00795综合英语二-上册-课文诠释

Lesson One

Twelve Things l Wish They Taught at School

Carl Sagan

Learning Guide

俗话说：“活到老，学到老。”人的一生就是不断学习、不断丰富和充实自己的过程。青少年阶段，

尤其是中学阶段，无疑是学习的最佳时期。中学教育的重点应放在什么地方？美国著名科学家和科普

作家萨根批评中学只抓各个学科具体内容的做法，他认为中学要注重对青少年的宏观教育，使他们建

立起唯物的世界观和宇宙观，使他们能够正确对待自己，关心周围的世界——人类生存的环境和自己

的地球同胞。

1. I attended junior and senior high school, public institutions in New York and New Jersey, just after the Second World War. It seems a long time ago. ① The facilities and the skills of the teachers were

probably well above average for the United States at that time.Since then, I've learned a great deal. One of the most important things I've learned is how much there is to learn, ② and how much I don't yet know.③ Sometimes I think how grateful I would be today if I had learned more back then about what really matters. In some

respects that education was terribly narrow; the only thing I ever heard in school about Napoleon was that the United States made the Louisiana Purchase from him. ④(On a planet where some 95% of the inhabitants are not Americans, the only history that was thought worth teaching was American history. ) In spelling, grammar, the fundamentals of math, and other vital subjects, my teachers did a pretty good job. But there's so much else I wish

2.Perhaps all the deficiencies have since been rectified. It seems to me there are many things (often more

a matter of attitude and perception than the simple memorization of facts) that the schools should teach — things

that truly would be useful in later life, useful in making a stronger country and a better world, but useful also in making people happier. Human beings enjoy learning.③That's one of the few things that we do better than the other species on our planet. ④Every student should regularly experience the "Aha!" — when something you never understood, or something you never knew was a mystery, becomes clear.

4. The Greek philosopher Socrates said this was one of the greatest of human joys,and it is. While you learn

a little bit about many subjects, make sure you learn a great deal about one or two. It hardly matters what the subject is, as long as it deeply interests you, and you place it in its broader human context. After you teach yourself one subject, you become much more confident about your ability to teach yourself another. You gradually find you've acquired a key skill. The world is changing so rapidly that you must continue to teach yourself throughout your life. ①But don't get trapped by the first subject that interests you, or the first thing you find yourself good at. ②The world is full of wonders, and some of them we don't discover until we're all grown up. Most

Don't be afraid to ask "stupid" questions.

5. Many apparently naive inquiries like why grass is green, or why the Sun is round, or why we need 55,000 nuclear weapons in the world — are really deep questions. ① The answers can be a gateway to real insights. It's also important to know, as well as you can, what it is that you don't know, and asking questions is the way. To ask "stupid" questions requires courage on the part of the asker and knowledge and patience on the part of the answerer. ② And don't confine your learning to schoolwork. Discuss ideas in depth with friends. ③ It's much braver to ask questions even when there's a prospect of ridicule than to suppress your questions and become deadened

Listen carefully.

6. ①Many conversations are a kind of competition that rarely leads to discovery on either side. When people are talking, don't spend the time thinking about what you're going to say next. Instead, ②try to understand what they're saying, what experience is behind their remarks, what you can learn from or about them. Older people have grown up in a world very different from yours, one you may not know very well. They, and people from other

Everybody makes mistakes.

7. Everybody's understanding is incomplete. Be open to correction, and learn to correct your own mistakes. The only embarrassment is in not learning from your mistakes.

Know your planet.

8. It's the only one we have. Learn how it works. We're changing the atmosphere, the surface, the waters of the Earth, ①often for some short-term advantage when the long-term implications are unknown. ②The citizens of

any country should have at least something to say about the direction in which we're going. ③If we don't

Science and technology.

9. You can't know your planet unless you know something about science and technology. School science courses, I remember, concentrated on the unimportant parts of science, leaving the major insights almost untouched. The great discoveries in modern science are also great discoveries of the human spirit. For example, Copernicus showed that —far from being the center of the universe, about which the Sun, the Moon, the planets, and the stars revolved in clockwise homage — the Earth is just one of many small worlds. ①This is a deflation of our pretensions, to be sure, but it is also the opening up to our view of a vast and awesome universe. Every high school graduate should have some idea of the insights of Copernicus, Newton, Darwin, Freud, and Einstein. (Einstein's special theory of relativity, far from being obscure and exceptionally difficult, can be understood in its basics with no more than first-year algebra, and the notion of a rowboat in a river going upstream and

Don't spend your life watching TV.

10. You know what I'm talking about.

Culture.

11. ①Gain some exposure to the great works of literature, art and music. ②If such a work is hundreds or thousands of years old and is still admired, there is probably something to it. Like all deep experiences,③it may take a little work on your part to discover what all the fuss is about. But once you make the effort, your life has changed; you've acquired a source of enjoyment and excitement for the rest of your days. ④In a world as tightly connected as ours is, don't restrict your attention to American or Western culture. Learn how and what people

Compassion.

12. Many people believe that we live in an extraordinarily selfish time. But there is a hollowness, a loneliness that comes from living only for yourself. Humans are capable of great mutual compassion, love, and tenderness. These feelings, however, need encouragement to grow.

13. Look at the delight a one- or two-year-old takes in learning, and you see how powerful is the human will to learn. ①Our passion to understand the universe and our compassion for others jointly provide the chief hope

Lesson Two

Icons

Learning Guide

提起一位获得诺贝尔奖的华人物理学家的名字，今天的青少年恐怕很多人会感到陌生，无话可说，可是谈起当红歌星、球星，他们则是津津乐道。当今国内外的明星大腕被少男少女们一个个奉为偶像。君不见，追星族们为求得偶像的签名，可以在瓢泼大雨中等待半天，为一睹偶像的风采，可以大打出手破门而入。三四十年前青年人崇拜的科学家和英雄人物已被视为昨日黄花，中外都是如此。这种价值观的变化引起了社会学家和教育家的忧虑，他们指出星们、腕儿们只不过是媒体尤其是电视炒作的产物。

Heroes and Cultural Icons

Gary Gosggarian

Abraham Lincoln Martin Luther King Jr. Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Helen Keller Rosa Parks

1. If you were asked to list ten American heroes and heroines, you would probably name some or all of the following: George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, Daniel Boone, Martin Luther King Jr., Amelia Earhart, Susan B. Anthony, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, Helen Keller, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Rosa Parks. ①If next you were asked to list people who are generally admired by society, who somehow seem bigger than life, you might come up with an entirely different list. You might, in fact, name people who are celebrated for their wealth and glamour rather than their achievements and moral strength of character. ②And you would not be alone, because pollsters have found that people today do not choose political leaders who shape history for their "Most Admired" list, but rather movie and television celebrities, fashion models, professional athletes, and even comic book and

2. By definition, heroes and heroines are men and women distinguished by uncommon courage, achievements, and self-sacrifice made most often for the benefit of others —②they are people against whom

we measure others. They are men and women recognized for shaping our nation's consciousness and development as well as the lives of those who admire them. ③Yet, some people say that ours is an age where true heroes and heroines are hard to come by, where the very ideal of heroism is something beyond us— an artifact of the past. Some maintain that because the Cold War is over and because America is at peace our age is essentially an unheroic one. Furthermore, the overall crime rate is down, poverty has been eased by a strong and growing economy, and advances continue to be made in medical science. ④Consequently, bereft of cultural heroes, we have latched onto cultural icons — media superstars such as actors, actresses, sports celebrities,

⑤

3. Cultural icons are harder to define, but we know them when we see them. ①They are people who

manage to transcend celebrity, who are legendary, who somehow manage to become mythic. But

what makes some figures icons and others mere celebrities? That's hard to answer. ②In part, their

lives have the quality of a story. For instance, the beautiful young Diana Spencer who at 19 married

a prince, bore a king, renounced marriage and the throne, and died at the moment she found true

love. ③Good looks certainly help. ④So does a special indefinable charisma, with the help of the media. But nothing be comes an icon more than a tragic and early death — such as Martin Luther King Jr. , John F. Kennedy,

Being Somebody

Donna Wool folk Cross

4. One hundred years ago, people became famous for what they had achieved. Men like J.P. Morgan, E. H. Harriman and Jay Gould were all notable achievers. So were Thomas Edison, Mark Twain, and Susan B. Anthony.

5. ①Their accomplishments are still evident in our own day. ②Today's celebrities, however, often do

not become known for any enduring achievement. The people we most admire today are usually those who are

6. In 1981, a Gallup poll revealed that Nancy Reagan was the nation's "most admired woman." The year before, that distinction went to President Carter's wife, Rosalynn. In fact, the wife of the current president is always one of the nation's most admired women. Today's celebrities, as the writer Daniel Boorstin says, are

The hero was distinguished by his accomplishment; the celebrity by his image or trademark. ②The hero created himself; the

③

8. There is another distinction: heroes inspire respect; celebrities inspire envy. Few of us believe we could be another Jonas Salk or Eleanor Roosevelt, but we could be another TV star like Telly Savalas or Suzanne ②

9. The shift from hero-worship to celebrity-worship occurred around the turn of the century. It was closely tied to the rise of new forms of media— first photography, and later moving pictures, radio and television. For the first time, Americans could see and recognize their heroes. ①Previously, men like Gould and Harriman, whose names everyone knew, could easily have passed through a crowd without being recognized. ②The reproduction of photos in newspapers turned famous people into celebrities whose dress, appearance, and personal habits were widely commented upon. Slowly, the focus of public attention began to shift away from knowing what such people

magazine articles about famous people were about political leaders, inventors, professionals, and businessmen. After 1922, however, most articles were about movie stars.

11. ①With the arrival of television, the faces of the stars became as familiar as those we saw across the breakfast table. We came to know more about the lives of the celebrities ②than we did about most of the people we know personally. Less than seventy years after the appearance of the first moving pictures, the shift from

Today an appearance on a television talk show is the ultimate proof of "making it" in America. Actually, the term "talk show" is misleading. ②Celebrities do not appear on such a program because of an actual desire —

13. Being a guest on a talk show does not require qualities of wit, eloquence, brilliance, insight, or intelligence.

A former talent coordinator for "the Tonight Show," says that when he would ask a scheduled guest, "What would you like to talk to the host about?"the reply he got most often was, "Have him ask me anything."This, he says, usually meant, "I am a typical Hollywood actor, so I have never had an original thought and I have nothing to say of any interest to anyone anywhere."

14. ①Most hosts are grateful just to get someone who will fill the room with sound. One talk show coordinator comments, "We look for the guest who is sure to talk no matter what. Ten seconds of

silence appears very awkward on television; thirty seconds is disastrous. A guest who's got to stop to

②

15. This kind of attitude rewards smooth, insincere talk, and makes hesitancy look like stupidity.

16. "We wouldn't have used George Washington on our show," says one talent coordinator. "He might have been first in the hearts of his countrymen, but today he'd be dragging his bottom in the ratings."

Lesson Three

Go-Go Americans

1. Americans believe no one stands still. ①If you are not moving ahead, you are falling behind. ②This attitude results in a nation of people committed to researching, experimenting and exploring. ③Time is one of the two

elements that Americans save carefully, the other being labor.

① If you are not moving ahead , you are falling behind.

Life is a race and everyone in it keeps moving forward . If you stay where you are , you are being left behind.

② This attitude results in a nation of people committed to researching , experimenting and exploring.

这种不进则退的观念使得整个民族都觉得有责任去研究、实验和探索。

be committed to：决心或承诺。

With this attitude Americans feel urged to work hard at finding new ways to make life better through researching, experimenting and exploring.

③ Time is one of the two elements that Americans save carefully, the other being labor.

时间是美国人努力节省的两种东西之一，另一样是劳力。

Americans are often thought to be a squandering (浪费的) nation. But they do work hard at saving two things—time and labour.

2. ①"We are slaves to nothing but the clock," it has been said. ②Time is treated as if it were something almost tangible. We budget it, save it, waste it, steal it, kill it, cut it, account for it; we also charge for it. It is a precious commodity. ③Many people have a rather acute sense of the shortness of each lifetime. ④Once the

sands have run out of a person's hourglass, they cannot be replaced. ⑤We want every minute to count.

① "We are slaves to nothing but the clock,"...

我们只是受时钟的支配。

Time is the only thing that decides what we do or not do in the tine available to us./Our schedule determines what we do in a particular period of time .

② Time is treated as if it were something almost tangible.

对待时间简直就像它是看得见、摸得着的东西一样。

Americans treat time as if it were something solid , which you can seize and control .

③ Many people have a rather acute sense of the shortness of each lifetime.

许多人深感人的一生之短促。

Many people are keenly aware that life is short .

④ Once the sands（have run out of a person's hourglass , they cannot be replaced.

一旦岁月的沙粒从人的沙漏里流光，那是无法弥补的。

----Time lost will return no more /Once a day in our life is gone , it will never come back to us .

⑤ We want every minute to count.

我们想让每一分钟都发挥作用。

count：有价值，又重要意义。

We want to use every minute effectively ./We want to make good use of every minute.

3. ①A foreigner's first impression of the U.S. is likely to be that everyone is in a rush — often under pressure. City people appear always to be hurrying to get where they are going, restlessly seeking attention in a

store, elbowing others as they try to complete their errands. ②Racing through daytime meals is part of the pace of life in this country. Working time is considered precious. Others in public eating places are waiting for you to finish so they too can be served and get back to work within the time allowed. Each person hurries to make room for the

next person. ③If you don't, waiters will hurry you.

① A foreigner's first impression of the U.S. is likely to be that everyone is in a rush—often under pressure.

外国人对美国的最初印象往往是：人们都是匆匆忙忙，也就是说他们经常有压力。

What a foreigner in the U.S. first notices is perhaps the fact that everyone is in a hurry—often urged by the need to be doing something .

② Racing through daytime meals is part of the pace of life in this country.

Eating breakfast and lunch as quickly as possible shows partly how fast we do things here in the U.S.

③ If you don't, waiters will hurry you.

你要是不赶快，服务员就要催你。

If you don't eat quickly enough, the waiter will urge you to.

4. ①You also find drivers will be abrupt and that people will push past you. ②You will miss smiles, brief conversations, small courtesies with strangers. ③Don't take it personally. ④This is because people value time

highly, and they resent someone else "wasting" it beyond a certain courtesy point.

① You also find drivers will be abrupt and that people will push past you.

You also find that drivers will be rude and that people will walk past you quickly without paying any attention to you.

② you will miss smiles, brief conversations, small courtesies with strangers.

在这里，你看不到对陌生人的微笑、和他们简短的谈话以及起码的客套。

To foreigners' disappointment，Americans don't usually smile at them, or start talking with them even briefly, or act politely, for example, say hello to them.( They are too busy to get their own business done. )

③ Don't take it personally.

这种表现不是针对个人的。

Don't feel upset because this is their way with strangers. It is not directed against any particular person. They treat all strangers in the same way.

④ This is because people value time highly, and they resent someone else "wasting" it beyond a certain courtesy point.

这是因为人们极为珍视时间，别人浪费他们的时间超过了一定礼貌许可的限度，他们就会感到愤恨。

They dislike people taking up much of their time to the point of impoliteness/discourtesy./they dislike people impolitely taking up much of their time.

5. ①This view of time affects the importance we attach to patience. ②In the American system of values, patience is not a high priority. ③Many of us have what might be called "a short fuse." ④We begin to move restlessly about if we feel time is slipping away without some return— be this in terms of pleasure, work value, or rest. ⑤Those coming from lands where time is looked upon differently may find this matter of pace to be one of

their most difficult adjustments in both business and daily life.

① This view of time affects the importance we attach to patience.

这种时间观影响了我们对耐心的重视。按照美国的价值观标准，耐心并没有排在很高的地位。

As we value time highly we don’t think patience is a great virtue.

② In the American system of values, patience is not a high priority.

In the American set of values, patience is not regarded as of much importance.

③ Many of us have what might be called "a short fuse".

我们当中很多人都很容易“发火”。

We are impatient. We easily lose our temper/get angry/flare up.

④ We begin to move restlessly about if we feel time is slipping away without some return—be this in terms of pleasure, work value, or rest.

只要我们感到消耗了时间而没有回报，我们就开始烦躁不安地走来走去——无论是在娱乐、在工作还是在休息，我们都是如此。

Whether we are playing, working or resting, we become impatient if we find our time is being wasted by someone who keeps us waiting or prevents us from doing what we have planned to do.

⑤ Those coming from lands where time is looked upon differently may find this matter of pace to be one of their most difficult adjustments in both business and daily life.

来自时间观大相径庭的国家的人，可能会发现无论是在公务方面还是日常生活中，（在美国）节奏是最难以适应的方面之一。

If you come from countries where people don't value time as much as we do, you will probably find that the problem of pace/tempo is the most difficult thing to get used to either in business or in daily life.

①

miss the ritual socializing that goes with a welcoming cup of tea or coffee that may be traditional in their own country. ②They may miss leisurely business chats in a cafe or coffee house. ③Normally, Americans do not assess

their visitors in such relaxed surroundings over prolonged small talk; much less do they take them out for dinner, or around on the golf course while they develop a sense of trust and rapport. Rapport to most of us is less important than performance. ④We seek out evidence of past performance rather than evaluate a business colleague through social courtesies. ⑤Since we generally assess and probe professionally rather than socially,

we start talking business very quickly.

① Many newcomers to the States will miss the opening courtesies of a business call, for example.

For example, a business call here will not begin with excessive welcoming remarks and small talk, which many foreigners like and which a welcoming cup of tea or coffee that may be traditional in their own country.

They will not be received with a show of welcome, courtesy, or friendliness, including a cup of tea or coffee which perhaps is customary in their home country.

② They may miss leisurely business chats in a café or coffee house.

They may feel disappointed when their American partners do not talk business with them in an informal and unhurried way in a café or coffee house.

③ Normally, Americans do not assess their visitors in such relaxed surroundings over prolonged small talk; much less do they take them out for dinner, or around on the golf course while they develop a sense of trust and rapport.

一般情况下，美国人不会在这种轻松的环境，通过长时间的闲聊来评价他们的（生意上的）来访者。

Usually, Americans do not try to estimate their visitors’value through lengthy, leisurely chats in a cafe or a coffee house; they certainly do not take them out for dinner, or to a place of recreation simply in order to develop a sense of trust in them and friendly relations with them.

④ We seek out evidence of past performance rather than evaluate a business colleague through social courtesies.

我们通过调查生意伙伴过去的业绩而不是通过社交活动来评价他们。

rather than：而不，与其……不如……。意思与instead of 或in place of 相似，但起连接词的作用，连接平行的结构。

We don't judge a business partner by the way he behaves socially. Instead, we find out what he has previously achieved.

⑤ Since we generally assess and probe professionally rather than socially, we start talking business very quickly.

由于我们总的来说是从专业的角度而不是从社交的角度来评价（我们的合作伙伴），来探索（生意的可能性），我们很快就谈正事。

Since we generally evaluate the worth of our business partner by his professional skills and competence instead of his social abilities, we do not waste time in socializing, but start talking business right away.

7. ①Most Americans live according to time segments laid out in engagement calendars. These calendars may be divided into intervals as short as fifteen minutes. We often give a person two or three (or more) segments of our calendar, ②but in the business world we almost always have other appointments following hard on the heels

of whatever we are doing. ③Time is therefore always ticking in our inner ear.

① Most Americans live according to time segments laid out in engagement calendars:

多数美国人是按照活动日程表所制定的时间段来生活的。

Most Americans plan their time carefully and follow a strict schedule.

② ...but in the business world we almost always have other appointments following hard on the heels of whatever we are doing.

可是在商界里，不管我们正在干什么，差不多总是紧接着有其他已经安排好的活动在等着我们。

.. but a businessman’s schedule is always crowded. We almost always have one appointment right after another with no interval/break in between.

③ Time is therefore always ticking in our inner ear.

因此时间就像时钟一样无时无刻不在我们的内耳嘀嗒嘀嗒地响着。

The clock is forever reminding us of the shortness of life and urging us to seize the day and the hour.

8. ①As a result we work hard at the task of saving time. We produce a steady flow of labor-saving devices; ②we communicate rapidly through telexes, phone calls or memos rather than through personal contacts, which though pleasant, take longer — especially given our traffic-filled streets. ③We therefore save most personal

visiting for after work hours or for social weekend gatherings.

① As a result we work hard at the task of saving time...

因而我们努力节省时间。

Therefore we try our best to wok out ways of saving time.

② ...we communicate rapidly through telexes, phone calls or memos rather than through personal contacts, which though pleasant, take longer—especially given our traffic-filled streets.

especially given our traffic-filled streets：特别是考虑到我们车辆拥挤的街道。

given：（介词）考虑到…… given that 可以看成是连接词，引出条件从句。

...personal contacts are pleasant, but they take more time. So we prefer to exchange information, news, ideas, or whatever quickly through telexes, phone calls or memos—especially when the streets are full

of traffic and it takes a long time to get from one place to another.

③ We therefore save most personal visiting for after work hours or for social weekend gatherings.

因此我们把具体的拜访活动，都安排在工作之外的时间，或是周末的社交聚会。

Most of our business is carried on through telecommunications.We visit our business partners or colleagues only in off-duty hours, or meet them at weekend parties.

9. ①To us the impersonality of electronic communication has little or no relation to the importance of the matter at hand. In some countries no major business is carried on without eye contact, requiring face-to-face conversation. In America, too, a final agreement will normally be signed in person. However, people are meeting increasingly on television screens, conducting "teleconferences" to settle problems not only in this country but also — by satellite — internationally. ②An increasingly high percentage of normal business is being done these

days by voice or electronic device. ③Mail is slow and uncertain and is growing ever more expensive.

① To us the impersonality of electronic communication has little or no relation to the importance of the matter at hand.

我们觉得，电子通讯无需人与人之间直接接触，所处理的事并不因此而不重要。

The fact that a matter is dealt with through electronic communication instead of through personal contacts doesn’t mean that it is not important./The way a matter is dealt with—whether through electronic communication or personal contacts—has nothing to do with its importance.

② An increasingly high percentage of normal business is being done these days by voice or electronic devices.

今天通过声音或是电子设施来处理日常公务的比例越来越高。is being done：现在进行时的被动形

式。

More and more normal business being carried on through such electronic devices as the telephone, teleconference, telex, fax and E-mail.

③ Mail is slow and uncertain...

The postal system is not always reliable. Your mail might be delayed or even get lost...

9. The U.S. is definitely a telephone country. Almost everyone uses the telephone to conduct business, to chat with friends, to make or break social engagements, to say their "Thank you's," to shop and to obtain all kinds of information.① Telephones save your feet and endless amounts of time. This is due partly to the fact that the telephone service is good here, whereas the postal service is less efficient. ②Furthermore, the costs of secretarial labor, printing, and stamps are all soaring. The telephone is quick. We like it. We can do our business and get an answer in a matter of moments. Furthermore, several people can confer together without moving from their desks,

even in widely scattered locations. In a big country that, too, is important.

① Telephones save your feet and endless amounts of time.

使用电话你不必跑腿，还省了你大量时间。

When you use the telephone ,you don't have to move, and it saves a lot of time.

② Furthermore,the costs of secretarial labor, printing, and stamps are all soaring.

再说，雇秘书、印材料、买邮票的费用都在猛涨。

Furthermore, secretarial labour, printing, and stamps cost more than before.The prices of such

things are rising quickly.

11. Some new arrivals will come from cultures where it is considered impolite to work too quickly. ①Unless a certain amount of time is allowed to elapse, it seems in their eyes as if the task being considered were insignificant, not worthy of proper respect. ②Assignments are thus felt to be given added weight by the passage of time. ③In the U.S. , however, it is taken as a sign of competence to solve a problem, or fulfill a job successfully, with rapidity. ④Usually, the more important a task is, the more capital, energy, and attention will be poured into it

in order to "get it moving."

① Unless a certain amount of time is allowed to elapse, it seems in their eyes as if the task being considered were insignificant, not worthy of proper respect.

要是不泡上一定的时间，他们就觉得好像当前考虑的事情不够重要，不足以引起重视。

They seem to think that the more time a task is allowed to complete, the more important it is.

② Assignments are thus felt to be given added weight by the passage of time.

因此，事情花的时间越多，人们就越感到它重要。

The more time spent in doing an assignment, the more important the assignment seems to be./Matters are considered esp. important only when a lot of time has been spent dealing with them.

③ In the U. S.,however, it is taken as a sign of competence to solve a problem, or fulfill a job successfully, with rapidity.

然而，在美国很快解决问题或很快地胜利完成任务，是一个人有能力的表现。

But in the U.S. , if you solve a problem, or finish a job successfully and quickly, it shows that you are competent(it does not show the job is not important, or it hasn't been given much attention).

④ Usually, the more important a task is, the more capital, energy, and attention will be poured into it in order

to "get it moving".

一般说来，项目越重要，为了让工程“启动起来”，投入的资金、精力以及对它的关注也就越多。

Usually, important tasks are given more money, energy and attention so that they can proceed smoothly and get done in the shortest possible time.

Lesson Four

"Take Over, Bos'n!"

1. Hour after hour I kept the gun pointed at the other nine men. ①From the lifeboat's stern, where I'd sat most of the twenty days of our drifting, I could keep them all covered. ②If I had to shoot at such close quarters, I wouldn't miss. They realized that. Nobody jumped at me. ③But in the way they all glared I could see how they'd

come to hate my guts.

① From the lifeboat's stern, where I'd sat most of the twenty days of our drifting, I could keep them all covered.

从救生艇的尾部，我可以把他们全纳入我的射程之内，在我们漂浮的20天里，大部分时间我都坐在

船尾。

For most of the twenty days while the lifeboat was drifting, I had sat at the back where I could

shoot every one of them.

② If I had to shoot at such close quarters. I wouldn't miss.

要是我不得不开枪的话，离这么近他们谁也逃不掉。

If I had to shoot when they were so near (when any of them attempted to jump at the canteen), I would hit my target without fail

③ But in the way they all glared I could see how they'd come to hate my guts.

不过从他们瞪着我的那副神态，我能看出来他们对我已是恨之入骨。

They all looked at me angrily; from their expressions I knew that they hated me very much.

2. Especially Barrett, who'd been bos'n's mate; Barrett said in his harsh, cracked voice, "You're a fool, Snyder. ①Y-you can't hold out forever! You're half asleep now!"

① “Y-you can't hold out forever! You're half asleep now!”

你……你不可能这样坚持下去。

You can't hold out forever! You're so sleepy that you’ll doze off any minute.

3. I didn't answer. He was right. How long can a man stay awake? ①I hadn't dared to shut my eyes in maybe seventy-two hours. ②Very soon now I'd doze off, and the instant that happened they'd jump on the little water that was left.

① I hadn't dared to shut my eyes in maybe seventy-two hours.

So for about seventy-two hours I didn't dare to have a wink of sleep (I was fully aware what would happen if I dozed off).

② Very soon now I'd doze off, and the instant that happened they'd jump on the little water that was left.

我很快就会打盹，只要我一打盹，他们就会向剩下的那点水扑过来。

I knew I could no longer keep my eyes open. I'd fall asleep in no time. The moment I shut my eyes they'd rush to get the little water left in the canteen.

4. The last canteen lay under my legs. There wasn't much in it after twenty days. Maybe a pint. Enough to give each of them a few drops. ①Yet I could see in their bloodshot eyes that they'd gladly kill me for those few drops. ②As a man I didn't count any more. I was no longer third officer of the wrecked Montala. I was just a gun that kept them away from the water they craved. And with their tongue swollen and their cheeks sunken, they

were half crazy.

① Yet I could see in their bloodshot eyes that they'd gladly kill me for those few drops.

不过我可以从他们那充满血丝的眼睛里看出，为了那几滴水他们会毫不犹豫地把我宰了。

The expression in their red and swollen eyes told me that they'd readily kill me to get a few drops

of the water.

② As a man I didn't count any more. I was no longer third officer of the wrecked Montala.

作为人，我不再有什么价值，我不再是蒙难的“蒙塔拉”号的三副；这会儿，我只不过是一杆枪，不让他

们喝到梦寐以求的水的一杆枪。

Now they no longer looked upon me as a human being (To them I was merely a gun that prevented them from drinking the water and, therefore, they’d gladly get rid of me.)

5. ①The way I judged it, we must be some two hundred miles east of Ascension. ②Now that the storms were over, the Atlantic swells were long and easy, and the morning sun was hot — so hot it scorched your skin. ③My

own tongue was thick enough to stop my throat. ④I'd have given the rest of my life for a single gulp of water.

① The way I judge it, we must be some two hundred miles east of Ascension.

根据我的判断，我们很可能是在阿森松岛以东两百英里左右。

I didn't know where we were, but my knowledge and experience as a sailor told me were about two hundred miles east of Ascension Island, a remote island in the south Atlantic Ocean.

② Now that the storms were over, the Atlantic swells were long and easy, and the morning sun was hot-so hot it scorched your skin.

风暴已经过去，大西洋上波浪平稳，上午的阳光无比灼热，热得把你的皮肤烤疼。

Now the sea was still, and the boat drifted gently up and down on the Atlantic Ocean, and the hot morning sun was burning and made our skin hot and painful.

③ My own tongue was thick enough to stop my throat.

我自己的舌头也粗得能把嗓子堵死。

My tongue was swollen and it almost blocked my throat completely, making it difficult for me to swallow .

④ I'd have given the rest of my life for a single gulp of water.

我早就用下半辈子的生命换取了一口水。

I would have exchanged my life for a drink of water./I would have given up my life to have a few drops of water(if I weren’t thinki ng of the life of the others).

6. ①But I was the man with the gun — the only authority in the boat — and I knew this: once the water was gone we'd have nothing to look forward to but death. ②As long as we could look forward to getting a drink later, there was something to live for. We had to make it last as long as possible. ③If I'd given in to the curses, we'd

have emptied the last canteen days ago. By now we'd all be dead.

① But I was the man with the gun-the only authority in the boat -and I knew this: once the water was gone we'd have nothing to look forward to but death.

但是我是惟一有枪的人，此时枪是船上惟一的权威，我明白一旦那点水喝光，我们除了死亡，再也没有别的东西可盼望的了。

But with the gun I was the only man who was in control in the boat. I was keenly aware of the situation: the water had been keeping us going. If it were drunk, we'd have nothing to crave for. When our hope was dead, we'd all die, too

② As long as we could look forward to getting a drink later, there was something to live for.

只要我们一直盼着待会儿还能喝上一口水，我们就有了活下去的目标。

As long as we were eagerly expecting a drink of water, we'd try to stay alive to achieve our goal.

③ If I'd given in to the curses，we'd have emptied the last canteen days ago.

我要是因为他们的诅咒和谩骂而屈服，好几天之前最后一壶水就会喝得精光。

If I hadn't held out against their curses, we'd have drunk all the water many days ago.

7. ①The men weren't pulling on the oars. They'd stopped that long ago, too weak to go on. ②The nine of them facing me were a pack of bearded, ragged, half-naked animals, and I probably looked as bad as the rest. Some sprawled over the gunwales, dozing. ③The rest watched me as Barrett did, ready to spring the instant I relaxed.

① The men weren’t pulling on the oars.

The men had stopped rowing the boat; it was drifting.

② The nine of them facing me were a pack of bearded, ragged, half-naked animals...

面对着我的那九个人是一群胡子拉扎、衣衫褴褛、衣不遮体的野兽。

I had before me a group of nine unreasonable, half crazy savages to deal with.

③ The rest watched me as Barrett did, ready to spring the instant I relaxed.

The other men watched me the way Barrett watched me ,and they were ready to jump at the

canteen the moment I stopped watching them and holding the guns on them.

9. Jeff Barrett was the nearest one. A constant threat. The bos'n's mate was a heavy man, bald, with a scarred and brutal face. He'd been in a hundred fights, and they'd left their marks on him.

10. Barrett had been able to sleep — in fact, he'd slept through most of the night — and I envied him that. His eyes wouldn't close. They kept watching me, narrow and dangerous.

11. Every now and then he jeered at me in that hoarse, broken voice:

12. "Why don't you quit? You can't hold out!"

13. "Tonight," I said. ①"We'll ration the rest of the water tonight."

14. "By tonight some of us'll be dead! We want it now!"

15. "Tonight," I said.

① “We'll ration the rest of the water tonight.

“Tonight, we’ll each be allowed to have a gulp of the remaining water.”

①

fast? ②But Barrett was beyond all reasoning. ③His mind had already cracked with thirst. ④I saw him begin to rise, a calculating look in his eyes. I aimed the gun at his chest — and he sat down again.

① Couldn't he understand that if we waited until night the few drops wouldn't be sweated out of us so

fast?

难道他不明白要是我们等到天黑，我们喝下去的那几滴水就不会那么快变成汗流掉吗？

As a sailor, he should understand that if we drunk the water at night when it was cool it would last longer in our bodies.

② But Barrett was beyond all reasoning.

He had almost lost his sense because of thirst.

③ His mind had already cracked with thirst.

口渴已经使他失去了理智。

He had already lost control of himself because of thirst.

④ I saw him begin to rise, a calculating look in his eyes.

我看到他开始站起身来，目光露出一种老谋深算的神色。

It seemed as if Barrett could no longer wait. He was obviously thinking of how to deal with Synder.

17. I'd grabbed my gun on instinct, twenty days ago, just before running for the lifeboat. Nothing else would have kept Barrett and the rest away from the water.

18. These fools — couldn't they see I wanted a drink as badly as any of them? But I was in command here —that was the difference. I was the man with the gun, the man who had to think. Each of the others could afford to think only of himself; I had to think of them all.

19. Barrett's eyes kept watching me, waiting. I hated him. I hated him all the more because he'd slept. As the boat rose and fell on the long swells, ①I could feel sleep creeping over me like paralysis. I bent my head. ②It filled

my brain like a cloud. I was going, going...

自考综合英语二(0015)课文及重点词汇一 Text-B The Language of Confidence

Text-B The Language of Confidence The language we use program s our brain s.Master ing our language gives us a great degree of mastery over our lives and our destinies. It is important to use language in the best way possible in order to dramatically improve your quality of life. program 程序 brain 大脑 master 主人、精通 degree 程度 destinies 命运 possible 可能的 dramatically 显著的 improve 改善 quality 品质 Even the smallest of words can have the deepest effect on our sub-conscious mind.It is like a child,it doesn’t really understand the difference between what really happens and what you imagine. It is eager to please and willing to carry out any commands that you give it-whether you do this knowingly or not is entirely up to you. "Try" even 甚至 effect 影响 sub-conscious 潜意识 mind 记忆 imagine 想象 eager 渴望 to carry out 执行 command 命令 knowingly 故意的 entirely 完全的 It is a small word yet it has an amazing impact upon us. If someone says, "I'll try to do that" you know that they are not going to be putting their whole heart into it, and may not even do it at all. How often do you use the word try when talking about the things that matter to you? Do you say "I'll try to be more confident" or "I'll try to do that" or "I'll try to call"?

综合英语(一)课文及翻译

Lesson One: The Time Message Elwood N, Chapman 新的学习任务开始之际，千头万绪，最重要的是安排好时间，做时间的主人。本文作者提出了7点具体建议，或许对你有所启迪。 1 Time is tricky. It is difficult to control and easy to waste. When you look a head, you think you have more time than you need. For Example,at the beginning of a semester, you may feel that you have plenty of time on your hands, but toward the end of the term you may suddenly find that time is running out. You don't have enough time to cover all your duties (duty), so you get worried. What is the answer? Control! 译：时间真是不好对付，既难以控制好，又很容易浪费掉，当你向前看时，你觉得你的时间用不完。例如，在一个学期的开始，你或许觉得你有许多时间，但到学期快要结束时，你会突然发现时间快用光了，你甚至找不出时间把所有你必须干的事情干完，这样你就紧张了。答案是什么呢？控制。 2 Time is dangerous. If you don't control it, it will control you. I f you don't make it work fo r you, it will work against you. So you must become the master of time, not its servant. As a first-year college student, time management will be your number one Problem. 译：时间是危险的，如果你控制不了时间，时间就会控制你，如果你不能让时间为你服务，它就会起反作用。所以，你必须成为时间的主人，而不是它的奴仆，作为刚入学的大学生，妥善安排时间是你的头等大事。 3 Time is valuable. Wasting time is a bad habit. It is like a drug. The more time you waste,the easier it is to go on wasting time. If seriously wish to get the most out of college, you must put the time message into practice. 译：时间是珍贵的，浪费时间是个坏习惯，这就像毒品一样，你越浪费时间，就越容易继续浪费下去，如果你真的想充分利用上大学的机会，你就应该把利用时间的要旨付诸实践。 Message1. Control time from the beginning. 4 Time is today, not tomorrow or next week. Start your plan at the Beginning of the term. 译：抓紧时间就是抓紧当前的时间，不要把事情推到明天或是下周，在学期开始就开始计划。 Message2. Get the notebook habit. 5 Go and buy a notebook today, Use it to plan your study time each day. Once a weekly study plan is prepared, follow the same pattern every week with small changes. Sunday is a good day to make the Plan for the following week.

山东自考英语二课文翻译

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新标准大学综合英语2 unit1 课文翻译

NUIT1 大学已经不再特别了 有这么一种说法：“要是你能记得20世纪60年代的任何事情，你就没有真正经历过那段岁月。”对于在大麻烟雾中度过大学时光的那些人，这话可能是真的。但是，20世纪60年代有一件事人人都记得，那就是：上大学是你一生中最激动人心、最刺激的经历。 20世纪60年代，加州的高校把本州变成了世界第七大经济实体。然而，加州大学的主校园伯克利分校也以学生示威、罢课以及激进的政治氛围而著名。1966年，罗纳德?里根竞选加州州长，他问加州是否允许“一所伟大的大学被喧闹的、唱反调的少数人征服。”自由派人士回答说，大学之所以伟大正是因为它们有能力容忍喧闹的、唱反调的少数人。 在欧洲的大学校园里，大学生以新的姿态和激情投入到争取自由和正义的事业中去，大规模的社会主义或共产主义运动引发了他们与当权者之间日益升级的暴力冲突。许多抗议是针对越南战争的。可是在法国，巴黎大学的学生与工会联盟，发动了一场大罢工，最终导致戴高乐总统辞职。 20世纪60年代大学生活的特点并不仅仅是激进的行动。不论在什么地方，上大学都意味着你初次品尝真正自由的滋味，初次品尝深更半夜在宿舍或学生活动室里讨论人生意义的滋味。你往往得上了大学才能阅读你的第一本禁书，看你的第一部独立影人电影，或者找到和你一样痴迷吉米?亨德里克斯或兰尼?布鲁斯的志同道合者。那是一段难以想象的自由时光，你一生中最无拘无束的时光。 可如今那份激情哪儿去了？大学怎么了？现在，政治、社会和创造意识的觉醒似乎不是凭借大学的助力，而是冲破其阻力才发生的。当然，一点不假，高等教育仍然重要。例如，在英国，布莱尔首相几乎实现了到2010年让50％的30岁以下的人上大学的目标（即使愤世嫉俗的人会说，这是要把他们排除在失业统计数据之外）。不过，大学教育已不再是全民重视的话题了。如今，大学被视为人们急于逃离的一种小城镇。有些人辍学，但大多数已经有些麻木，还是坚持混到毕业，因为离开学校实在是太费事了。 没有了20世纪60年代大学生所发现的令人头脑发热的自由气氛，如今的大学生要严肃得多。英国文化协会最近做了一项调查，研究外国留学生在决定上哪所大学时所考虑的因素。这些因素从高到低依次是：课程质量、就业前景、学费负担、人身安全问题、生活方式，以及各种便利。大学已变成实现目的的手段，是在就业市场上增加就业几率的一个机会，上大学本身不再是目的，不再是给你提供一个机会，让你暂时想象一下：你能够改变世界。 童年与大学之间的距离已缩小了，大学与现实世界之间的距离也缩小了。其中的一个原因可能和经济有关。在一个没有保障的世界里，现在的许多孩子依赖父母资助的时间比以前的孩子更长。21世纪的学生大学毕业后根本无法自立门户，因为那太昂贵了。另一个可能的原因是通讯革命。儿子或女儿每学期往家里打一两回电话的日子一去不复返了。如今，大学生通过手机与父母保持着脐带式联系。至于寻找痴迷无名文学或音乐的同道好友，没问题，我们有互联网和聊天室来帮助我们做到这一点。

大学英语2课文译文

Unit 1 A heated discussion about whether men are braver than women is settled in a rather unexpected way. The dinner party Mona Gardner I first heard this tale in India, where is told as if true -- though any naturalist would know it couldn't be. Later someone told me that the story appeared in a magazine shortly before the First World War. That magazine story, and the person who wrote it, I have never been able to track down. The country is India. A colonial official and his wife are giving a large dinner party. They are seated with their guests -- officers and their wives, and a visiting American naturalist -- in their spacious dining room, which has a bare marble floor, open rafters and wide glass doors opening onto a veranda. A spirited discussion springs up between a young girl who says that women have outgrown the jumping-on-a-chair-at-the-sight-of-a-mouse era and a major who says that they haven't. "A woman's reaction in any crisis," the major says, "is to scream. And while a man may feel like it, he has that ounce more of control than a woman has. And that last ounce is what really counts." The American does not join in the argument but watches the other guests. As he looks, he sees a strange expression come over the face of the hostess. She is staring straight ahead, her muscles contracting slightly. She motions to the native boy standing behind her chair and whispers something to him. The boy's eyes widen: he quickly leaves the room. Of the guests, none except the American notices this or sees the boy place a bowl of milk on the veranda just outside the open doors. The American comes to with a start. In India, milk in a bowl means only one thing -- bait for a snake. He realizes there must be a cobra in the room. He looks up at the rafters -- the likeliest place -- but they are bare. Three corners of the room are empty, and in the fourth the servants are waiting to serve the next course. There is only one place left -- under the table. His first impulse is to jump back and warn the others, but he knows the commotion would frighten the cobra into striking. He speaks quickly, the tone of his voice so commanding that it silences everyone. "I want to know just what control everyone at this table has. I will count three hundred -- that's five minutes -- and not one of you is to move a muscle. Those who move will forfeit 50 rupees. Ready?" The 20 people sit like stone images while he counts. He is saying "...two hundred and eighty..." when, out of the corner of his eye, he sees the cobra emerge and make for the bowl of milk. Screams ring out as he jumps to slam the veranda doors safely shut. "You were right, Major!" the host exclaims. "A man has just shown us an example of perfect self-control." "Just a minute," the American says, turning to his hostess. "Mrs. Wynnes, how did you know that cobra was in the room?" A faint smile lights up the woman's face as she replies: "Because it was crawling across my foot."

00795综合英语二-上册-课文诠释

Lesson One Twelve Things l Wish They Taught at School Carl Sagan Learning Guide 俗话说：“活到老，学到老。”人的一生就是不断学习、不断丰富和充实自己的过程。青少年阶段， 尤其是中学阶段，无疑是学习的最佳时期。中学教育的重点应放在什么地方？美国著名科学家和科普 作家萨根批评中学只抓各个学科具体内容的做法，他认为中学要注重对青少年的宏观教育，使他们建 立起唯物的世界观和宇宙观，使他们能够正确对待自己，关心周围的世界——人类生存的环境和自己 的地球同胞。 1. I attended junior and senior high school, public institutions in New York and New Jersey, just after the Second World War. It seems a long time ago. ① The facilities and the skills of the teachers were probably well above average for the United States at that time.Since then, I've learned a great deal. One of the most important things I've learned is how much there is to learn, ② and how much I don't yet know.③ Sometimes I think how grateful I would be today if I had learned more back then about what really matters. In some respects that education was terribly narrow; the only thing I ever heard in school about Napoleon was that the United States made the Louisiana Purchase from him. ④(On a planet where some 95% of the inhabitants are not Americans, the only history that was thought worth teaching was American history. ) In spelling, grammar, the fundamentals of math, and other vital subjects, my teachers did a pretty good job. But there's so much else I wish 2.Perhaps all the deficiencies have since been rectified. It seems to me there are many things (often more a matter of attitude and perception than the simple memorization of facts) that the schools should teach — things

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Lesson1 A.Vocabulary Exercises 1. Complete the following sentences with compound words formed in the same way as in the examples. Each word is to be used once only. 1) supermarket 2) first-hand 3) gentleman4) high－grade 5) newcomer 2. Translate the following into English. 1) Use the verb + noun collocation. attend a meeting do a good job experience hardship teach oneself English discover wonders restrict the cough acquire a skill gain knowledge need encouragement enrich one’s life be open to correction correct mistakes abandon the expectation make an effort 2)Use the “useful expressions”. (1) The collapse of the newly-built bridge led to the penal suit against one engineer and two local officials. (2) He has worked the whole day leaving the lunch untouched. (3) Far from a waste of time regular physical exercises can make students strong and more capable of studying even better. (4) In the Sea World, the seals and dolphins are capable of doing all the tricks which make the children laugh all the time. (5) Those who take delight in others’ suffering will get retribution sooner or later. (6) In some respects, the new dictionary needs improving. (7) When the bus rushed out of the road and turned over, many children got trapped inside. (8) At the opening ceremony, the municipal government will provide food and drink for more than 1000 guests. (9) In China, an urban family is restricted to only one child. (10) It doesn’t matter where we shall go as long as we can have a rest. 3)Use learn, ask and teach.

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Unit1 A Learning, Chinese-Style Unit2 A A Life Full of Riches Unit3 A Father Knows Better Unit4 A A Virtual Life Unit5 A True Height Unit6 A A Woman Can Learn Anything a Man Can Unit1 Howard Gardner, a professor of education at Harvard University, reflects on a visit to China and gives his thoughts on different approaches to learning in China and the West. 哈佛大学教育学教授霍华德·加德纳回忆其中国之行，阐述他对中西方不同的学习方式的看法。 Learning, Chinese-Style Howard Gardner 1 For a month in the spring of 1987, my wife Ellen and I lived in the bustling eastern Chinese city of Nanjing with our 18-month-old son Benjamin while studying arts education in Chinese kindergartens and elementary schools. But one of the most telling lessons Ellen and I got in the difference between Chinese and American ideas of education came not in the classroom but in the lobby of the Jinling Hotel where we stayed in Nanjing. 中国式的学习风格 霍华德·加德纳 1987年春，我和妻子埃伦带着我们18个月的儿子本杰明在繁忙的中国东部城市南京住了一个月，同时考察中国幼儿园和小学的艺术教育情况。然而，我和埃伦获得的有关中美教育观念差异的最难忘的体验并非来自课堂，而是来自我们在南京期间寓居的金陵饭店的大堂。 2 The key to our room was attached to a large plastic block with the room number on it. When leaving the hotel, a guest was encouraged to turn in the key, either by handing it to an attendant or by dropping it through a slot into a box. Because the key slot was narrow, the key had to be positioned carefully to fit into it. 我们的房门钥匙系在一块标有房间号的大塑料板上。酒店鼓励客人外出时留下钥匙，可以交给服务员，也可以从一个槽口塞入钥匙箱。由于口子狭小，你得留神将钥匙放准位置才塞得进去。 3 Benjamin loved to carry the key around, shaking it vigorously. He also liked to try to place it into the slot. Because of his tender age and incomplete understanding of the need to position the key just so, he would usually fail. Benjamin was not bothered in the least. He probably got as much pleasure out of the sounds the key made as he did those few times when the key actually found its way into the slot. 本杰明爱拿着钥匙走来走去，边走边用力摇晃着。他还喜欢试着把钥匙往

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