心主义：own cultural background is
superior)
5.What are the characteristic of communication?
①dynamic(动态性）；②irreversible(不可逆转的）③symbolic(符号的）④systematic(系统性）⑤transactional（互动性）⑥contextual(语境)
Unit 2-4
1 Pragmatics（语用学）:the study of the effect that language has on human perceptions and behavior.
2 Semantics（语义学）：a system that associates words to meaning. It is the study of the meaning of words.
3 Denotation（引申含义）：the literal meaning or definition of a word --- the explicit, particular, defined meaning.
精讲案例：
Case1.Case3(p17).Case4(p19).Case2(p43).Case3(p45).Case1(p67).Case3(p69)
思考题：
1.How is Chinese addressing different from American addressing?
①In Chinese the surname comes first and is followed by the given name；in English this order is reversed.
②In China seniority(资历）is paid respects to.
Nowadays, many English-speaking people tend to address others by their given names, even when meeting for the first time.
(About addressing by relationship）Chinese often exten kinship terms to people not related by blood or marriage.
Americans tend to use just the first name and leave out the term of relationship.
Chinese use a person's title、office、or profession to indicate(表明）the person's influential(有权势的）status .In English, only a few occupations or titles could be used，such as doctor, governor, mayor, professor, nurse and captain.(p24)
2. What are the social functions of compliments?(赞美的社会功能是什么？)
Creating or reinforcing(加固）solidarity, greeting people, expressing thanks or congratulations, encouraging people, softening criticism（委婉批评）,starting a conversation, or even overcoming embarrassment（窘迫）.
Unit 5
1 Chronemics（时间学）：The study of how people perceive and use time.
(1) Polychromic Time: paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.
(2)Polychronic Time（多元时间观念）: being involved with many things at once.
2 Proxemics（空间学）：Refers to the perception and use of space.
3 Kinetics（身势学）:the study of body language.身势学
4 Paralanguage(副语言)：Involving sounds but not word and lying between verbal and nonverbal communication .
精讲案例case1(p85).case3(p87).case5.6(p90).case7(91）.
思考题：
1.What are the different features of M-Time and P-time?
M-Time think time is perceived as a linear strucure.认为时间是线性的
P-Time is less rigid(刻板）and clock-bound,more flexible and more human-centered.
2. How is the Chinese writing style different the American writing style?
The Chinese employ a circular approach in writing. In this kind of indirect writing, the development of the paragraph may be said to be ‘turning and turning in a widening gyre’. The circles or gyres turn around the subject and show it from a variety of tangential views, but the subject is never looked at directly. A paragraph is set off by an indentation of its first sentences or by some other conventional devise, such as extra space between paragraphs.
In contrast, the Americans are direct and linear in writing. An English expository paragraph usually begins with a topic statement, and then, by a series of subdivisions of that topic statement, each supported by example and illustrations, proceeds, to develop that central idea and relate that idea to all other ideas in the whole essay, and to employ that idea in proper relationship with the other ideas, to prove something, or perhaps to argue something.
3. What are the different feature of m-time and p-time? P97
M: Do one thing at a time
Take time commitments seriously
Are committed to the job
Adhere religiously to plans
Emphasize promptness
Are accustomed to short-term relationships
P: Do many things at once
Consider time commitments an objective to be achieved, if possible
Are committed to people and human relationships
Change plans often and easily
Base promptness on the relationship
Have strong tendency to build lifetime relationships
M-time is noted for its emphasis on schedules, segmentation, punctuality and promptness. It features one event at a time and time is perceived as a linear structure.
P-time is less rigid and clock-bound. It features several activities at the same time and time is perceived as more flexible and more human-centered.
4. What different worldview can be drive from Buddhism（佛教）and Christianity（基督教）?
Buddhists do not believe in a god or gods who created the world. However, they do believe that there is a supreme and wonderful truth that words cannot teach, and ritual cannot attain.
Buddhists are not favorably disposed to the notion of free enterprise and the pursuit of material well-being. Seen from a western worldview, having no desires adversely affects motives for personal enrichment and growth generally. Thus, little support is accorded to free enterprise.
Christianity recognizes the importance of work and free ownership of property. Protestant, in particular, sees the salvation of the individual through hard work and piety.
5. What is the American cultural value like in terms of value orientation?（美国文化价值取向）
As far as the human nature is concerned, the American culture holds that it is evil but perfectible through hard work.
As to the relation of man to nature, they think mankind can conquer the nature.
They also have a linear time concept and therefore they are future-oriented.
They focus on doing and think that only actions can solve the problem.
They are quite individualistic and therefore they focus less on the benefits of the group.
6.Discover the meaning of some common gestures in English
①good luck②feel surprised③I don't know④Pardon! Can't hear⑤That's enough, Please over⑥thamb-dowm⑦Sth strange/odd⑧Come here⑨in the U.S., meaning "OK"⑩in Italy, meaning "Hero". in U.S., "goodbye"⑾Oh, I forgot⑿Slow down/Relax/Wait a second.
Unit 6
精讲案例case1(p115).case2(p116).p124-126中的小案例
思考题：
1. What are the two primary influences processes of Gender Socialization?
Family communication
Recreational interaction
2. How is gender different from sex? P119~120
Sex: biological, permanent, with a individual property
Gender: socially constructed, varied over time and across cultures, with a social and relational quality
Unit 7
精讲案例case1(p137).case3(p139)
1 Discuss the concepts of high context culture and low context culture.
Eastern culture favors verbal hesitance and ambiguity in order to avoid disturbing or offending others, the burden of smooth communication effective is shared equally between all parties involved.
The Western communicative mode is primarily(直接）direct, explicit（明
确）,and verbal, relying heavily on logical and rational perception(感知）,thinking，and articulation. So the task of communicating effectively lies primarily on the speaker.
Unit 9
1 A planetary culture（行星文化）: integrates Eastern mysticism with Western science and rationalism(理性主义）.
2 Intercultural person（跨文化的人）: represents someone whose cognitive(认知的）, affective, and behavioral(行为的）characteristics are open to growth beyond the psychological parameters(心理界限）of his or her own culture.
1. Identify the features of each of four Hofsted’s cultural dimensions and the contrast between high-context and low-context culture.
Individualism（个人主义）VS collectivism（集体主义）/ Masculinity（刚性文化）VS femininity (柔性文化）/ Power distance(权利差距）/ Uncertainty avoidance （不确定性规避）
High-context cultures（含蓄的文化）assign meaning to many of the stimuli surrounding an explicit message. In high-context cultures, verbal messages have little meaning without the surrounding context, which includes the overall relationship between all the people engaged in communication.
Low-context cultures（外向型的文化）exclude many of those stimuli and focus more intensely on the objective communication event, whether it be a word, a sentence, or a physical gesture. In low-context cultures, the message itself means everything.
"I"culture(个体主义）：1.Freedom to control their won destiny 2.Self-reliance to stand on their own feet 3.Privacy to mind their own business 4.Family ties tend to be relatively unimportant
"We"culture(集体主义）：1.Harmony to strive for the common good https://www.sodocs.net/doc/1312020711.html,petition is not encouraged 3.Limit rights to property 4.Filial piety(孝顺）5.Inter-dependant
Power distance(权利差距）：describes the distribution(分布）of influence within the culture, the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions accept and expect that power is distributed unequally. Cultures are
classified on a continuum(延续体）of high to low distance, that is hierarchy(等级主义）v.s. egalitarian（平等主义）.
Masculine cultures(刚性文化）:These cultures place high values on maculine traits and stress assertiveness, competition and material success.
Feminine cultures(柔性文化）：These cultures place high values on feminne traits and stress quality of life, interpersonal relationships and concern for the weak.
其他名词解释：
1. Enculturation(文化习得): all the activities of learning one’s cu lture are called enculturation
9. Acculturation(文化适应): the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures. 10. Ethnocentric(文化中心主义): the belief that your own cultural background is superior.
11. Communication: mean to share with or to make common, as in giving to another
a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.
12. Components of Communication：
Source交际邀请
The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate. Encoding编码
Unfortunately (or perhaps fortunately), humans are not able to share thoughts directly. Your communication is in the form of a symbol representing the idea you desire to communicate. Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol. Message编码信息
The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process, the verb; the message is the resulting object.
Channel交际渠道
The term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face communication.
Noise干扰
The term noise technically refers to anything that distorts the message the source encodes.
Receiver交际接受
The receiver is the person who attends to the message.
Decoding解码
Decoding is the opposite process of encoding and just as much an active process. The receiver is actively involved in the communication process by assigning meaning to the symbols received.
Receiver response接受反应
The receiver is the person who attends to the message. Receiver response refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message. Feedback反馈
Feedback refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.
Context场景
The final component of communication is context. Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes place and which helps define the communication.
16. Connotation（内涵）：the suggestive meaning of a word --- all the values, judgment, and beliefs implied by a word the historical and associative accretion of the unspoken significance behind the literal meaning.
17. Taboo禁忌语：refers to some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons.
18. Euphemism委婉语：Means the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive.
谚语：
Strike while the iron is hot 趁热打铁
More haste, less speed. 欲速不达
To pass fish eyes for pearls 鱼目混珠
as stubborn as a mule 犟得像头牛
dumb bell 笨蛋
to fish in the air 水底捞月
to drink like a fish 牛饮
as dry as sawdust 味同嚼蜡
to be at the end of one’s rope 山穷水尽
landscape engineer 园林工人
tonsorial artist 理发师
sanitation engineer 清洁工
shoe rebuilder 补鞋匠
soft in the head 发疯的
reckless disregard for truth 撒谎
to take things without permission 偷窃
industrial climate 劳资关系紧张
justice has long arms 天网恢恢，疏而不漏
diamond cut diamond 棋逢对手
golden saying 金玉良言
fat office 肥缺
You will cross the bridge when you get to it
船到桥头自然直
better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion 宁为鸡头，勿为牛后tread upon eggs 如履薄冰
(完整word版)跨文化交际教学大纲
《跨文化交际》 课程教学大纲 课程名称：英语教学论 课程类别：专业必修课 考核类别：考试 适用对象：本科 适用专业：英语 总学时、学分：36学时2学分 一、课程教学目的 该课程旨在扩大学生的知识面，对西方文化的不同层面有所了解,以提高学生的交际能力。在传统的外语教学中, 人们往往忽视文化的重要作用, 只注重语言能力的培养而未能顾及交际能力的提高。近年来国内学者认识到外语教学必须引进文化知识的对比，训练学生灵活运用语言知识, 更好地与外国人沟通, 减少和避免误解。 1
二、课程教学要求 该课程教学要求学生提高对文化差异的敏感性, 更有效地与外国人进行交际，为英语专业课程的学习和翻译实践能力的提高奠定基础。 三、先修课程 跨文化交际是英语专业的必修课, 是在完成了精读、泛读、综合英语、写作等基本技能训练后开设的，旨在增强文化差异的敏感性，增强跨文化交际意识，有助于英语专业课程的学习和翻译实践能力的提高。因此，学生先期完成英语听说读写等技能训练基本课程，如《基础英语》、《英国文学选读》等课程。 四、课程教学重、难点 该课程教学重点在于培养学生对英语国家文化的 2
了解及跨文化交际意识, 提高驾驭英语语言的能力, 从而使其能得体地运用语言与操英语的外国人士进行交流。教师的讲授重点是帮助学生认识中西文化的异同，分析文化差异的根源, 帮助学生深化对西方文化的理解。中西文化的差异在表层上很容易识别,但对造成差异的原因却需追根溯源。东西方在历史,思维方式以及哲学等方面的差异则是造成中国学生对西方文化不解的主要原因,也是该课程的难点。 五、课程教学方法（或手段） 教学方法：以课堂讲授为主，适当组织课堂讨论，鼓励学生充分利用课外资源进行探索性、研究性学习。 六、课程教学内容 Unit 1 Communication Across Cultures（4学时） 3
跨文化交际概论-课程各章节内容要点整理
第一章跨文化语言交际概述 第一节文化、语言和交际 一、关于文化的概念 （一）文化的内涵和特性 1、关于文化的内涵 概括地讲，文化即是人们所思、所言（言语和非言语）、所为、所觉的总和。在不同的生态或自然环境下，不同的民族创造了自己特有的文化，也被自己的文化所塑造。交际即文化，文化即交际，如果没有交际，文化是难以形成的。科学的提法是：“文化是冻结了的人际交流，而交际是流动着的文化。” 2、关于文化的特性 （1）文化由人们的内稳和外显的行为组成。 （2）文化是通过符号被人们习得和传授的知识。 （3）文化是群体行为规则的集合。 （4）文化与社会是潜在现实中两种类型或两个层面上的概念。 （5）文化是历史所衍生及选择的传统观念。 （6）文化和交际具有同一性。 （7）文化是动态多变的。 （8）文化具有选择性。 （9）文化是群体或民族中心主义的意识产物。 （10）文化是个非常复杂的系统。 （二）文化定势、群体文化、亚文化 1、文化定势和群体文化 世界上大多数社会中都可能存在着若干群体或社团，这些群体或社团对地域、历史、生活方式、世界观，以及价值观等方面的共享，使其成员形成并发展和强化了自己独特的文化和与其相关的交际文化。存在两种不同类型的文化范畴：一是全民族的文化，即整体的文化形象，二是具体的个性文化，即是按个人的社会情况或个人所属文化群体为基础的文化，有的学者把这种文化称之为群体文化或副文化。 2、亚文化与亚群体 在跨文化交际研究中，对文化分类的一种较为传统的做法是把文化分成主流文化和亚文化。亚文化是指存在于某一主流文化之中的一种非主流文化，某一少数群体的文化，这一文化中的行为模式区别于主流文化的行为模式。 二、关于语言的概念 （一）语言是交际工具 1、交际媒介 言语交际是人类社会中必需的另一种交换活动，交换的是信息、思想、情感。语言就是一个符号系统，一个人脑子里贮存了符号和符号的组合规则，他就可以和别人交际，传情达意，沟通信息。 2、符号功能 符号是用某种能感知的形式来代表某种事物或现象的结合体。符号由两个要素构成：一个是形式，必须是人们可感知的途径，如听觉、视觉、嗅觉、触觉等等；另一个是意义，即这个形式所代表的事物或现象。形式和意义结合，就成了“符号”。人类语言是一种有声语言，用声音形式来表示意义，通过听觉途径来感知和理解话语。 （二）语言是思维工具 “思维”和“思想”不完全相同：思维是人们认识现实世界的过程；而思想是人们对现实世
跨文化交际 期末复习资料 重点笔记
精品文档 Culture: Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, down and passed are shared, learned institutions and communication patterns that through the generations in an identifiable group of people. law, food, etiquette, religion, literature, language, Objective Culture: history, and customs. are and how they feelings and attitudes about how things Subjective Culture: communication family, spaces, friendship, love, concept should be –the of time, pattern, etc. Learned, transmitted from generation to generation, based on ： Characteristics symbols, dynamic, ethnocentric. It is meant to be a contrast to learning “about”culture underscores Doing Culture: of meaning, process of making communicating across cultures is a the idea that build another, know one so they can get to another people understanding one relationships, and solve problems together. It should not be words on paper, but ideas in practice. individuals which process through Communication: Human communication is the respond to and create messages ––in relationships, groups, organizations and societies to adapt to the environment and one another. Dynamic and interactive Characteristics:interaction between : Communication Generally speaking, it refers to Intercultural people from different cultural backgrounds, such as interactions between people from Hispanic and whites and African Americans, between America and China, between Japanese Americans The form of Intercultural Communication people from different races a. Interracial communication – different but of the same race Interethnic communications –the parties are of b. ethnic origins. same the between members of c. Intercultural communication –communication multiple or hold dual or both of the participants one culture, in which ）（gay, disabled, Mexican American, African American, or https://www.sodocs.net/doc/1312020711.html,munication Competence (ICC competence) how much one know about communication. The cognitive component –The affective component –one's motivation to
新编跨文化交际期末复习资料
1.Iceberg:{Edward. 7. Hall.--
跨文化交际整理
Unit 1 1 economic globalization(经济全球化）：the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology. 2 barter system(物物交换）：exchange without money –Farming communities traded their surplus produce in exchange for products and services without the medium of money. –Human society has always traded goods across great distances. 3 global village(地球村）：the world form one community –All the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the Internet. 4 melting pot(大熔炉）：a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities. 5 culture(文化）：can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture. 6 cultural diversity(文化融合）：refers to the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong. 7. Communication(交际）: mean to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge. 8 intercultural communication(跨文化交际）：communication between people whose cultural backgrounds and distinct(不同）enough to alter（改变）their communicaion。 9 components of communication（交际的十大要素） ①source(来源）：the person who desires to ②encoding(编码）：the process of putting on idea into a symbol ③message(信息）：identifies the encoding thought ④channel(渠道）：the means of transmission(传播途径） ⑤noise(干扰）：anything distorts the messages ⑥receiver(接受者）：the person who attends to the message ⑦decoding(解码）：assigning meaning to the symbols received ⑧receiver response(接受者反应）：anything the receiver does ⑨feedback(反馈）：the portion which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning ⑩context(场景）：help define(使明确）the communication
跨文化交际知识点
跨文化交际知识点： 1.L.S.Hams认为，在世界范围内的交际经历了五个阶段：语言的产生、文字的使用、印刷术的发明、近百年交通工具的进步和通讯手段的迅速发展、跨文化交际。近20年来的交际是以跨文化交际为特征的。 2.跨文化交际学首先在美国兴起，与人类学、心理学、传播学关系密切。 3.Edwar Hall《无声的语言》是跨文化交际的奠基之作。 4.1970年，国际传播学会承认跨文化交际学是传播学的一个分支，成立了跨文化交际学分会。 5.1972年，第一届跨文化交际学国际会议在日本东京召开。 6.70年代影响最大的书籍是《跨文化交际学选读》。 7.Jenny Thomas《跨文化语用失误》：语用—语言失误；社交—语用失误。 8.前苏联的跨文化交际学主要表现在国情语言学方面。 9.传播种类：(1)人类传播①社会传播A交集传播B组织传播C大众传播②非社会传播(2)非人类传播 10.早期影响最大的传播模式是Harold Lasswell提出的5w模式。即who、say what、in what channel、to whom、with what rffects。 11.1949年Claude Shannon和Warren Weaver共同提出了线性模式，增加了“噪音”（干扰因素），把媒介分解。 12.50年代，Charles Osgood和Wilbur Schramm提出循环式的模式，加入“反馈”。 13.社会学家Jack Lyle与M.Lyle把传播过程看作是社会过程之一，特点是把传播放在社会环境中考察。 14.我国最早的辞书《尔雅》。 15.萨丕尔—沃尔夫假说基于对印第安语的研究。 16.red caipet treatment用红毯接待red-light district红灯区red flags提高警惕预防出事的状况in the red赤字 17.politics—“中性”含贬义，为争权夺利不惜采取各种手段的意思；政治—“中性”，实际用时有褒义。 18.intellectual—致力于研究的人，衍生出纸上谈兵的贬义；知识分子—受过大学教育的脑力劳动者。 19.peasant—没有受过教育，举止粗鲁、思想狭隘的人；农民—直接从事农业生产劳动的人。 20.dragon—表示罪恶、邪恶，令人感到恐怖，战争的旗帜，形容人指飞扬跋扈令人讨厌；龙—用于好的意思。 21.phoenix—“再生”、“复活”；凤凰—天下太平，有圣德的人。 22.owl—智慧的鸟，比喻人聪明；猫头鹰—不详之鸟。 23.peacock—通常是贬义，含有骄傲、炫耀、洋洋得意的意思；孔雀—吉祥的象征，大吉大利。 24.dog—中性褒义的情况多；狗—一般用于贬义。 25.Cinderella（灰姑娘）泛指不受重视的人或部门或指有才干但一时未被赏识的人。 26.Shylock（夏洛克）指心肠狠毒唯利是图的小人。 27.to meet one’s Waterloo遭到决定性失败 28.Catch-22进退维谷，左右为难 29.韩国人写文章—归纳法；美国人写文章—演绎法。 30.美国人的思维模式是“桥式”，直接明白地传达给对方。 31.日本人的思维方式是“垫脚石式”，采取迂回、隐含的手法。 32.非语言交际的特点：（1）没有正式的规则和模式，没有固定的结构（2）没有一套具有明确意义的符号（3）有连续性的（4）一部分是本能，一部分是后天习得（5）信息右脑处理 33.阿拉伯人在讲话时总是盯着对方的眼睛。 34.将手掌平放在脖子下面，中国指杀头，英国指吃饱了。 35.食指和中指轻叩桌面，广东指感谢，北方表示不耐烦。 36.美国人站在公路旁边伸出拇指（thunb a ride）表示希望搭车。 37.英美人把中指放在食指上面（let’s keep our fingers crossed.）表示希望某事成功。 38.手兜起来，放在耳后，表示听不见或听不清楚。
跨文化交际学概论笔记汇总
跨文化交际学概论笔记 第一章跨文化交际 一、什么是跨文化交际——具有不同文化背景的人从事交际的过程跨文化交际之所以在今天日益引起人们的注意，主要原因是由于交通工具的进步与通讯手段的发展，使得不同国家、不同种族、不同民族的人能够频繁地接触和交往。L.S.Harms 认为，在世界范围内的交际经历了五个阶段：语言的产生；文字的使用；印刷技术的发明；近百年交通工具的进步和通讯手段的迅速发展；跨文化交际。近二十年来的交际是以跨文化为特征的。 二、第二章跨文化交际学 跨文化交际学在美国Intercultural Communication (与人类学、心理学、传播学关系密切) 1.首先在美国兴起。美国有来自各个国家的移民，有各自的文化系统和风俗习惯，逐渐在美国社会形成了多元文化的格局；美国与各国交往频繁。 2.Edwar Hall 《无声的语言》跨文化交际学的奠基之作。认为不同文化背景的人们在使用时间、空间表达意义方面表现出明显的差异。（对时间、空间、交际的关系作了深入探讨） 3.1970 年是具有重要意义的一年在这一年，国际传播学会承认跨文化交际学是传播学的一个分支，成立了跨文化交际学分会。1972 年，第一届跨文化交际学国际会议，日本东京。 第四章交际 一、交际与传播 这两词来源于同一英语communication表示的是同一个概念，不同学科背景的人采用不同术语。有语言学背景的学者大多使用“交际”，从事传播学教学和研究的学者都采用“传播”。 三、传播的种类 传播可分为人类传播和非人类传播；人类传播又可分为社会传播和非社会传播。非社会传播指内向传播（自我传播），社会传播包括人际传播，组织传播，大众传播。 内向传播（intarpersonal communication)只一个人自己脑子里在自我交流活动或是自言自语 人际传播（interpersonal communication)两个人或以上的信息传受过程。如交谈，书信，小组讨论，大会演讲等。 组织传播（organizational communication)在学校,公司，工厂，机关，军队，党派，群众团体等内部的传播，不都是自上而下的，可具有不同模式，纵式或横式，要注意因文化差异造成的传播不通的局面。 大众传播（mass communication)职业化的传播机构利用机械化，电子化的技术手段向不特定的多数人传送信息的行为或过程，如报刊杂志，广播电视，因特网信息等。 第四章语言交际 一、语言与文化密不可分 （语言反映一个民族的文化，同时有受到文化的巨大影响。）语言与文化有着密切的关系。由于语言的产生和发展，人类文化才得以产生和传承。不存在没有语言的文化，也不存在没有文化的语言。广义的文化包括语言，同时文化又无时无刻不在影响语言，使语言为了适应文化发展变化的需要而变得更加精确和缜密。语言既是文化的载体，又是文化的写照。 E.g.①亲属称谓是语言反映文化的一个突出例证。汉族不仅注重长幼顺序,而且对于是父系、母系或婚系亦十分重视。古人有强烈的传宗接代的观念，按血缘远近区别亲疏,家族里又有内外嫡庶之别。——后来亲属称谓的简化，意味着家族关系在社会生活中不占那么重要的地位。在我国个别地区的亲属称谓中，只有男性称谓，没有女性称谓，可能是古代父系社会的
跨文化交际 期末复习资料
Part 1 Comprehensive Check （15*2）每课的练习A Part 2 Multiple Choice （25*1）每课的练习E复习题的变体；另外请中看第五章 Part 3 E-C Translation（10*1）每课的练习C Part 4 Term-matching（10*1） Part 5 Multiple function（5*5）其中三道是简答题，两道是案例分析。 Terms/questions: 1. Economic globalization: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology. 2. Barber system –Farming communities traded their surplus produce in exchange for products and services without the medium of money. –Human society has always traded goods across great distances. 3. Global village：real time events 、the time and space compression –All the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the Internet. 4. Melting-pot大熔炉: a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities. 5. Diversity: refers to the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong. 6. Intercultural communication: refer to communication between people whose cultural backgrounds are distinct enough to alter their communication event. Perception 7. Culture: can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture. Culture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people 8. Enculturation(文化习得): all the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation 9. Acculturation(文化适应): the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures. 10. Ethnocentric(文化中心主义):the belief that your own cultural background is superior. 11. Communication: mean to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge. 12. Components of Communication： Source交际邀请 The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate. Encoding编码 Unfortunately (or perhaps fortunately), humans are not able to share thoughts directly. Your communication is in the form of a symbol representing the idea you desire to communicate. Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol. Message编码信息 The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process, the verb; the message is the resulting object. Channel交际渠道 The term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face communication.
(完整word版)跨文化交际试题
1.Three international developments have made intercultural contact more pervasive (无处不在), they are .（D ） A. new technology and information system B. changes in the world’s population C. a shift in the world’s economic arena D. A, B and C 2.___C___ has evolved that lets societies share cultural experiences with one another as films are produced and shown around the world. A. Show business B. I.T. C. international film industry D. Mass media 3.__A____ in the United States, because they have been profoundly affected by population and immigration increases, are a primary setting for domestic intercultural contact. A. Schools B. Community C. Workplace D. club 4. It is difficult to find a single definition of human communication because__D____. A. the complex nature of communication B. the issue of intentionality C. the issue of unintentionality D. A, B and C 5. To Reusch and Bateson, communication often takes place __A___. A. without awareness B. consciously C. intentionally D. deliberately 6. Which of the statements of communication is not true? D A. Communication is dynamic https://www.sodocs.net/doc/1312020711.html,munication is symbolic https://www.sodocs.net/doc/1312020711.html,munication is Interpretive D. Communication is static 7. Communication has a consequence means that ___D___. A. Communication is irreversible B.Our response to message does not have to be immediate C. The nature of our responses to messages is rooted in our culture D. A, B and C 8. Which of the item is not the basic component of culture? C A. Values B. Emotions C. Personality D. Attitudes 9. We learn our culture not through __D______. A. proverbs B. art C. mass media D. self-taught 10.Although many aspects of culture are subject to change, the _B______ of a culture resists major alterations. A. history B. the deep structure C. background D. tradition 11. ___C___ is at the core of intercultural communication. A. sender B. receiver C. culture D. language 12. Although cultures change through several mechanisms, which of the following item is not the three most common ones.C A. Diffusion B. Acculturation C. Invention D. Innovation 13. One of the most difficult tasks for foreigners in learning a new language is learning the _____A____ and ________ in which they are used. A. different styles, the contexts B. grammar, accent C. different styles, the speech acts D. vocabulary, the pronunciation 14. Language is accompanied by a continuous flow of nonverbal communication, which involves not only ____ but also ____ and _____.B A. the tone, gaze, posture B. the voice, the face, the body C. the pitch, gaze, gesture D. the pace, the distance, touch 15. ___B__ is the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory data in a way that enables us to make sense of our physical and social world. A. Interpretation B. Perception C. Analysis D. Understanding
有关跨文化交际的读书笔记
《跨文化交际学概论》读书报告
《跨文化交际学概论》是胡文仲教授于1998在北京编写的。 胡文仲,1935 年生于天津，祖籍江苏。北京外国语大学教授，博导，《外国文学》主编。曾任北京外国语大学副校长，高校外语专业教材编审委员会副主任、主任；高校外语专业教学指导委员会主任；欧美同学会副会长；国务院学位委员会外文学科组成员。现任中国英语教学研究会会长；中国跨文化交际研究会会长；中国高校英语口语协会会长。由于长期从事英语教学和研究、跨文化交际研究和澳大利亚文学研究，他共出版了专著6部，教材4部，编著10部，译著5部，在国内外发表论文数十篇，并一直享有盛名。 早在80年代初期胡文仲就开始对跨文化交际学感兴趣，在国外的生活学习使他更加明白了学习英语国家文化习俗的重要性。回国后他也多次在杂志上发表过一些有关中西文化差异的文章，但随着更多的学习和研究，胡文仲发现目前我国的研究一般性的探讨较多，而基于大量数据研究比较少，他认为跨文化交际学的研究不应仅限于研究不同文化背景的人们在语际方面遇到的问题，还可以从心理学、人类学、社会学等不同的角度进行。因此，他开始编写《跨文化交际学概论》这本书，目的是通过理论和实例能够帮助不同层次的读者普及跨文化知识和理论，作为他们研究跨文化交际学的入门向导。 首先，对本书进行简单的概括介绍。《跨文化交际学概论》这本书共有十二章，被作者概括为五大部分。第一部分（第一章至第二章）主要是为跨文化交际进行定义及对跨文化研究的不同理解，并对跨文化交际学在世界各地的发展史及其成就做了详尽的描述。第二部分（第三章至第四章）是作者对文化和交际的定义，特征及在跨文化交际中的地位进行了阐述。第三部分（第五章至第九章）是跨文化交际的过程，这一部分内容被作者依次分为了语言交际、非语言交际、社会交往、人际关系和经营管理；在这几章中，胡文仲教授对每一个过程的作用和特征都通过举例做了说明。第四部分（第十章）是跨文化交际的核心内容---价值观。价值观是文化中最深层的一个部分，支配着人们的信念、态度和行动。因此，作者就价值观与交际的关系、价值观的特点、有关价值观的研究几个方面进行了描述。第五部分（第十一章至第十二章）的内容为提高跨文化意识，也就是教人们如何在实践中应对跨文化的有关问题。 胡文仲编写的这本书在很多观点上都有了新的突破，就像之前的文章大都只侧重于研究跨文化交际的一个角度，仅仅关心不同文化背景的人们在语言交际方面遇到的问题，没有更