大学英语阅读技巧

阅读理解中约有60%以上的题能再原文中找到答案，其余就要考一下推理、逻辑等能力。阅读一定要先看题目，带着问题去文中找答案，尤其是在快速阅读题部分更是非常重要。还有就是要留心各个大小标题。（出题者常以依次而下的顺序出题，而且每题基本都是细节题，分别对应文章一段，可以采用关键词定位的方法），坚持每天都要练习。

提高阅读水平，在阅读理解上拿高分，是四级必过的又一大支柱。阅读理解的复习方法及答题技巧：

四级大纲要求能基本读懂一般性题材的英文文章，阅读速度达到每分钟70词。在快速阅读篇幅较长、难度略低的材料时，阅读速度达到每分钟100词。能基本读懂国内英文报刊，掌握中心意思，理解主要事实和有关细节。能读懂工作、生活中常见的应用文体的材料。能在阅读中使用有效的阅读方法。

四级的阅读理解主要：快速阅读理解和仔细阅读理解。快速阅读部分要求考生在15分钟的时间内读完一篇1100字左右的文章和后面的10道题。前面7道题是单项选择题，后3道是填空题，即根据对阅读材料的理解，填3到4个单词或短语(答案基本都是原文中出现的原词)。

仔细阅读部分要求考生阅读三篇短文。两篇为单项选择题型的短文理解测试，一篇为选词填空。仔细阅读理解部分测试考生在不同层面上的阅读能力，包括理解主旨大意和重要细节、综合分析、推理判断及根据上下文推测词义等。

大学英语四级考试的阅读文章体裁有记叙文、说明文、议论文，其中说明文和议论文为主要测试文体；在阅读题材方面，科技类大约占25%，人文类大约占45%，经济类大约占15%，综合类大约占5%，环境类比例小，近几年有上升趋势。因此，学生应针对不同的体裁和题材进行有侧重点的备考复习。

篇章阅读理解(单项选择)

本题型要求考生在阅读完一篇300~350个单词左右的文章后解答5个以单项选择题形式进行考查的题目。其所考查的内容一般不会是从文章能直接找到答案的，而需要考生运用自己的语言知识、逻辑知识等进行推敲和加深理解。这种题型可以考查任何层次、全局性、细节性的内容。虽然提供4个答案供考生进行选择，但干扰项大多具有迷惑性，这就要求考生对所读文章内容达到真正的理解。

1、解题步骤

第一步，读问题，划出标志词或关键词

快速浏览题目，对5个题目有大概印象以便阅读时有侧重点。一般来说，对于本身已经明确其考查内容的题目，标志词和关键词是比较容易找到的，只看一下题干即可，而对于那些并没有出现标志词和关键词的题目，如：The author suggests that，可以在解答试题时浏览选项作出解答。

第二步，略读文章

在略读中，首先阅读第一段，因为第一段通常会告诉我们作者将要讨论的话题。然后再阅读最后一段，以帮助我们对文章内容进行概

括，或了解作者的评价、态度等。

第三步，解答试题

根据试题中的标志词和关键词，找到试题在文章中对应的句子，并对其进行仔细阅读，然后对比四个选项，选出正确答案。

2、题型分类及解题技巧

主旨题、细节题、语义题、推理题和观点态度题。通过对历年大学英语四级试题的分析，阅读理解部分五类题型所占比重分别为：细节题占60%左右，主旨题和推理题各占15%左右，语义题和观点态度题各占5%左右。在近年的四级考试中，阅读理解题型不断变化，较难的主旨类和推理类比重加大

(1)细节题

细节题即客观事实题，在大学英语四级考试中所占比例最大，目的是考查学生对重要事实和细节的辨认与记忆能力。事实或细节是文章中用来论证或说明主题的依据。这类试题主要考查考生是否掌握了作者用来阐述主题的有关事实和细节，对文章的理解是否全面，是否透彻。这类问题不掺杂主观内容而是针对文章的某个具体细节如：时间、地点、人物、原因、结果、条件、现象等的提问。

细节题主要对文中具体事实和细节(facts and details)进行提问。提问方式一般为：

When (Where, Who, Why, What, How)…?

All of the following are mentioned in the passage except…

According to the passage, the best answer to…is…

The author says…because…

Which of the following may be the best reason for…

在做细节题时，首先应当仔细阅读题目，弄清题目的具体要求，以及所给4个选项，然后在题目或选项中确定关键词，再利用关键词回文章中定位，找出文章中相对应的细节性句子，与4个选项进行对照，以确定正确答案。通常细节题的答案在文章中都会找到，但是答案的表述和原文会有所差别，常常不是文章中的原话，而是词语或句子的同义表达。

(2)主旨题

主旨题是对文章中心思想的提问，主要考查对文章进行概括或总结的能力，要求在阅读短文时，能够提炼文章的中心思想，体会作者的主要写作意图，充分运用逻辑概括能力，透过字里行间获取文章最具代表性的观点、论点及作者的情感倾向。主旨题的提问方式多种多样，例如：

What’s the main idea of…?

What’s the topic of…?

What’s the purpose of…?

What’s the point of…?

What’s the best title of…?

在解答主旨题时首先要确定文章有无主题句，以及主题句在文章中的位置。文章的主题句通常位于首段或尾段，有时也出现在文章的中间段落。段落的主题句通常位于段首或段尾，有时也在段落的中间。

如有主题句，就能很容易确定文章或段落的主题从而选出正确的答案。如果文章中没有明显的主题句，就应该带着问题细读文章的首段和尾段找出其中心，抓住每个段落的主题句，明确文章的中心思想。注意：如果文章主旨题出现在第一题，先不要做这道题，把后面的题做完后再回头做第一题，这样可以节省很多时间。

(3)推理题

与细节性问题相似，推理题也是对文章具体内容的判断。但推理不但要求掌握文章所表达的字面含义，还要掌握一定的逻辑判断能力及写作技巧知识，从文章表面推出更深层含义，这部分往往出题分量大，难度大，出错也最多，归根结底还是对文章内容没有做到真正的理解和掌握。推理题通常包括以下内容：(1)针对文章中的某个细节进行推断；(2)根据文章推测作者的观点、目的、态度和思路。(3)推断文章中没出现的前一段或下一段的内容。这类题常见的提问方式有：

By saying…, the author suggests that…

What’s the author’s attitude towards…?

It can be inferred that the preceding/following paragraph of the passage most probably discussed…

From the passage, it can be inferred that…

It is implied, but not stated, that…

推理题在大学英语四级考试阅读理解中是比较难的一类试题，在

做推理题时切忌主观臆断，推理必须基于文章中的具体事实细节。所以在做此类题时，虽然在文章中不能直接找到答案，但是一定要在文章中找到推测的依据，进行合理严密的推断。如果是针对文章中的某个细节进行推断，就要先在文章中找到该细节所在的句子，在正确理解该句的基础上推断出未知的事实。如果是根据文章推测作者的观点、目的、态度和思路，应该首先确定文章的中心思想，然后根据中心和作者所陈述的事实及细节进行推断。如果要是推断文章中没出现的前一段或下一段的内容，应在仔细阅读并理解了文章内容的基础上，重点分析文章的首、尾两段尤其是文章的开始句和结束句。

(4)语义题

所谓语义题就是从文章的某句话中选出一个单词、短语或词组进行提问，要求考生对其进行一定的分析，推测出其在文章中的特定含义。语义题是大学英语四级阅读理解测试中非常重要的一个题型。语义题考到的词汇通常有两种情况：一种是超过大纲的生词；一种是简单词汇，但意义不常见。

解这类题的最基本的方法是利用上下文来猜测词汇的大体意思，然后对照选项挑选最接近的表达。常见的提问方式有：

The word “…” in line…probably means…

Which of the following has the closest meaning to “…”？

The author uses the expression“…”to refer to…

The word “…” can best be replaced by…

在解这类题时，首先要找到该词或短语所在的句子，然后确定单

词的词性以及单词、短语等在句子中所起的语法作用，明确整个句子的含义，同时对上下文进行认真的分析，以确定上下文中是否有该词的定义、同义词、近义词或反义词，从而可以判断出正确答案。还可以根据上下文逻辑关系，联系日常生活中的有关常识，分析出合理的场景因素推断单词或短语的含义。此外，还可以利用构词法的知识，尤其是词缀法来猜测词义。

(5)观点态度题

在大学英语四级考试阅读理解的试题中，态度题也是经常出现的一个题型。态度题要求我们对作者的态度(attitude)、全文的基调(tone)、文章的出处(source)作出判断。这类问题的提问方式有：What’s the tone of the passage?

The author’s view is…

The writer’s attitude of this passage is apparently…

What’s the writer’s attitude to…?

在回答态度类问题时，对文章体裁的考查是一个非常重要的方面。一般来说，在说明文中作者的态度是客观的(objective)或中立的(neutral)；而在议论文中，作者的观点才会显得多种多样。态度题中常用的选项有：positive(积极的)、negative(消极的)、neutral(中立的)、approval(赞成的)、disapproval(不赞成的)、indifferent(漠不关心的)、sarcastic(讽刺的)、critical(批评的)、optimistic(乐观的)、pessimistic(悲观的)等。

解答态度题时，要注意以下两点：首先要注意文章中一些带有感

情色彩的词，通过这些带有感情色彩的单词可以推测出作者对所论述问题的态度。其次，要注意作者对文章所论述问题的客观描述，通过这些描述推测出作者对其的看法和态度。

在考前考生还需要在以下几方面做好应试准备：

1 、保证单词量：单词是考试中理解文章的基础，而很多考生往往或者单词背得很少，导致理解错误；或者单词背得不熟，导致理解太慢。比如很多考生连pessimistic (悲观的)，in that (由于，因为)等这些考试中常用单词和词组都不知道什么意思，如何做题呢？还有很多同学记忆单词靠主观猜想，如不少同学认为objective(客观的)是“反对的”之意。在考前时间不多的情况下，考生可以通过熟记四级真题中的核心词汇，抓重点来背。文都教育新近出版的《大学英语四六级考试词汇高分突破》完全按照四六级考试词频高低编排，重点突出，可以帮助考生省时高效的复习单词。

2 、及时作总结：有的考生练习做了不少，但是水平提高不多。究其原因，主要是缺少了总结这一环节。正所谓“学而不思则惘”，只练习不总结就不能知道自己的不足在哪里，更不能有针对性地加以改正，只能一错再错。

在作总结的时候，考生可以站在出题者的角度，分析其出题的一般思路，归纳其设置正确答案和干扰选项的共性。另外还要注意把做错的题目按题型加以分类，并在每一类中总结出错的共同原因，此原

因即为需要改进的不足。

3 、限时做练习：时间和正确率是一对正相关的矛盾，做题所用时间越多，正确率也就越高；相反所用时间越少，正确率也就越低。很多学生平时练习只注意正确率，做题没有时间限定。考生平时练习若不限定时间，那么即使正确率很高，也未必能在考试时得到理想成绩。所以，在考试前必须通过做几份真题，把自己在应试中的速度培训出来，树立时间观念。

就时间的具体安排而言，建议考生按照以下模式训练：一分钟看题干＋四分钟看原文＋四分钟做题。根据以往经历，考生往往会在第一篇或第二篇文章上花太多时间，导致后面的题目来不及做。这一方面是和题目的难易程度有关，另一方面是和考生没有合理分布考试时间有关。

在做练习时，建议考生选择贴近真题长度和难度的习题，严格按照考试时间来做。概而言之，备考四级阅读，考生需要掌握应试策略，提高应试技巧，有效练习，及时总结。做好充分准备。

英语阅读技巧应把握哪些地方可以略读或跳读，在首先快速浏览了题干，初步把握文章大意及叙事结构的基础上，可大胆进行略读与跳读，这样不但阅读速度快，也更容易居总体把握原文。在阅读中可略读或跳读处理的内容包括：

繁琐的例证

为了说明问题，作者可能借用形象的例子，有时候会比较繁琐，虽能说明问题，但读者需要花很多时间去阅读。那么在例子所说明的问题不明白时，可通过略读来理解；若例子所说明的问题比较明了，则例子部分可一带而过。

并列多项列举

有时许多功能相同的项目并列列举，那么只读其中一两项即可，无需全读，即使其中有生词也可略读，不用放在心上。

无关大局的生僻字词

阅读中经常会遇到一些生词，如果这些生词对于文章总体的把握关系不大，这时候出题者也不会给这些生词加汉语注释，只要觉得对全文的理解没有影响或影响不大就可略过。

冗长的人名、地名

有许多冗长的表示人名、地名等专有名词，阅读时可一扫而过或干脆用其首字母代替法，千万不可试图把整个词读出来。

在略读过程中，要把自己认为对解题有重要意义的字、句、段等标记出来，并储存在大脑里，以免回头再查看费时费力。同时，对于表达作者写作意图的词句，表现作者强烈感情色彩的词句也要标记出来。

要特别注意把握文中具有衔接过渡等功能的字句，抓住了这些字句，就能准确理解作者的写作意图与写作思路，文章的结构也一目了然。这些连接过渡包括表明句与句之间关系的连接词，也包括表明上下文段落之间关系的过渡语或过渡句，甚至是过渡段。

阅读理解除了要求正确理解事实细节的能力外，还经常需要考生根据一定上下文对某些词汇的意义进行推断、根据所读材料理解文章隐含的意义和深层次的含义、归纳文章主题思想、通过概括得出结论、综合判断作者态度等，这就要求考生具备相应的阅读理解微技能，与四级考试密切相关的一些微技能包括词汇的理解、预测、判断、归纳和推理。

词汇的理解

对于阅读中碰到的生僻词，我们首先要学会识别哪些情况下即使不了解词义也不影响对短文的理解;其次是转变对生僻词义认识上的态度，即在许多情况下不必了解该词的确切意义，尤其没有必要了解它在英汉辞典中的中文释义，而只需对该词词义的大概而笼统的理解就行。实践中，在确定了短文中哪些生僻词的词义有必要作一大概了解后，我们可以从以下两个角度来猜度词义：

(1) 构词知识

即利用单词的构词要素词根，前后缀来识记单词。

词根是一个单词的根本部分，代表词的基本意义;前缀是加在词根或单词前面的部分，通常也有一定含义;后缀是加在词根或单词后

面的部分，通常在增加词义的同时还改变词性。通过词根词缀构词的方式有多种，现简单归纳如下：

①前缀+词根：inter(中间)+vene→intervene(介入)

②词根+后缀：circl(圆)+瞝et(小)→circlet(小环)

③词根+词根：tele(远)+scope(镜)→telescope(望远镜)

④前缀+词根+后缀：in(不)+aud(听)+瞚ble(可)→inaudible(听不见)

⑤双前缀+词根：re(再)+dis(取下)+cover(盖)→rediscover(再发现)

⑥词根+双后缀：care(用心)+瞝ess(不)+瞝y(地)→carelessly(不小心地)

⑦前缀+双词根：tri(三)+gono(角)+metry(测量)→trigonometry(三角几何)

⑧双词根+后缀：biblio(书)+phil(爱)+瞚st(人)→bibliophilist(书籍爱好者)

⑨双前缀+词根+后缀：ir(不)+re(反对)+sist(站)+瞚ble→irresistible(不可抵抗的)

前缀+词根+双后缀：se(离)+greg(群)+瞐tion+瞚st→segregationist(种族隔离主义者)

双前缀+词根+双后缀：un(不)+pre(先)+ced(走)+瞖nt+瞖d→unprecedented(史无前例的)

(2) 上下文线索

利用上下文线索猜测词义的方法很多，但其核心是寻找与该生僻词相关的上下文意义线索，这些线索主要可归纳为以下几种：

①同义定义为了便于读者理解作者本义，作者有时会对文中的生僻词或专业性较强的词直接给出定义。在下定义时，作者常使用一些信号词，如：is/are(called)，means，can be defined as，refer to，is/are known as，signify等，例：

Food fallacies refer to beliefs about food that are not true.

或标点符号，如——，()等，例：

Multiplexing ——transmitting independent signals at the same time in the same channel——increases the efficiency of radio channels.

有时，作者用同位语形式或连词or给出定义，例：

Nerve cells evidently first appeared in coelenterates, “hollow瞘utted” organisms like hydra and the sea anemone.

Intelligent behavior remained impossible until the appearance of relatively big，complex types of brain——the types we find among the vertebrates，or backboned animals.

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③反义对照在表示对照的上下文中，常包含有意义相反的词语或概念，这些意义相反的概念可以互为线索，帮助我们猜度词义。常有以下一些信号词：although，but，however，though，whereas，while，yet，on the contrary，on the other hand等。

例：Chimpanzees(猩猩) in the wild use simple objects as tools，but in laboratory situations they can use more sophisticated items.

Most dentists-offices are drab places，while Emilio’s new office is a bright，cheerful place.

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People gathered to look. Three fine streams of hot water sprouted from holes in the jacket(套，壳) of the radiator.

A man is watering his lawn just as an attractive，well dressed girl walked by. As he ogles her，he accidentally turns the hose on his ugly，dowdy wife.

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The consequences of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discoveries are not confined to a small geographical area.

Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful.

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When Mark was in pedantic mood，he assumed the manner of a famous professor and gave long lectures on boring, insignificant topics

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