1994——2002历年考研英语阅读理解真题解析

2002 Text 1

If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.

Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses' convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomp s over to a table by himself. "Who is that?" the new arrival asked St. Peter. "Oh, that's God," came the reply, "but sometimes he thinks he's a doctor."

If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it'll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman's notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustn't attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoat s like the Post Office or the telephone system.

If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often it's the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.

Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexpected. A twist on a familiar quote "If at first you don't succeed, give up" or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggeration and understatement s. Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor.

41. T o make your humor work, you should ________.

[A] take advantage of different kinds of audience

[B] make fun of the disorganized people

[C] address different problems to different people

[D] show sympathy for your listeners

42. The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are ________.

[A] impolite to new arrivals

[B] very conscious of their godlike role

[C] entitled to some privilege s

[D] very busy even during lunch hours

43. It can be inferred from the text that public services ________.

[A] have benefited many people

[B] are the focus of public attention

[C] are an inappropriate subject for humor

[D] have often been the laughing stock

44. T o achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered ________.

[A] in well-worded language

[B] as awkwardly as possible

[C] in exaggerated statements

[D] as casually as possible

45. The best title for the text may be ________.

[A] Use Humor Effectively

[B] Various Kinds of Humor

[C] Add Humor to Speech

[D] Different Humor Strategies

重点词汇：

identify （辨别；视为同一）即ident+ify ，ident 词根“同一”，-ify 动词后缀“使……”；identification （识别；身份证明）←identify 去y 加-ication 名词后缀；identical （同一的）←ident+ical 形容词后缀。Any man over thirty identifies his youth with the worst fault he thinks he is capable of.任何过了三十岁的人都把自己的青年时代视为自认所能犯下的最大错误。

relevant （相关的；意义重大的）即re+lev+ant ，re-前缀，lev 词根“升，举”，-ant 形容词后缀，故“从……升起的”→“源自……的”→相关的。同根词：elevate （升举，提高）←e+lev+ate ；elevator （电梯，升降机）←e+lev+at(e)+or 。The discovery and use of knowledge has always been relevant to a humane future.对于一个人道的未来，知识的发现与运用一直是关系重大的。

sympathy

（n.同情；共鸣）即sym+path+y ，sym-（=syn-，在p 前n 变形为m 以方便发音，前缀“同”），path 词根“感情”，-y 抽象名词后缀；sympathize/sympathise （v .同情；共鸣），-ize/-ise 为动词后缀；sympathetic （同情的；共鸣的）←sym+path+etic 形容词后缀。Next to love, sympathy is the divinest passion of the human heart.同情心是人类心中仅次于爱的最神圣的情感。Anybody can sympathize with the sufferings of a friend, but it requires a very fine nature to sympathize with a friend's success.人人都能同情朋友的痛苦，然而共享朋友的成功需要非常优良的品性。T o be sympathetic without discrimination is so very debilitating.有同情心而无识别力是多么虚弱。Reading is not merely sympathizing and understanding; it is also criticizing and judging.阅读不仅是同情与理解，也是批评与判断。

alternatively （二者择一地；另外）←alter 改变+nat(e)+ive+ly ；alternative （二者择一的；供选择的事物）←alter+nat(e)+ive ；alternate （v .交替；交替的）←alter+nate 。Love's alternate joy and woe.爱情就是交替的欢乐与痛苦。The more alternative, the more difficult the choice.可选择的东西越多，就越难选择。guangxian 注：哲学家布里丹的虚拟驴子在两堆等距离等体积的谷堆面前饿死。

convention （大会；惯例；公约）即con+ven(t)+tion ，con-一起，ven(t)来，-tion 名词后缀，故“人们来到一起”→开“大会”，而“大会制定的规则”即是“公约”，公约遵守时间长了就成为“惯例”。The danger doesn't lie in the hypothetical disasters of revolution, but in conventions impeding progress.危险不在于革命的臆测的灾难，而在于阻碍进步的成规。

stomp （n.v .重踏）←stamp （邮票；标志）也有相同含义，想象“猛盖邮戳”→重踏。 appropriate （适当的）即ap+propri+ate ，ap-前缀加强语气，propri 看作proper （适当的），-ate 后缀；inappropriate / / （不适当的）←in 否定前缀+appropriate 。Extreme remedies are very appropriate for extreme diseases.烈性药物对于重病是非常适宜的。←这句话是西方医学之父希波克拉底说的。

inedible （不可食的）←in 否定前缀+ed(=eat)+ible 能……的。

resent （v .愤怒、怨恨）即re+sent ，re （=against 反对），sent （=sense 感觉），于是“在感觉上反对”→愤恨。People don't resent having nothing nearly as much as too little.人们所不满的往往是太少，而不是没有。

disparaging （轻视的）←dis 否定前缀+par 平等+ag(e)后缀+ing 后缀。 scapegoat （替罪羊）可这样记：escape （n.v .逃跑）←e+scape ，把e 看作ex-，则scape 就是没有“离开”的→“逃不掉的”→“留下来替罪的”，于是scape+goat →替罪羊。与“羊”有关的另一习语：black sheep （害群之马；败家子），源自谚语There is a black sheep in every flock.

casual （偶然的；漫不经心的）即cas 降落+ual 后缀；casualty （严重意外事故；伤亡者）←cas+ual+ty 名词后缀。As sheer casual reading-matter , I still find the English dictionary the most interesting books in our language.作为纯粹随意浏览的读物，我还是觉得英语词典是以我们的语言写成的最有趣的书。 off-the-cuff 即席的。

deliver （v .传递；释放；发表；分娩）即de+liver ，de-前缀“使”，liver(=liber)词根“自由”，于是从“使自由”推出deliver 的各项含义；delivery （传递）←deliver+y 名词后缀。Lord, deliver me from myself.主啊，解放不能自拔的我吧。The day of the printed word is far from ended. Swift as is the delivery of the radio bulletin, graphic as is television's eyewitness picture, the task of adding meaning and clarity remains urgent.印刷文字的时代远未结束。尽管广播新闻传递迅速，电视现场画面生动，补充事件含义进而澄清事实的任务仍旧是迫切的。 light-hearted 轻松愉快的。

familiar （熟悉的；亲近的）即famil(y)+iar 形容词后缀，“感觉像家一样的”；familiarity （熟悉）←familiar+ity 名词后缀。The two most engaging powers of an author are to make new things familiar , and familiar things new.作家最吸引人的两种力量，是使新鲜的事物变得熟悉，和使熟悉的事物变得新鲜。familiarity — the opiate of the imagination 熟悉——想象力的麻醉剂。

exaggeration

/ （夸张）←ex 加强语气+agger 堆积+ation 名词后缀；exaggerate （夸张）←ex+agger+ate 动词后缀。We exaggerate

misfortune and happiness alike. We are never

either so wretched or so happy as we say we are.不幸和幸福被我们同样夸大了。我们从不像我们所说的那么痛苦，也从不那么快乐。exaggeration — a truth that has lost its temper 夸张——发脾气的真理。 understatement

（掩饰；轻描淡写

的陈述）←under+statement；反义词：overstatement （夸大的陈述）←over+statement。

privilege

（n.优惠；特权v.给予优惠或特权）即privi+leg+e，privi(=private)词根“私人的”，leg词根“法律”（如legal“法律的；合法的”←leg+al），e为小词，于是“私人的法律”→特权。T o have become a deeper man is the privilege of those who have suffered.变得更加深谋远虑是受过磨难的人的特权。

effectively

（有效地）即ef+fect+ive+ly，ef-前缀表“加强”，fect词根“做”，-ive形容词后缀，-ly副词后缀；去ly即为形容词effective。The most effective water power in the world — women's tears.世界上最有效的水力——女人的眼泪。effective communication — 20 per cent what you know and 80 per cent how you feel about what you know 有效的交际——20%你所了解的东西加80%你对所了解的东西的感受。

难句解析：

①Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view.

▲该句是一个复杂单句，句子的主语是your humor，后面有两个平行的谓语must be和should help，它们后面分别有其宾语。其中should help后面的宾语是不定式to show，而它的宾语比较复杂，是两个并列的宾语从句：that you are one of them和that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view，中间用or连接。

△本句结构比较简明，只需注意show them后面是两个并列的宾语从句就可以了。后面的宾语从句中有个很有用的词组in sympathy with，表示同情、同意、赞同。

②If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it'll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman's notorious bad taste in ties. ▲if引导了一个条件从句，而后面的主句是两个子句构成的并列句。在第一个子句you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you中又有一个定语从句which are common to all of you来修饰the experiences and problems，而后面的子句的结构是一个it is adj. for sb. to do sth.的结构。

△要看懂本句，重点在于要把后面的两个子句断开，并分别理解。

③Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner.

▲该句是一个祈使句。谓语是include，宾语是remarks，后面有一个定语从句修饰它。

△注意该句的特性。另外注意off-the-cuff的意思。

④Often it's the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.

▲整句可以看成是由so连接的并列句，前后有一定的因果关系。前面的子句是一个强调结构，而后面又是一个祈使句，其谓语动词是speak和remember。而remember后面又是一个很长的宾语从句。

△要理解前后的因果关系。

试题解析：

41. [C]

本题的难度值为0.745，比较容易。

本题考的是局部信息。考生只要看懂了第一段第三句话“Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different”以及后面的supporting evidence，也就是后面的第四句话所表达的意思，就能够准确地回答本题。的一段从第三句话往后都是在说针对不同的人要用不同的幽默。联系C选项：根据不同的人按照不同的问题来解决（这里的address不同原句中的addressing，原句的addressing是与….谈话的意思，这里的address可以意译为针对……采取相应的方法）。因此入选。

A选项意为：充分利用不同种类的听众。这个就是个文字游戏了，原文所强调的是按照不同种类的听众来采用不同的幽默手段，而不是去利用听众。注意，如果这个选项改成“利用听众是分不同种类的”，那么还有点可选性。 B选项意为：取笑那些行为混乱的人。原文中refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries出现disorganized是用来形容methods的，而不是人的。所以该选项不能入选。

D选项意为：对你的听众表示同情。原文中在第一段的第二句中出现了这句话，但是请注意，题目问的是如何能使你的幽默成功，而第二句则是谈幽默成功后的好处。一个是问原因，一个是陈述结果，所以这属于偷换概念，因此不能入选。

42. [B]

此题的难度合适0.342，区分度不太理想。

本题的关键是看学生是否理解第二段结尾St．Peter 的话。有42.8％的考生选C项是因为没有理解St．Peter 的话，而把注意力放在了医生的所作所为上，即医生把新来的人推到一边，冲到队伍的最前面等等，因而给人一种他享有特权的印象。

采用沪友sartre的说法：首先，根据常识就算你是上帝也没有特权插队，医生就更不用说了。在护士看来医生地位是同她们平等的，决不会认为他们应该有何特权，因此护士十分痛恨医生高高在上的态度，所以听了这个笑话她们才会发自内心的狂笑。其次，我是学医的，补充点背景知识：一般来说在医院里护士对医生（实习除外）“惟命是从”，不是因为医生有特权，而是由于二者的工作性质不同。大多数情况下是医生开医嘱，护士具体执行，一个动口，一个动手。貌似医生是主人，护士是仆人。所以医生发号施令习惯了会产生“godlike role”的感觉是很自然的。因此B选项：非常在意他们上帝般的角色。入选。

A选项意为：对于新来的人不礼貌。这个应该很少有人选，毕竟那个上帝插队可不是只针对新来的人的，更何况文章根本没有想突出这种想法。

C选项意为：享有某种特权。这个选项相当有迷惑性，估计不少人都是选了这个选项。由题目看出，是问在护士的眼中，医生…..如果选了C选项，就等于说在护士的眼中，医生是享有某种特权的。这就含有了一种护士对医生的肯定成分。而原文那个笑话明显是在说护士对医生这种行为的不满，护士对医生是持否定态度的。因此两者相矛盾，不能入选。

D选项意为：即使在午饭的时候都非常忙。这个也没有什么好解释的，过于肤浅的陈述了，而且在原文中没有根据。插队的人不是因为忙，而是因为道德品质问题……

43. [D]

此题的难度合适0.307，区分度好0.280。

本题的关键是第三段的最后一句话，意思是：你去开邮局或电话系统（即public services）的玩笑则比较安全，不会有冒犯什么人的危险，同时本句中还出现了一个关键词“scapegoats”，意思是替罪羊。这个词如果知道

意思的话就很容易选了。说明public services常常成为人们的笑柄。因此联系D选项：经常成为笑柄。入选。

A选项意为：使许多人受益。这个属于利用常识充当干扰项。大家都知道公共服务肯定使许多人受益，这是个常识。但是文章没有提到这点，更没有强调这点。所以这种不用看文章都知道是常识的选项往往不是正确选项。

B选项意为：是公众关注的焦点。文章中陈述的是公众服务单位经常成为大家谈论的笑柄，这个如果都算是焦点就太有讽刺意味了呵呵。

C选项意为：公众服务不适合用来当幽默的对象。这个和原文意思恰恰相反，自然排除。

44. [D]

此题的难度合适0.542，区分度好。

本题主要考第四段的内容。其中有一些关键词，如：“natural”，“relaxed”，“unforced”，

“light-hearted”等。只要考生看懂了这些词的意思，这道题就很容易了。因此第四段都是在强调说笑话的时候要自然，平和，全身放轻松 就和演讲一样，只要不紧张就行。因此联系D选项：尽可能的随意。入选。

A选项意为：措辞要恰当。这个或许是一种要求，但是根据最优选项的原则不能入选，毕竟原文中通过第四段明显指出自然，随和才是成功的关键。

B选项意为：尽可能的笨拙些。这个纯粹搞笑了，讲笑话又不是小丑表演，哪有故意装结巴的呵呵。

C选项意为：采用夸大的言辞。这个倒是常用在幽默里，但是同A选项，这个不是文章主要想强调的。因此也不能入选。

45. [A]

此题的难度合适0.627，区分度好。

这道题考的是对全文的理解，是一道总括题。答总括题需要利用全文的信息。从全文各段的内容来看，文章主要是讲如何有效地使用幽默。采用排除法很容易确定本题的答案。那么我来解释下其他几个选项为什么不对。

B选项意为：不同种类的幽默。这个属于过于片面了。的确文章开始是在讲针对不同类的人用不同种类的幽默，但是文章后半部分是在讲如果有效利用幽默，即要说的自然，平和，随意。更何况文章也没详细指出是哪几种幽默。因此不能入选。

C选项意为：在演讲中加入幽默手段。这个又属于常识性的干扰项。本意是没错，幽默是演讲中的好方法。但是文章没有特别提到演讲这个东西，更没有提到在演讲中加入幽默。文章针对的是如何利用幽默，如何有效使用幽默。因此不能入选。

D选项意为：不同的幽默策略。这个属于比较强的干扰项。但是请注意，文章没有在详细讲不同的幽默策略。如果这个选项是标题，那么文章就该详细写幽默分几种策略，每种策略应该怎么运用。但是实际原文并没有这么写，而是写如何运用幽默。换句话说，文章强调的是运用幽默，而不是幽默的不同性。因此不能入选。

全文翻译：

如果你想在谈话中用幽默来使人发笑，你就必须知道如何识别共同的经历和共同的问题。你的幽默必须与听众有关，能够向他们显示你是他们的一员，或者你了解他们的情况，同情他们的观点。根据与你谈话的不同对象，问题也有所不同。如果你在和一群经理谈话，你就可以评论他们秘书的工作方法紊乱；相反，如果你在和一群秘书谈话，你就可以评论她们老板的工作方法紊乱。

下面举一个例子，它是我在一个护士大会上听到的。这个故事效果很好，因为听众对医生都有同样的看法。一个人到了天堂，由圣彼得带着他参观。他看到了豪华的住宅、美丽的花园、晴朗的天气等等。所有人都很安静、礼貌和友善，然而当这位新来的人在排队等候午餐时，突然被一位穿白大褂的人推到一旁。只见这人挤到了队伍的前头，抓起他的食物，噔噔地旁若无人地走到一张餐桌旁。“这是谁啊？”新来的人问圣彼得。“哦，那是上帝，”他回答说，“但有时也认为自己是一名医生。”

如果你是你谈话对象集体中的一员，你就能够了解你们所共有的经历和问题，你就可对餐厅极难吃的食物或者总裁在选择领带方面差劲的品味进行评头论足。而对于其他听众，你就不能试图贸然地讲这种幽默，因为他们也许不喜欢外人对他们的餐厅或总裁有如此微词。如果你选择去评论邮局或电话局这样的替罪羊，那你就会很安全。

如果你在幽默时感到很别扭，你应该进行练习使它变得更自然。包括一些很随便的、看上去是即兴的话，你可以用轻松的、不做作的方式把它们说出来。常常是你说话的方式使听众发笑，因此说慢一些，并且记住扬扬眉毛或者做出一种不相信的表情都会向人们显示你正在说笑话。

留意幽默，它常常是在出其不意的时候出现。它可以是一句常言的歪曲如“你要是一开始不成功，就放弃”，或者是玩弄语言和情景。留意夸张和打折扣的话。考虑一下你的谈话，选出一些词汇和句子，颠倒它们的秩序，并注入一些幽默。

2002 Text 2

论坛讨论帖地址：https://www.sodocs.net/doc/2710647267.html,/thread-20-388478.htm

Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics— the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.

As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmo s whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminal s that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robo-driver s. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy — far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.

But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves — goals that pose a real challenge. "While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error," says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, "we can't yet give a robot enough 'common sense' to reliably interact with a dynamic world."

Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.

What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented — and human perception far more complicated — than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant , instantaneously focusing on the m onkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can't approach that kind of ability , and neuroscientists still don't know quite how we do it.

46. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in ________. [A] the use of machines to produce science fiction

[B] the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry [C] the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work

[D] the elite 's cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work

47. The word "gizmos" (line 1, paragraph 2) most probably means ________. [A] programs [B] experts [C] devices [D] creatures

48. According to the text, what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robot that can ________. [A] fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery [B] interact with human beings verbally [C] have a little common sense

[D] respond independently to a changing world

49. Besides reducing human labor , robots can also ________. [A] make a few decisions for themselves

[B] deal with some errors with human intervention [C] improve factory environments [D] cultivate human creativity

50. The author uses the example of a m onkey to argue that robots are ________. [A] expected to copy human brain in internal structure [B] able to perceive abnormalities immediately

[C] far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information [D] best used in a controlled environment

重点词汇：

ingenuity

（独创性；灵活性）←ingenu+ity ，ingenu （=ingenious

独创的；灵活的），-ity 名词后缀。 burdensome

（繁重的；难以负担的）←burden 负担+some 形容词后缀。What a heavy burden is a name that has become famous.广为人知的名字是多么沉重的负担啊。 nasty

（讨厌的；肮脏的；下流的……）Diplomacy is to do and say the nastiest thing in the nicest way .外交就是以最优雅的方式办最nasty 的事，说最nasty 的话。←nasty 在此句实在不好翻译。

compulsion

（强制）即com 一起+puls(=drive)+ion 名词后缀，“不由

分说全拖到一起”→强制；compulsory （强制的；必修

的）←com+puls+ory 形容词后缀。compulsion — a highbrow term for a temptation we're not trying too hard to resist 强制——对人们并不想坚持拒绝的

诱惑的一种高雅说法。Bodily exercise, when compulsory , does no harm to the body; but knowledge which is acquired under compulsion obtains no hold on the mind.强制的身体锻炼不会损害身体，但被迫学习的知识占据不了头脑。←柏拉图老师说的。 robotics （机器人学）即robot+ics ，robot 机器人，-ics 后缀表“学科”，如physics 、aesthetics （美学）。robo-driver 即robot driver 。

assembly （集会；装配）是assemble 的名词形式，-y 为名词后缀；assemble 谐音“啊，三步”，曹植七步成诗，而“装配”只需三步（三个步骤）！In most communities it is illegal to cry "fire" in a crowded assembly .大多数社会中，在拥挤的集会上喊“着火啦”是违法的。

terminal （终端的；期末的；终端；终点站）←termin 期限+al 后缀；terminate （中止）←termin+ate 动词后缀，施瓦辛格演的电影《终结

者》就叫T erminator （-or 后缀表“人”

）。It's all right to have a train of thoughts, if you have a terminal.想法成串并没关系，只要有个止点。

miniaturization

（小型化）即mini+atur(e)+iz(e)+ation ；mini 词根“小”（比如有个好东西叫mini skirt ），-ature 名词后缀，-ize

动词后缀，-ation 名词后缀；miniature （小型的；缩影）←mini+ature 。A day is a miniature of eternity .一

天是永恒的缩影。

laborsaving

（节省劳力的）←labor 劳动+saving 节省的。

supervision （监督）即super+vis+ion ，super-前缀“在上面”，vis 词根“看”（如visual →vis+ual 形容词后缀→视觉的），-ion

名词后缀。

specific （具体的；特定的；特效药）即speci+fic ，speci 词根=species （种类），-fic 形容词后缀“使成为……的”，故“使成为某个具体种

类的”→特定的。Time and again I have emerged from a course of reading in philosophy with the conviction that the authors were really avoiding specific problems by converting them into

tenuous sophistries that have very little real meaning.我一再退出对哲学的钻研，深信作者们确实是

在以将具体问题换成几乎没有实际意义的贫乏诡辩来躲避

它们。

reliable （可靠的）←

reli+able ，reli 即rely （v .依赖；信任），-able 后缀“可……

的”。Without criticism and reliable and intelligent reporting, the government can not govern.没有批

评和可靠而明智的新闻报道，政府无法统治。

artificial

（人工的，人造的）即art+i+fic+ial ，art 词根“人工”，-i-连结元音，fic 词根“做”，-ial 形容词后缀。Of all artificial relations formed between mankind, the most capricious

and variable is that of author and reader .在人与人

之间形成的所有人为关系中，最变化无常的是作者与读者

的关系。artificial intelligence — the art of making

computers that behave like the ones in movies 人工智能——制造电脑的艺术，使它们的行为像电影里的

人一样。

perception

（感觉；理解）即per+cept+ion ，per-前缀“全部”，cept 词根“抓”（=capt ，因为元音可替换，capture →capt+ure 后缀

→n.v .捕获），-ion 名词后缀，故“把外界信息‘全部’‘抓

住’”→感知。The perception of beauty is a moral test.对美的理解是道德的检验。

complicated （复杂的；难解的）即com+plic+at(e)+ed ，com-前缀“一

起”，plic 词根“折叠”，-ate 动词后缀+-ed 后缀“已……

的”，故“全都折叠在一起的”→复杂的；complicate （使

复杂）←com+plic+ate ；complication （复杂情况；并

发症）←com+plic+ation 。I never blame failures — there are too many complicated situations in life, but I am absolutely merciless toward lack of effort.我从不责备失败——生活中复杂的情况实在太多，

但对于不努力，我绝不宽恕。

previously

（先前地）即previous+ly ，previous （先前的）即pre+vi+ous ，pre-前缀“在前的”，vi(=via)词根“路”，-ous 形容词后缀，故“在前面就上路的”→先前。A creative artist works on his next composition because he is not satisfied with his previous one.有创造性的艺术家致力于自己的下一个作品，因为他不满意前一个。 irrelevant

（不相关的）即ir+relevant ，ir-否定前缀（=in-，在r 前n 变形为r ），relevant （相关的）参2002年T ext 1。

instantaneously

（瞬间地）即instant+aneous+ly ，instant 单词“立刻的；速溶的；瞬间），-aneous 形容词后缀。 suspicious （可疑的；多疑的）←suspic(=suspect)怀疑+ious 。Plagiarists are

always suspicious of being stolen from.剽窃者总是疑心文字被人盗用。 neuroscientist

（神经科学家）←neuro(=nerve)+scientist 。 perceive （察觉；感知）即

per+ceive ，是perception （见前述）的动词形式，per-前缀“全部”，ceive 词根“抓”。同根词：receive （v .收到）←re(=back)+ceive ，“抓回来”；deceive （v .欺骗）←de 在下面+ceive ，“在下面搞小动作”。There are no new truths, but only truths that have not been recognised by those who have perceived them without noticing.没有什么新的真理，

只有人们不经意地感觉到但没有认识到的真理。Growing old is not upsetting, being perceived as old is.变老并不令人烦恼，除非别人认为你老了。

elite

（精英）用谐音记：“爱理他”→“精英人士”每个人都爱理他。 gizmo 小发明；hum 嗡嗡声、轰鸣声。 难句解析： ①Since the dawn of human ingenuity , people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty .

▲该句是一个复杂单句，前面是since 引导的一个时间状语，这个地方的dawn 取其比喻的意思，表示早期。后面主句中有一个定语从句that is dangerous, boring,

burdensome, or just plain nasty 用来修饰work 。 △本句结构比较简明，但是有一些词的意思比较难：ingenuity 创造性，灵活性；nasty 讨厌的。

②As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor .

▲本句的主句是the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos ，后面是两个定语从

句，中间用but 来引导。 △要看懂本句，重点在于看到gizmo 一词后面的两个定语从句。在本句中，认不认识gizmo 并不重要，因为从

上下文中可以看出它和robot 的意思应该大同小异。 ③There are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy — far greater

precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.

▲该句是一个there be的结构，注意robot systems 后面有一个修饰它的定语从句。而后面的破折号引出一个补充说明部分来修饰submillimeter accuracy。

△注意该句中的最核心的部分是robot systems，其它成分都是围绕着它来展开的。

④But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves —goals that pose a real challenge.

▲整句是一个条件句，注意后面的主句比较复杂，里面有两个并列的谓语，而后面破折号引导的是一个补充说明成分，修饰整个主句。

△要注意两个并列谓语之间的关系。

⑤But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd.

▲整句的主干部分是这样的，主语the human mind，并列谓语glimpse和disregard，逗号后面instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd这一部分做状语，修饰谓语。

△要注意两个并列谓语之间的关系并抓住句子的主干成分。

试题解析：

46. [C]

此题的难度合适0.573，区分度好。

本题是一个局部题，主要考查考生是否看懂了第一段，尤其是文章首句的意思。文章在首句指出了人们为了要处理那些危险的、枯燥的、繁重的或者只是一般肮脏的工作而进行某些智慧性的发明。这句话换个意思就是说人们在一些危险的、枯燥的、繁重的或者只是一般肮脏的工作中体现出了他们的智慧。因此联系C选项：发明针对困难和危险工作的工具。入选。

A选项意为：使用机器来产生科幻小说。这个就搞笑了，原文在第一段最后一句提到了science fiction，但是这句话的意思是科学家们还没有在机械上实现科幻小说的幻想，而不是用机器去产生小说。这属于偷换概念，排除。

B选项意为：机器在制造工业上的广泛应用。这个在原文没有体现，故不能入选。准确讲这个也是答非所问。

D选项意为：精英们用来做危险和枯燥工作的巧妙工具。这个选项比较有迷惑性，里面也涉及了危险等关键词语。但是请注意，原文没有涉及到elite这个词，因此该选项属于过分缩小范围，不能入选。

47. [C]

此题偏易0.701，区分度很好0.364。

本题是考查考生从上下文猜测词义的能力。根据第二段中出现的“robot assembly arms”，“automated teller terminals”，“tireless robo-drivers”等信息，而且先后出现了tools，machines之类的关键词。因此考生可以猜出“gizmos”是“设备、装置”的意思。联系C选项：设备。入选。

A选项（节目，程序），B选项（专家），D选项（创造物）均不合题意。

48. [D]

此题的难度合适0.546，区分度很好0.445。

题目问：目前人类还有什么样的机器人设计不了呢？本题的答题依据是第三段中Dave Lavery的第二句话，即“we can't yet give a robot enough 'common sense' to reliably interact with a dynamic world.”该句中的“dynamic”就是“动态的、变化的”意思。同时定位到第三段的首句：goals that pose a real challenge.其实这个说法就是题目中的what is beyond man's ability now,都是要超越自我的意思。也就是说，原文所说的be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves（独立自我判断），是人们要迎接的新的挑战，换句话也就是说人们目前没法做到这点。因此联系D选项：独立的应对环境变化，入选。

A选项意为:完成如脑部外科手术这样精细的工作。原文第二段末句there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery中明确说明，已经有能够完成脑部外科手术的机器人了。而题目中问的是目前人们不能完成的机器人。因此排除该选项。

B选项意为:与人们进行口头交流。这个在原文中没有提及，尽管常识角度上讲应该有这种机器人，所以该选项在原文没有确凿根据，故不能入选。

C选项意为：有一点共同感。原文在第三段末句中提到we can't yet give a robot enough 'common sense'.乍一看符合题目的要求，但是仔细揣度一下，C选项的意思是人们没法给予机器人一点共同感。而原文的意思则是：人们没法给予机器人足够的共同感。这明显不是一个意思，因此该选项排除。

49. [B]

此题的难度合适0.641，区分度好0.268。

本题的答题依据是第三段中Dave Lavery说的第一句话，即“While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,”即我们知道如何告诉机器人去处理一个具体的错误。看懂了这句话，这道题就很容易了。同时定位到第三段的第二句：how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,以及第五段的第二句：robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel，均可以看出，机器人能够在人的指导下处理一下错误。联系B选项：在人的指导下处理差错。入选。

A选项意为：做一些自我决定。这个请参加48题，目前的机器人是无法做出自我判断的。因此排除该选项。

C选项意为：改善工厂的环境。原文末段的第二句话提到了工厂环境这个词，但是请注意原文说的是他们建造的机器人在严格控制的工厂环境里，能够在仪表盘上识别毫米以下的误差，而没有说是机器人去改善工厂环境。因此排除该选项。

D选项意为：培养人类的创造力。这个在常识上就属于无稽之谈了，机器人体现人们的创造力还差不多，培养人们创造力就扯了….

50. [C]

此题属于很容易的题目0.882，区分度好0.292。

本题考的是文章最后一段的意思。该段的主要意思是：机器人能够在很短的时间内发现机器的问题，而人脑能很快忽略不相关的信息，而将注意力集中到相关的信息上来，这是先进的机器人都做不到的。因此只要读懂了最后一段以及该题目的题干，这个题就很容易做了。联系C选项：比起人类大脑来说对于聚焦相关信息的能力还差的远。入选。

A选项意为：期待能在内部结构上与人类大脑相同。这个表面看上去有道理，但是题目问的是提到猴子的目的是什么，因此和人类大脑没关系。所以排除该选项。

B选项意为：立刻能察觉到异常情况。这个与原文本意相反，原文是说机器人在反应异常变化的能力上还差的远。因此排除。

D选项意为：在受控环境下能被最好的利用。这个还是在文章末段的第二句有相关词汇，但是也是无从谈起，没有根据，因此排除。

全文翻译：

从人类最初有了智慧至今，人们一直在设计日益巧妙的工具来处理那些危险的、枯燥的、繁重的或者只是一般肮脏的工作。这种不得已的行为导致了机器人科学的产生——一门将人类的能力赋予机器的科学。如果科学家们还没有在机械上实现科幻小说的幻想，那么他们也已经很接近这个目标了。

由此引起的结果是，现代世界已经日益充斥着智能的装置，虽然我们几乎都注意不到他们，但他们的普遍存在却节省了许多人类劳力。我们的工厂里轰鸣着机器人生产线的节奏；我们的金融服务完成于自动柜员机旁，完成业务后，它们还会机械地、有礼貌地感谢我们；我们的地铁车辆由不知疲倦的机器人驾驶。由于电子和微观机械仪器的不断缩小，现在已有一些机器人系统能够进行精确到毫米的脑部和骨髓手术，其精确性远远超过熟练的医生用他们的双手所能达到的水平。

但是如果机器人要进入节省劳力的下一个阶段，他们必须能够在更少的人工监控下运行，并且至少能够独立地做一些决定。这些目标给我们提出了一个真正的挑战。“虽然我们知道如何让机器人去纠正一个特定的错误，”NASA 的一个机器人项目经理戴维·拉维里说，“我们仍然不能赋予机器人以足够的‘常识’，使它们能够与动态的世界进行可靠的交流。”

实际上对真正的人工智能的追求已经产生了各种各样的效果。虽然一开始在20世纪60年代和70年代有过一段乐观的时期——那时候仿佛晶体管电路和微处理器的发展将使他们在2010年能够模仿人类大脑的活动——但是最近研究人员已经开始将这个预测延后数十年，甚至数百年。

在试图建造思维模型的过程中，研究人员发现，人类大脑中的近1000亿个神经细胞要比以前想像的更聪明，人类的感觉器官也比以前想像的更复杂。他们建造的机器人在严格控制的工厂环境里，能够在仪表盘上识别毫米以下的误差。但是人的大脑能够扫描一个快速变化的场景，迅速排除98％的不相干的物体，立即聚焦于森林中婉蜒道路旁的一只猴子，或者人群中的一张可疑的脸。地球上最先进的计算机系统也不能仿效这种能力，并且神经学科学家仍然不知道我们是怎样做到这一点的。

2002 Text 3

论坛讨论帖地址：https://www.sodocs.net/doc/2710647267.html,/thread-20-388478.htm

Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December. This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadruple d, and 1979-1980, when they also almost triple d. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline. So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time?

The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspend ed oil exports. Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term.

Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequence s now to be less severe than in the 1970s. In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.

Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price. Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption. Software, consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production. For each dollar of GDP (in constant prices) rich economies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25~0.5% of GDP. That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980. On the other hand, oil-importing emerging economies — to which heavy industry has shifted — have become more energy-intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed.

One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline. The Economist's commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago. In 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%, and in 1979 by almost 30%.

51. The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is ________.

[A] global inflation

[B] reduction in supply

[C] fast growth in economy

[D] Iraq's suspension of exports

52. It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go up dramatically if ________.

[A] price of crude rises

[B] commodity prices rise

[C] consumption rises

[D] oil taxes rise

53. The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries ________.

[A] heavy industry becomes more energy-intensive

[B] income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices

[C] manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed

[D] oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP

54. We can draw a conclusion from the text that ________.

[A] oil-price shocks are less shocking now

[B] inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocks

[C] energy conservation can keep down the oil prices

[D] the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry

55. From the text we can see that the writer seems ________.

[A] optimistic

[B] sensitive

[C] gloomy

[D] scared

重点词汇：

decline

（n.v.下降；衰落v.谢绝）←de向下+cline倾斜；同根词：incline（v.倾斜；倾向于n.斜坡）←in(=to)+cline。People decline invitations when they are "indisposed" physically, and I wish they would do likewise when they fell indisposed emotionally.人们在身体“不适”时谢绝邀请，我希望他们在觉得情绪上不适时也能同样做。We perceive when love begins and when it declines by our embarrassment when alone together.我们由仅余两人时的局促不安察觉爱情于何时发生，何时减退。OPEC（石油输出国组织）即Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries。

scary

（引起惊慌的）即scar(e)+y，scare（n.v.惊恐），-y形容词后缀。More powerful creation may scare many people away, but more intrepid people will be captivated by it.更加强有力的作品可能吓退许多人，但比较勇敢的人们会被它吸引住。

quadruple

（四倍的；使成四倍；四倍）即quadru+ple，quadru-前缀“四”(=quarter)，ple词根“折叠”，complicated所含的词根plic也是“折叠”的意思（参2002年T ext 2）。triple

（三倍的；使成三倍；三倍）即tri+ple，tri-前缀“三”，如triangle（三角形）←tri+angle角。

inflation

（膨胀；通货膨胀；自夸）即in+flat+ion，in-(=into)，flat词根“吹”，-ion名词后缀，故“往里面吹”→膨胀。Inflation: When nobody has enough money because everybody has too much.通货膨胀：由于人人钱太多而谁的钱都不够的时候。inflation —the period when the standard of living continues to rise until the people can't afford it 通货膨胀——生活水平持续上升直到人们负担不起的时期。

gloom

（v.n.阴暗；忧愁），形容词为gloomy

（阴暗的；阴沉的），那首据说有杀人魔力的歌曲就叫Gloomy Sunday。Love is the flame of life, without it, everything in life becomes gloomy.爱是生命的火焰，没有它，生命中的一切都变得暗淡无光。doom

（n.厄运v.注定）。A society that

gives to one class all the opportunities for leisure,

and to another all the burdens of work, dooms

both classes to spiritual sterility.一个将闲暇的全部

机会都给予一个阶级，而将劳作的全部重负都给予另一个

阶级的社会，注定了两个阶级都处于精神贫瘠。

suspend

（v.悬挂；延缓）即

sus+pend，sus-前缀“在下面”，pend词根“挂”，故

“暂且挂在下面不管”→搁置；名词形式为suspension

/

/←sus+pens挂+ion。The

best of men cannot suspend their fate.最好的人也

无法推迟死亡。

consequence

（后果；

重要性）←con+sequ(=follow)+ence。It is easy to

dodge our responsibilities, but we cannot dodge

the consequences of dodging our responsibilities.

逃避责任很容易，但逃避责任的后果我们却无法逃避。

With books, as with companions, it is of more consequence to know which to avoid, than which

to chuse（chuse是古英语=choose）.读书如交友，懂

得避开哪些比懂得选择哪些更重要。

conservation （保护；保存；守恒）即con+serv(e)+ation，

con-前缀“全部”，serve词根“保持”(=keep)，-ation

名词后缀；动词为conserve←con+serve。A state

without the means of some change is without

the means of its conservation.不具备某种变革手段

的国家也不具备保存自己的手段。

energy-intensive能源密集型。

consumption

（消费

量，消耗）即consum(e)+ption，consume（v.消费，

消耗），-ption名词后缀，m后加p便于发音，如assume

（假定；承担；呈现）→assumption、presume（v.

假设）→presumption。Conspicuous consumption of valuable goods is a means of reputability to the gentleman of leisure.引人注目地挥霍贵重财物是有闲

绅士取得名声的手段。We have no more right to consume happiness without producing it than to consume wealth without producing it.我们没有权

利享用幸福而不创造幸福，正像没有权力享用财富而不创

造财富一样。

consultancy

（顾问

工作；咨询业）←consult+ancy名词后缀；consult（v.

商量；查询；会诊）←比consul（领事）在最后多字母t，

“他(t)去找‘领事’‘商量’”，名词为consultation ←consult+ation 名词后缀。Well, one can always consult a man and ask him: "Would you like your head cut off tomorrow?" and after he has said: "I would rather not", cut it off. Consultation is a vagues and elastic term.是的，什么时候都可以跟一个人商量，问他：“你愿意明天被砍头吗？”接着，在他说了“我不愿意”之后，砍掉他的脑袋。磋商是个含糊的带弹性的词。←这是英国老流氓丘吉尔说的，意思是：既然不愿意明天砍头，那么就在今天砍吧。

GDP （国民生产总值）即Gross Domestic Product 。 OECD （经济合作与发展组织）即Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 。 estimate （v .n.估计，估价）。T rue modesty does not consist in an ignorance of our merits, but in a due estimate of it.真正的谦虚不在于对自己的长处一无所知，而在于对它们的恰当评价。

excess （ n.过量 a.额外的）即ex+cess ，ex-前缀“出”，cess 词根“走”，故“走到范围之外的”→过量的；动词形式为exceed （超过）←ex+ceed 走。The best things carried to excess are wrong.最好的东西超过限度也会变坏。He is poor whose expenses exceed his income.开支超过收入的人就是穷人。

sizable （相当大的）←siz(e)+able ；size （大小，尺寸）。You can tell the size of a man by the size of the things that make him mad.根据使一个人发怒的事情的大小，可以判断这个人的气量。

significant

（有意义的；重要的）即signify （y 变形为i ）表示+cant 形容词

后缀，“值得表示的”→有意义的；signify 即sign+ify ，sign 标记，-ify 动词后缀，“作标记”→表示。An art is only great and significant if it is one that all may enjoy .艺术作品只有在所有人都可以欣赏时才是伟大的、

重要的。Love has various lodgings; the same word does not always signify the same thing.爱拥有形

形色色的住所，同一个词不总是意味着同样的东西。

难句解析：

①Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short time.

▲该句是一个含有插入成分的单句。主语是

Strengthening economic growth ，谓语是could push ，插入成分是一个时间状语。

△本句阅读的重点是要首先抓住主句的基本结构。

②In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past. ▲该句是一个复杂句，由两个单句构成，中间用so 来表示前后的因果关系。 △本句阅读的重点是一些短语和词组。account for 占…的部分；muted 原意是“沉默的，被弄哑的”，在文章里的意思是“不太显著的”；pump price 油品零售价格。 ③Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy ,

energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption.

▲该句是一个简单句，只是主语复杂一点，其谓语部分是have reduced oil consumption 。

△本句阅读的重点在主语，注意它里面有三个并列成分：Energy conservation ，a shift to other fuels ，第三个是 a decline in the importance of heavy , energy-intensive industries 。

④The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year , compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5% of GDP .

▲本句的主句是The OECD estimates... that ，本句复杂的地方在其宾语部分，里面有一个条件状语if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year , compared with $13 in 1998，而主句是后面的部分，其中的主语this 指代的是if 条件句。

△本句阅读的重点在于抓住句子的主干。

⑤One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand.

▲本句的主句是One more reason is that...。比较复杂的是其以that 引导的表语从句，它的主语是it ，指代的是the rise in oil prices 。

△本句阅读的重点在于了解一些短语的意思：lose sleep over 因…而失眠；occur against the background of...发生在…的背景之下。 试题解析：

51. [B]

此题的难度合适0.555，区分度好0.245。 本题的答题依据是第一段的第二句话，“Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December .”看懂了这句

话，这道题就很容易了。可以看出，近期油价上涨是因为欧佩克减少了石油供应。联系B 选项：减少石油供应。入

选。 A 选项意为：全球通货膨胀。原文首段说的是因为油价上涨导致了通货膨胀，而不是因为通货膨胀导致油价上涨，故排除该选项。 C 选项意为：经济的快速增长。原文中提及了经济问

题，但是并没说是因为经济快速增长导致了油价上涨，即使从常理考虑这也是不合情理的，因此排除该选项。

D 选项意为：伊拉克停止了石油出口。其实这个选项比较有争议，毕竟这个也确实是油价上涨的原因。但是既然有了B 选项这个概括的比较全面的选项，

就不能选D 选项了。 52. [D] 此题的难度合适0.609，区分度好0.280。

本题的关键信息在第三段的第三句话“In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price ，so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.”意思是说：在欧洲，汽油的零售价中税占到五分之四，因此税的增加会导致汽油价格的（成比例）猛涨，而原油价格的变化带来的影响不会很大。联系D 选项：燃油税上升。入选。 A 选项意为：原油价格上升。原文第三段末句说的很清

楚，即使原油价格有很大变动，汽油价格也不会有显著变

化。因此排除该选项。

B选项意为：日用品价格上升。这在原文没有体现，故排除。

C选项意为：消费量上升。同上，原文中没有提及该观点。

53. [D]

此题较易0.793，区分度很好0.412。

本题的答题依据是第四段中的第五句“The OECD estimates in its latest Economic outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only

0.25%-0.5% of GDP.”这是一道比较容易的题。由此句看出，石油价格的变化也只会使发达国家的石油进口在支出上增加GDP的0.25％～0.5％，因此联系D选项：石油价格对于GDP没有显著的影响。

A选项意为：重工业变得非常能源密集。第四段第二句中提及了heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption，但是原文说的是重工业减少了对能源的消耗，而不是变得能源密集。因此排除该选项。

B选项意为：收入损失主要来源于原油价格的浮动。这在原文没有提及，故排除。

C选项意为：制作工业已经被严重浓缩了。第四段末句确实提到了：so could be more seriously squeezed.可是这和制作工业没什么联系，故排除。

54. [A]

此题的难度合适0.533，区分度很好0.449。

本题的答题依据是全文的最后一段，强调这次油价上涨与20世纪70年代的上涨不同，也就是没有70年代的那一次那么可怕。联系A选项：石油价格产生的动荡已经不那么明显了。入选。

B选项意为：通货膨胀看起来对与石油价格动荡不相关。这个与原文本意相反，原文提到了石油价格变化引起了通货膨胀。

C选项意为：能源保护能降低油价。这个没有任何根据，常理上讲也不合适。因此排除该选项。

D选项意为：原油价格上升导致重工业萎缩。原文只是说重工业降低了对能源的需求，而不是萎缩。因此排除该选项。

55. [A]

此题比较容易0.765，区分度很好0.472。

本题是一道比较容易的题。答题依据贯穿全文，尤其是第三段和最后一段的第一句话，强调人们不必担心此次油价上涨，因为这一次的情况与20世纪70年代不同。这种态度题一般不是选客观的，就是选乐观的，总之首先选中庸选项，其次选褒义选项，至于贬义选项基本没有可能是正确答案。因此A选项：乐观的。入选。

B选项（敏感的），C选项（令人沮丧的），D选项（恐惧的）均不合题意。

全文翻译：

过去经济衰落的日子会不会重来？自从石油输出国组织在3月决定减少原油供应，原油的价格便从去年12月的不到10美元一桶上升到约26美元一桶。这次近3倍的涨价令人想起了1973年和1979～1980年两次可怕的石油恐慌，当时的油价分别涨了4倍和近3倍。前两次的油价暴涨都导致了两位数的通货膨胀和全球性的经济衰退。那么这次警告人们厄运来临的头版新闻都到哪里去了呢？

本周伊拉克暂停石油出口，这使油价又一次上扬。强劲的经济增长势头，随着北半球冬季的到来，有可能在短期内使石油价格涨得更高。

然而，我们有充分的理由预期这次油价暴涨给经济带来的影响不会像20世纪70年代那么严重。与70年代相比，现在多数国家的原油价格占汽油价格的份额要小很多。在欧洲，税金在汽油零售价的比例高达4/5，因此，即使原油价格发生很大的波动，汽油价格所受的影响也不会像过去那么显著。

发达国家对石油的依赖性也不如从前，因此对油价的波动也就不会那么敏感。能源储备、燃料替代以及能源密集型重工业的重要性的降低，都减少了石油消耗量。软件、咨询及移动通讯消耗的石油，比钢铁、汽车行业少得多。发达国家国民生产总值中每一个美元所消耗的石油量比1973年少了近一半。国际经合组织在最近一期的《经济展望》中估计，如果油价持续一年维持在22美元左右，与1998年的13美元一桶相比，这也只会使发达国家的石油进口在支出上增加GDP的0.25％～0.5％。这还不到1974年或1980年收入减少部分的1/4。另一方面，进口石油的新兴国家由于转向了重工业，消耗能量更大，因此可能会受到石油危机的强烈影响。

另外一个不应因油价上升而失眠的原因是，与20世纪70年代不同，这次油价上升不是发生在普遍的物价暴涨及全球需求过旺背景之下。世界上很多地区才刚刚走出经济衰落。《经济学家》的商品价格指数与一年前相比总的来说也没有什么变化。1973年的商品价格跃升了70％，而1979年也上升了近30％

2002 Text 4

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The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.

Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect, "a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects — a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foresee n — is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.

Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients' pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.

Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who "until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death."

George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintain s that, as long as a doctor prescribe s a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. "It's like surgery," he says. "We don't call those deaths homicide s because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients, although they risked their

death. If you're a physician, you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide."

On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.

Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care.

The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospice s, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.

Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. "Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering," to the extent that it constitutes "systematic patient abuse." He says medical licensing boards "must make it clear ... that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension." 56. From the first three paragraphs, we learn that ________.

[A] doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients' pain [B] it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives

[C] the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide [D] patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide

57. Which of the following statements is true according to the text? [A] Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients' death.

[B] Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery .

[C] The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed. [D] A doctor's medication is no longer justified by his intentions.

58. According to the NAS's report, one of the problems in end-of-life care is ________. [A] prolonged medical procedures [B] inadequate treatment of pain [C] systematic drug abuse [D] insufficient hospital care

59. Which of the following best define s the word "aggressive" (line 1, paragraph 7)? [A] Bold. [B] Harmful. [C] Careless. [D] Desperate .

60. George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they ________. [A] manage their patients incompetently

[B] give patients more medicine than needed [C] reduce drug dosages for their patients

[D] prolong the needless suffering of the patients

重点词汇：

suicide

（v .n.自杀）即sui+cide ，sui 词根=self ，cide 词根“切”=cut ，于是

“拿刀切自己”→自杀。Every suicide is a solution to a problem.每件自杀都是对一个问题的解决。suicide — the only perfect crime that remains unpunished 自杀——唯一不受惩罚的完美罪行。

constitutional

（构成的；体质的；宪法的）即con+stitut(e)+ion+al ，con-前缀

“一起”，stitute 词根“建立”，-ion 名词后缀，-al 形容

词后缀；名词形式为constitution （构成；体质；宪法）

←con+stitut(e)+ion ；动词为constitute （构成）←

con+stitute 。Why is woman persistently regarded as a mystery? It is not that she has labored to conceal the organic and psychological facts of her constitution, but that men have showed no interest in exploring them.为什么女人总是被视为神秘的事物？原因并不是她极力隐瞒了关于自身生理与心理

的事实，

而是男人从来就没有对探索这些事实表现过兴趣。The two powers which in my opinion constitute a wise man are those of bearing and forbearing.在我看来，造就智者的两种力量是忍受和克制。 principle （原理；信念）可把princi 看作print （印刷），ple 看作“倍数”（如quadruple 、triple ，参2002年T ext 3），于是“反反复复印刷的东西”→原理（联想：地下党反复印刷革命刊物宣传马克思主义原理）。When a fellow says, "It

isn't the money but the principle of the thing," it's the money .当一个人说“这不是钱的问题而是原则问题”时，那就是钱的问题。Important principles may and must be flexible.重要的原则可以有伸缩性，也必须有伸缩性。

foresee （v .预知）即fore+see ，fore 前缀“在前”（如forehead 额←fore+head ），see 看，“在事情发生前就能看到”→预知。He who foresees calamities suffers them twice over .预见灾难的人承受了它们两次。

sufficient （足够的）即suf+fici+ent ；suf-前缀“在下”（=sub-，f 前b 变形为f ），fici 看作face 面（元音字母替换），-ent 形容词后缀，低于(suf)平均水平(fici)的(ent)消费使本来不多的收入变得“足够的”；insufficient （不足的）←in 否定前缀+sufficient 。Life is the art of drawing sufficient conclusions from insufficient premises.生活是从不足的前提得出足够的结论的艺术。

mediation

（仲裁，媒介作用）即medi+ation ，medi(=middle)词根“中间的”，-ation 名词后缀，文中指代“镇痛剂”。同根词：medium （中等的；媒介；手段）←medi+um 后缀。 maintain （v .维修；维持；支持）即main+tain ，main 词根=hand ，tain 词根=hold （参unsustainable ，2003年T ext 4）。He who tells a lie is not sensible how great a task he undertakes; for he must invent twenty more to maintain that one.说谎者没有意识到自己要承担多么艰巨的任务，因为他必须再说二十个谎言来维持这个谎言。 prescribe （v .指示；开处方）←pre 在前+scribe 写，“在拿药之前写”→开处方。If I were a medical man, I should prescribe a holiday to any patient who considered his work important.我如果是医生，就会开处方给所有认为自己的工作非同小可的病人放一天假。

legitimate （合法的；v .合法）即legitim+ate ，legitim 词根“合法”（leg 即

词根“法律”），-ate 后缀。

homicide （n.杀人，杀人者）即homi+cide ，homi 词根“人”=human ，cide 词根“切”=cut 。 debate （v .n.争论，辩论）即de+bate ，de-向下，bate 词根“打”=beat ，“通过语言把对手打倒”→“辩论”。同根词：combat （v .n.战斗，格斗）←com 一起+bat 。Debate is the best catalyst of thought.争论是思想最好的催化剂。 ineffectual （无效的）←in 否定前缀+effect 效果+ual 形容词后缀，与ineffective 意思相近但有区别，ineffectual 强调“不起作用的”，ineffective 强调“效率低的”。T o be prepared for war is one of the most effectual means of preserving peace.备战是维持和平的最有效途径之一。 hospice （收容所）可看作hosp(ital)+ice ，医院里什么都没有，只有冰，于是就不能再叫医院了，叫“收容所”。 predictably （可预言地）←pre+dict+abl(e)+(l)y ，参prediction （2003年T ext 1）。 systematic （系统的；有计划的）←system 系统+-atic 形容词后缀。systematic liar 故意说谎者。

incompetently

（无能力地）即in+competent+ly ，in-否定前缀，competent （有能力的），-ly 副词后缀。 define （下定义；限定）即de+fine ，de-向下，fine 词根“界限”。Man is made in such a way that he continually has to define himself and continually escape his own definitions.人注定要不断地给自己下定义，又不断地逃避他自己的定义。Bigotry may be roughly defined as the anger of men who have no opinions.可以给偏执下一个粗略的定义：没有观点的人的愤怒。

desperate （绝望的；不顾一切的）←desper+ate ，desper 同despair （v .n.绝望），-ate 形容词后缀。If the failures of this world could realize how desperate half the present-day geniuses once felt, they would take heart and try again.世上的失败者若能了解到当今的天才有半数一度感到过多么绝望，他们就会振作精神再次努力。It is a characteristic of wisdom not to do desperate things.不做孤注一掷之事是智者的特征。Never despair . But if you do, work on in despair .永远都不要绝望。但如果已经绝望，就在绝望中继续工作。←在绝望中复习考研！

morphine 吗啡（音译）；well-meaning 善意的。 难句解析：

①The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important

implications for how medicine seeks to relieve

dying patients of pain and suffering. ▲要理解本句，一定要抓住它的核心成分，主语是The Supreme Court's decisions ，谓语是carry ，宾语是

important implications ，后面有一个how 引导的从句作介词for 的宾语。 △该句是本文的第一段，也是第一句，因此理解本句对全

文的理解很有帮助。

②Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect", a centuries-old moral principle holding

that an action having two effects — a good one

that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen — is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect. ▲该句是一个复杂句，其基本结构是although 引导的状语从句后面加一个主句，其主干是the court supported the medical principle of "double effect"，后面是一个

对double effect 进行说明的同位语，里面又有一个

holding 引导的宾语从句。 △本句阅读的重点在于搞清基本句子结构。在最开始阅读时可以先不看对double effect 进行修饰的成分。

③Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who "until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death."

▲该句的主语是Nancy Dubler，后面有一个修饰它的同位语，句子的谓语是contends，后面有一个宾语从句，其中从句的宾语又有一个who引导的很长的定语从句。△本句阅读的重点在于理清句子主干结构，另外对于一些词的理解也很关键。Mediation本意是“调停，调和”，此处结合上下文，它更倾向于指代医生用来缓解病人疼痛的药物，因此最好把它理解为“镇痛剂”。

④On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.

▲该句的主语是many，谓语是acknowledge承认，后面有一个宾语从句，用的是被动语态，而其中由by引导的短语后面又有一个定语从句for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying来修饰前面的patients。

△本句阅读的重点在于理清句子主干结构。

⑤It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care.

▲该句的主语it，指代的是上文提到的NAS，谓语的主干结构是identifies something as something，宾语有两个并列成分the undertreatment of pain和the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures"，后面的一个还有个定语从句来修饰。

△本句阅读的重点在于理清句子主干结构，并且要抓住复杂宾语中的核心部分。

试题解析：

56. [B]

此题的难度合适0.501，区分度好。

在文章第二段中有这么一句话：Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide，意思是：尽管裁决认为，宪法没有赋予医生帮助病人自杀的权利。也就是说，医生使用安乐死之类的助死法是违法的。因此请看B选项，刚好符合文章。至于A选项，有不少人选了，估计是看到第三段中Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients' pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.然而这句话的意思是：近年来，医生们一直在借用这项原则，为自己替病危患者注射大剂量的吗啡镇痛的做法提供正当的理由。而A选项的意思是，医生曾经为了控制病人的病情增加药的剂量。仔细想一下，是有区别的。原文的意思是医生注射大剂量的吗啡镇痛，而题目的意思是医生增加药的剂量。两者的区别虽然不明显，但是肯定不相同。因此排除A。然后是C选项，原文中没有提到，只是说目前在讨论，但是没有说强烈反对。然后是D选项，原理上就不对，病人自杀和法律,权利有什么关系...管天管地，管不了我上吊自尽～～～

57. [C]

此题的难度合适0.546，区分度好0.276。

这是一道总括性的题，需要以文章中的多处信息为线索。这些信息较多地集中在文章的前三段：尽管在医生帮助下的自杀是不合法的，但是最高法院认为只要医生的本意是为了减轻病人的痛苦，那么他们使用大剂量的镇痛药就是允许的。第二段中：a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects — a good one that is intended and a

harmful one that is foreseen — is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect. 意思是：这个存在了好几个世纪的道德原则认为，如果某种行为具有双重效果（希望达到的好效果和可以预见得到的坏效果），那么，只要行为实施只是想达到好的效果，这个行为就是可以允许的。因此可以看出，法律是允许医生使用高剂量药剂的。因此和C选项相符。请看A选项，这个选项明显是为那些喜欢主观判断的同学准备的陷阱，如果你只从常理判断的话无疑是对的，人之初性本善嘛～～但是在文章中肯本没有提到医生会内疚....所以这种选项不能选。然后请看B选项，意思是说现代的药剂能帮助病人进行无痛的康复。但是又是在原文中毫无体现。因此A和B都是主观主义错误。最后是D选项，说医生不再按照他的目的来使用药剂。这个和原文恰恰相反，原文说的是：医生们一直在借用这项原则，为自己替病危患者注射大剂量的吗啡镇痛的做法提供正当的理由。因此D选项排除。

58. [B]

此题的难度合适0.481，区分度很好0.322。

本题的答题依据是第七段的第二句话中的“the undertreatment of pain”，理解了该短语的意思，这道题也就迎刃而解了。在第六段中有这么句话：It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care. 其中the undertreatment of pain 表明了对待疼痛的不足，undertreatment是处理不足的意思。因此明显B选项入选。而ACD选项都是对上面这句话的无根据延伸，我看大家选C的比较多，所谓systematic drug abuse是指系统药物的滥用，但是原文只是说to the extent that it constitutes "systematic patient abuse."这就说明，和原文越像的越不是答案....更何况，题目说的是According to the NAS's report，所以内容应该在第六段找。

59. [A]

此题稍难0.279，但区分度好。

选择四个选项的考生人数比较平均。这道题考查考生根据上下文判断词义的能力。一方面考生对“aggressive”这个词的基本意思要有所了解，同时要运用上下文的信息。

60. [D]

此题的难度合适0.501，区分度不大理想。

有29.6％的考生选择A项。本题的答题依据是文章的最后一段。在这一段中，Annas对大量的医生置病人的痛苦于不顾，无端地延长病人不必要的痛苦这种行为提出了批评，认为这种行为构成了“虐待病人”，并认为这样的医生应该予以吊销行医执照。考生选择A的主要原因是受到了最后一句话中的“that are incompetently managed”的影响。在文章的最后一段中，是这么说的：Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. "Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering," to the extent that it constitutes systematic patient abuse." He says medical licensing boards "must make it clear... that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in

license suspension." 大体上说，Annas对大量的医生置病人的痛苦于不顾，无端地延长病人不必要的痛苦这种行为提出了批评，认为这种行为构成了“虐待病人”，并认为这样的医生应该予以吊销行医执照。因此，D选项入选。至于A选项，原文中有这么一句话that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension。但是，还是那句话，和原文越像的越不是答案。这个选项偷换了概念，原文中说的是painful deaths，而题目中说的是病人。还有C选项，在原文中没有提到，虽然在前几段经常出现，但是在Annas的理论中并未体现，所以不能选。

全文翻译：

最高法庭关于医生协助病人结束生命问题的裁决，对于如何用药物减轻病危者的痛苦这个问题来说，具有重要的意义。

尽管裁决认为，宪法没有赋予医生帮助病人自杀的权利，然而最高法庭实际上却认可了医疗界的“双效”原则，这个存在了好几个世纪的道德原则认为，如果某种行为具有双重效果（希望达到的好效果和可以预见得到的坏效果），那么，只要行为实施只是想达到好的效果，这个行为就是可以允许的。

近年来，医生们一直在借用这项原则，为自己替病危患者注射大剂量的吗啡镇痛的做法提供正当的理由，尽管他们知道，不断增加的剂量最终会杀死病人。

蒙特非奥里医疗中心主任南希·都博勒认为，这项原则将消除部分医生的疑虑，这些医生在此之前一直强烈地认为，如果给病人充分的药品来止痛会加速他们的死亡的话工那就不能这样做。

波士顿大学健康法律系主任乔治·安纳斯坚持认为，只要医生是出于合理的医疗目的开药，那么即使服用此药会加速病人的死亡，医生的行为也没有违法。“这就像做手术，”他说，“我们不能称那些死亡为杀人是因为医生并没有想杀死病人，尽管他们敢冒病人死亡的危险。假定你是一名医生，只要你并没有想让病人自杀，你就可以去冒你的病人自杀的风险。”

另一方面，许多医疗界人士承认，致使医助自杀这场争论升温的部分原因是由于病人们的绝望情绪，对这些病人来说，现代医学延长了临终前肉体的痛苦。

就在最高法庭对医助自杀进行裁决的前三周，全国科学学会公布了一份长达两卷的报告——临近死亡：完善临终护理。报告指出了医院临终关怀护理中存在的两个问题：对病痛处理不力和大胆使用“无效而强制性的医疗程序，这些程序可能会延长死亡期，甚至会让死亡期难堪”。

“医疗行业采取步骤，让年轻医生去晚期病人休养所培训，对各种大胆的镇痛疗法方面的知识进行评估，为医院护理制定一份符合美国医疗保障方案的付款条例，以及为评估和治疗临终痛苦制定新的标准。

安纳斯说，律师可以在要求把医疗界的这些善意的行为变成更好的护理行动方面发挥关键作用。“不少医生对病人所遭受的毫无必要的，可预见的痛苦无动于衷”，乃至于已构成“蓄意虐待病人”。他说，行医资格理事会“必须明确表明——病人痛苦地死亡，可以推定，是由于医生处理不力造成的，应该因此吊销其从医资格”。

2001 Passage 1

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Specialisation can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialisation was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.

No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word "amateur" does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrate d into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.

A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveal s not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represent ed worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of referee ing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, where as the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.

Although the process of professionalisation and specialisation was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delay ed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckon ed as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.

51. The growth of specialisation in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as ________.

[A] sociology and chemistry [B] physics and psychology [C] sociology and psychology [D] physics and chemistry

52. We can infer from the passage that ________.

[A] there is little distinction between specialisation and professionalisation [B] amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science [C] professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community [D] amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones

53. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate ________. [A] the process of specialisation and professionalisation [B] the hardship of amateurs in scientific study [C] the change of policies in scientific publications

[D] the discrimination of professionals against amateurs 54. The direct reason for specialisation is ________. [A] the development in communication [B] the growth of professionalisation

[C] the expansion of scientific knowledge [D] the splitting up of academic societies 重点词汇：

specialisation （专业化）即special+is(e)+ation ，special （特别的；额外的），-ise 动词后缀（specialise 即v .专业化），-ation 名词后缀；specialist （专家；专科医生）←special+ist 后缀表“人”。Love is a special affection for a man or a woman, which is stronger than that for any other person.爱情是对一个男人或女人的特殊的好感，它比对其他任何

人的好感都强烈。specialist — a doctor whose patients can be ill only during office hours 专科医

生——一位医生：他的病人只有在上班时间才能生病。

specialist — one who knows more and more about less and less 专家——对越来越少的东西懂得

越来越多的人。

response

（回复；响应）是respond （见2003年T ext 2）的名词形式。The sartorial artist no less than the sculptor , the painter and the musician dreams of creations that will awaken a response in the soul of the world.好裁缝跟雕塑家、画家和音乐家一样，梦想着能在世人灵魂中引起反响的作品。

accumulation

（积累，堆积）即accumulate+ation ，accumulate （v .积累，

堆积），-ation 名词后缀。University are full of knowledge; the freshmen bring a little in and the seniors take none away , and knowledge accumulates.大学里充满了知识，新生带进来一些，高

年级学生则一点也不带走，于是知识就积累了下来。

Books are the ever-burning lamps of accumulated wisdom.书籍是积累智慧的明灯。

professionalisation

（职业化）即professional+is(e)+ation ，professional

（职业的；职业人员），-ise 动词后缀（professionalise

即v .职业化），-ation 名词后缀。In love woman are professionals, men are amateurs.在恋爱中女子是

专业者，男子是业余者。

clear-cut 明确的，清晰的。

amateur （业余的；业余爱好者）可记谐音“爱慕它”，“业余爱好者”选择某专业必定是“爱慕它”。Every artist was once an amateur .所有的艺术家都曾经是业余爱好者。amateur — a young man who, when flattering women, is afraid of overdoing it 业余选手——奉承女人时怕做过头的年轻人。 distinction

（差别，区分）即distinct+ion ，distinct （清楚的，明显的），-ion 名词后缀。同根词：extinct 灭绝（因为有x 而省略s ）；instinct 本能。Success seems to be that which

forms the distinction between confidence and conceit.成功似乎是形成自信与自负区别的东西。 connotation （涵义）即con+not(e)+ation ，con-前缀“一起”，note 记录，-ation 名词后缀，“所有东西都被一起记录在其中”→涵义。

integrate （使成为一体）←integr 完整+ate ，参disintegrate （2003年T ext 4）。

participation

（参加；分享）即parti+cip+ation ，parti(=part)，cip(=cap)抓（参captive ，2003年T ext 3）

，-ation 名词后缀，“抓取其中一部分”

→分享；动词为participate ←parti+cip+ate 。We participate in a tragedy; at a comedy we only

look.悲剧我们参加，喜剧我们仅仅观看。 in terms of 依据；用……措辞。 reveal

（v .展现；揭示；泄露）即re+veal ，re-前缀(=away)，veal(=veil)面纱，“揭开面纱”→展示。A person reveals his character by nothing so clearly as the joke he resents.没有什么比一个人所反感的笑话更能显露他的为人。If you reveal your secrets to the wind, you should not blame

the wind for revealing them to the trees.你如果把秘密泄露给风，就不应责怪风把秘密泄露给树。

emphasis （强调，重点）可看作em+phasis ，em-前缀“强调”，phasis 看作是phase （阶段）的复述形式，于是“在各阶段里最值得强调的”→强调。I sometime wish that people would put a little more emphasis upon the observance of the law than they do upon its enforcement.有时候我但愿人们多把重点放在遵守法律上，而非强调其实施。

primacy （首要，首位）即prim(e)+acy ，prime 首要的，-acy 名词后缀，primacy 与privacy （隐私）一字母之差，“隐私”是最“首要”的。 definition （定义）即defin(e)+ition ，define （下定义；限定）见2002年T ext 4，-ition 名词后缀。It is almost a definition of a gentleman to say that he is one who never inflicts pain.说一个人从不给人造成痛苦，这几乎是下了一个关于君子的定义。

represent （v .描述；代表）←re+present 。Books only partially represent their authors.图书只是部分地体现了作者。 reflect （v .反射；反映；思考）←re 回+flect 弯曲。There are two ways of spreading light: T o be the candle, or the mirror that reflects it.散布光的方法有两种：当蜡烛或者当反射烛光的镜子。Who reflects too much will accomplish little.思虑过多者一事难成。 referee （仲裁者v .仲裁）←refer+ee 。 separate （分离的v .分离）←se+par+ate ，se-前缀“分离”，par 看作part “分离”，-ate 后缀。同前缀词：select （v .选择a.精选的）←se+lect 选。We sleep in separate rooms, we have dinner apart, we take separate vacations — we're doing everything we can to keep our marriage together .我们在分开的房间睡觉，我们分开吃饭，我们分开度假——我们做着能做的一切以维持婚姻。You can't separate peace from freedom because no one can be at peace unless he has his freedom.你无法将安宁与自由分开，因为得不到自由谁都不会安宁。

delay （v .n.耽搁，延迟）看作de+lay ，de-向下，lay 放，把事情暂时“放下”→耽搁。Never delay that should be done today until tomorrow.不要把今天应做的事推迟到明天。 reckon （v .认为；估算）看作re+ckon ，re-前缀“反复”，ckon 谐音“啃”，题目太难了，需要“re 啃”才能“估算”出答案。I reckon being ill as one of the great pleasures of life, provided one is not too ill and is not obliged to work till one is better .我把生病当作人生一大乐趣，只要病得不太严重，并且在好转之前不被要求工作。T o sensible men, every day is a day of reckoning.对明智的人来说，每一天的时间都要精打细算。 crucial （极重要的，决定性的）即cruc+ial ，cruc 词根(=cross)，-ail 形容词后缀，“处于十字路口的”→关键的。 psychology （心理学）←psycho+logy ，psycho 词根“心理”，-logy 后缀“……学”。The purpose of psychology is to give us a completely different idea of the things we know best.心理学的用途是告诉我们对最熟悉事物的完全不同的观念。psychology — ①the science that tells you what you already know, in words you can't understand ②the theology of the twentieth century 心理学——①一门科学：它用你听不明白的语言告诉你已经知道的事 ②20世纪的神学。

in one's own right 凭自身条件；under way 在进行中。 难句解析：

①No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word "amateur" does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular , may not fully share its values.

▲先看前面的句子的主干是No... distinction can be drawn between...，冒号后面的内容是进一步说明前面的观点。在第二个句子中，一上来就有一个转折词

nevertheless ，表示语意的转折，其主句是the word

"amateur" does carry a connotation ，后面有一个同位语从句，里面有两个并列谓语。

△注意nevertheless 表示转折，其后的信息与其前面的信息意思相反，前面讲二者没有很明显的区别，后面便说业余和专业就是不一样。其次要看清the word "amateur" DOES carry a connotation 而非DOES

NOT 。

②The trend was naturally most obvious in those

areas of science based especially on a

mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.

▲两个分句有同一个主语，即the trend ，两个谓语为was obvious 和can be illustrated 。前一个分句中based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training 修饰areas of science 。 △注意be illustrated 的用法，这里是“举例说明，例证说明”的意思；另外in terms of 是“就某事来说，以某事为例”的意思。 ③A comparison of British geological publications

over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper .

▲本句的主语是a comparison of British geological

publications over the last century and a half （中心词为a comparison ），谓语是reveals ，宾语主体结构是not simply ... but also...所连接的两个并列宾语，注意宾语emphasis 和definition 前都有分词来修饰。

△an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research 译为“对科研的重要性的强调不断攀升”，a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper 译为“一篇过得去的科研论文创作标准也有所变化”，其中what 指代the

elements that 。

④The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for

amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by

the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in

the twentieth century.

▲全句的主干结构是The... result has been to do sth.。注意逗号后面只是一个名词性的短语，其核心词是a result，可以被看成是前面句子主语的同位语，在其内部主要是一个长的定语从句，而定语从句中又有两个并列的状语first by..., and then by...。

△entrance入口，此处指发表文章，进入专业圈子。reinforce增强，也就是使难度更高。本句的理解重点在于理顺句子结构，要看到在第一个逗号之后没有动词了，可以一层一层地把这个名词短语分解开。

⑤A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.

▲这是一个并列关系的并列句，两个分句由whereas（而）连接，说明了两种情况，前面是在说professional，而后面说amateurs。

△coming together nationally within one or two specific societies理解为“组成一到两个全国性的专科学术社团”。

试题解析：

51. [D]

根据第二段第三、四句，19世纪开始的专门化要求更长时间、更复杂的培训，日益增长的专门化给参与科学活动的业余爱好者带来了更大的问题。在特别是以数学和实验为基础的那些科学领域里，这一倾向自然表现得最为明显，英国地质学领域的发展充分地说明了这一点。

在这四个选择项中，虽然没有提到地质学，但是，众所周知，就19世纪而言，物理学和化学均是以数学和实验作为基础的科学，因此[D]是正确答案。

52. [B]意为：业余研究者可以在某些科学领域与专业研究者相匹敌。

根据第三段，在20世纪，局部的研究(local studies)只有在能被纳入并反映出更广泛研究框架的时候，才为专业研究者所接受。这说明，某些方面的研究是为专业研究者所认可的。第二段还提到，目前并存着分别以业余研究者和专业研究者为对象的两种杂志，专业地质学家组成了全国性的一两个协会，而业余研究者则通常是或者参加本地的研究协会，或者也以不同的方式结成全国性的组织。这些都说明了业余研究的不可或缺性以及与职业研究并存状况。

A意为：专门化和专业化过程几乎没有区别。根据本文，专门化过程(specialisation)和专业化过程(professionalisation)实质上是同一个过程，即：研究领域的专门化带来了研究人员的专业化，一个是针对研究对象而言，另一个是针对研究者而宫，二者同时发生，不可比较。

C不对。根据第三段第四句，专业研究者对业余研究者甚至还有排挤的倾向。

D不对。参阅本题对选择项[B]的解释。

53. [A]

参阅第二段第三、四句并第51题题解。请特别注意第四句中illustrate（举例说明）。

另外，第四段第一句也提到，虽然专业化和专门化过程早在19世纪已在英国的地质学领域展开，但直到20世纪我们才看到其全面影响。这句话也是对上一段的总结。

B意为：业余研究者在科学研究中碰到的艰辛。例子中虽然提到了专业化结业余研究者带来的不利影响．但就总体而言，这个例子说明的是专业化和专门化过程的形成及其影响。

C意为：科技出版物出版方针的变化。第三段提到了科学杂志的问题（参阅第52题题解），但这显然不是例子旨在说明的问题。

D意为：专业研究者对业余研究者的歧视。

54. [C]

全文第一句指出，专门化过程可以看做是对日益积累的科学知识的反应。该句的含义是：科学知识的积累促进了知识的进一步分类和分化（或专门化）。

A不对。第一段第二、三句话的意思是，通过将研究课题分作更小单位，人们可以继续处理信息（注意：这里所说的information指上一句中的scientific knowledge），用之作为进一步研究的基础，但是，专门化只是影响交流过程的一系列科学发展的一部分。这里所说的communication指科学知识的交流。

B不对。专业比是随着知识的进一步分类而产生的，不是其成因。参阅第52题对选择项A的解释。

D意为：学术团体的分裂。

全文翻译：

专业化可被视为针对科学知识不断膨胀这个问题所做出的反应。通过将学科细化，个人能够继续处理这些不断膨胀的信息并将它们作为深入研究的基础。但是专业化仅是科学领域内一系列影响交流过程的有关现象之一。另一现象是科学活动的日益职业化。

在科学领域内，专业与业余之间没有绝对的区分：任何规律都有其例外。但是“业余”这个词的确具有特殊的含义，那就是所指的那个人没有完全融入某个科学家群体，具体地说，他可能并不完全认同这个群体的价值观。19世纪的专业化的发展，以及随之而来的对训练的长期性和复杂性的要求，对业余人员进入科学界造成了更大的困难。特别是在以数学和实验室训练为基础的科学领域，这种倾向自然尤为明显，这可以通过英国的地质学发展过程得到证实。

对过去一个半世纪的英国地质出版物进行比较，我们不但发现人们对研究的重视程度在不断增加，而且人们对可以接受的论文的定义也在不断变化。因此，在19世纪，局部的地质研究本身就可形成一种有价值的研究；而到了20世纪，如果局部的研究能够被专业人员接受，那么它越来越倾向于必须体现或思考更广阔的地质面貌。另一方面业余人员继续以旧的方式从事局部的研究。其整体的结果是使业余人员进入专业性地质学杂志更加困难，而审稿制度的全面引进使这个结果得到加强，这一制度开始是在19世纪的全国性杂志进行，进入20世纪后也在一些地方性地质杂志实行。这样发展的必然结果是出现了针对专业读者和业余读者的不同杂志。类似的分化过程也导致专业地质学家聚集起来，形成一两个全国性的团体，而业余地质学家则要么留在地方性团体中，要么以不同方式组成全国性的团体。

虽然职业化和专业化过程在19世纪的英国地质学界中已经得到迅速发展，但是它的效果直到20世纪才充分显示出来。然而，从科学这个整体来看，19世纪必须被视为科学结构发生变化的关键时期。

2001 Passage 2

论坛相关讨论帖地址：https://www.sodocs.net/doc/2710647267.html,/dispbbs.asp?boardID=20&ID=386713

A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide— the division of the world into the info(information) rich and the info poor. And that divide does exist today. My wife and I lectured about this loom ing danger twenty years ago. What was less visible then, however, were the

new, positive forces that work against the digital divide. There are reasons to be optimistic.

There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialize d, it is in the interest of business to universalize access — after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are. More and more governments, afraid their countries will be left behind, want to spread Internet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will be netted together. As a result, I now believe the digital divide will narrow rather than widen in the years ahead. And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty that we've ever had.

Of course, the use of the Internet isn't the only way to defeat poverty. And the Internet is not the only tool we have. But it has enormous potential.

T o take advantage of this tool, some impoverish ed countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudice s with respect to foreign investment. Countries that still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of infrastructure (the basic structural foundations of a society) in the United States. When the United States built its industrial infrastructure, it didn't have the capital to do so. And that is why America's Second Wave infrastructure —including roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on —were built with foreign investment. The English, the Germans, the Dutch and the French were investing in Britain's former colony. They financed them. Immigrant Americans built them. Guess who owns them now? The Americans. I believe the same thing would be true in places like Brazil or anywhere else for that matter. The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off you're going to be. That doesn't mean lying down and becoming fooled, or letting foreign corporations run uncontrolled. But it does mean recognizing how important they can be in building the energy and telecom infrastructures needed to take full advantage of the Internet.

55. Digital divide is something ________.

[A] getting worse because of the Internet

[B] the rich countries are responsible for

[C] the world must guard against

[D] considered positive today

56. Governments attach importance to the Internet because it ________.

[A] offers economic potentials

[B] can bring foreign funds

[C] can soon wipe out world poverty

[D] connects people all over the world

57. The writer mentioned the case of the United States to justify the policy of ________.

[A] providing financial support overseas

[B] preventing foreign capital's control

[C] building industrial infrastructure

[D] accepting foreign investment

58. It seems that now a country's economy depends much on ________.

[A] how well-developed it is electronically

[B] whether it is prejudiced against immigrants

[C] whether it adopts America's industrial pattern

[D] how much control it has over foreign corporations

重点词汇：

divide

（分开；分配；除）是division /

/（分开；部门；除法）的动词形式。The only way on earth to multiply happiness is to divide it.世上唯一能使幸福成倍增加的方法是将其分作几份。Grief can take care of itself, but to get the full value of a joy you must have somebody to divide it with.悲伤只需其自身就足够了，然而要获取一件乐事的充分价值，你就必须找人分享。Instead of this absurd division into sexes they ought to class people as static and dynamic.为取代性别这种荒唐的区别，他们应该把人分成静态与动态两种。

loom

（v.隐约出现；织布机）可看作loo+m，loo即数字100，m即国际单位“米”，能织出100米长的布的“织布机”；另外布在织成以前是透明的，

所以布后面的东西是可以“隐约出现”的。

commercialize （使商业化）即commercial+ize，commercial（商业

的）←commerc(e)+ial，-ize动词后缀“使……化”。

Good manners are the settled medium of social,

as specie is of commercial life.礼貌是社会生活固定

的中介，就像硬币之于商业生活。commercialism —

doing well that which should not be done at all 商

业主义——把根本不该做的事做得很好。

universalize

（使普遍化）

即universal+ize，universal（宇宙的；普遍的）←

univers(e)+al，-ize动词后缀“使……化”。Envy is the

most universal passion.忌妒是最普遍的情感。

universe — merely a fleeting idea in God's mind — a pretty uncomfortable thought, particularly if you're just made a down payment on a house 宇宙——不过是上帝头脑里一个稍纵即逝的想法——一种让人很不舒服的想法，特别是在你刚预付过房子的定金之后。 impoverish

（使贫穷；使枯竭）←im 加强前缀+pover 词根+ish 动词后缀；同根词：poverty （贫穷）←pover+ty 名词后缀。

prejudice （偏见v .n.损害）即pre+jud+ice ，pre-前缀“在前”，jud 词根“判断”(=judge)，-ice 后缀，“在弄清事实之前就做出判断”→偏见，而“偏见”是会招致“损害”的。Prejudice is the child of ignorance.偏见是无知的产物。prejudice — ①an unwillingness to be confused with facts ②a device enabling you to form opinions without getting the facts 偏见——①不愿为事实所困惑 ②使你能在不了解事实的情况下形成观点的一种装置。 respect （v .n.尊敬）即re+spect ，re-反复，spect 词根“看”，反复看一个人是对其表示“尊敬”；with respect to 关于。All the great religions are fundamentally equal. We must have innate respect for other religions as we have for our own.一切伟大的宗教在根本上都是等同的。我们对于其它宗教，必须像对自己的宗教一样怀着天然的敬意。T o respect a person is not possible without knowing him.不了解一个人却要尊敬他，那是不可能的。respect — to admire from a distance 尊敬——从远处赞赏。

sovereignty （主权；主权国家）即sover+(r)eign+ty ，sover(=over)在上，reign 统治，-ty 名词后缀，“在上面统治”；sovereign （统治的；统治者）←sover+(r)eign 。Men in great places are thrice servants: servants of the sovereign or state; servants of fame; and servants of business.身居高位者是三重仆人：统治者或国家的仆人，名声的仆人，以及事务的仆人。

infrastructure （基础设施）即infra+structure ，infra-前缀“在下”，structure （v .n.构造）。以infra-为前缀的词：infrahuman （类人猿的；类人生物）←infra+human ；infrared （红外线的；红外线）←infra+red 。 telecom （电信）即telecommunication 。 responsible （负责的；可靠的；责任重大的）即respons(e)+ible ，response 回应（见2001年Passage 1），-ible 能……的，“能得到回应的”→负责的。An idea isn't responsible for the people who believe in it.一种思想对信仰它的人并不负有责任。T o be a man is, precisely , to be responsible.确切地说，做男人就是负责任。 in the interest of 为了……的利益；may well 很有可能；lie down 屈从。 难句解析： ①A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide — the division of the world into the info(information) rich and the info poor .

▲本句的结构较简单，抓住attention is being paid to the digital divide 就可以了，注意破折号后面的名词短语实际上是对digital divide 一词的定义。

△so-called 所谓的，注意要学会利用如破折号、括号、逗号等标点符号来定位一个词的补充说明成分。 ②As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access — after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are. ▲注意主句是It is in the interest of business to do sth.，前面as 引导的是伴随状语，而非原因状语，要理解为“随着”，而非“因为”。后面破折号的部分是进一步解释说明前面的主句。

△注意几个词的含义：commercialized 商业化；universalize access 普及上网条件。

③T o take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment.

▲本句的主干是some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices 。前面的不定式可以被看成是一个目的状语。 △tool 指上文的internet ；impoverished 贫困的；get over 克服，摒弃；with respect to 在某个方面。 ④The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off you're going to be.

▲此处用了the more... the more...的句型。逗号之间的which today is an electronic infrastructure 是Third Wave infrastructure 的非限定性定语从句。 △capital 资金；Third Wave 第三次浪潮，指后工业时代，即“信息时代”；infrastructure 基础设施；better off 的原形是well off 家境好，富裕。 试题解析：

55. [C] 意为：全世界应该警惕的。

第一段第一句对“数字分化”下了一个定义。其后作者提到，他和妻子20年前就在讲演中谈到这种随时将至的危险，这里，this looming danger 当指the digital divide ，即在世界范围内产生信息富裕和信息贫乏的两类国家。当时，作者就认为前途是乐观的，因为早在20年前就已经出现了一些防止产生这种分化的积极因素，只是

当时这些因索还不太明显。同时，在第二段，作者提到了

网络的普及使这种分化正得到缩小。可见，在作者看来，这种分化是不好的现象，而网络的普及能帮助世界战胜贫

困(combating world poverty , defear poverty)。

有关选择项A 和D ，参阅本题对选择项C 的解释。 B 不对。该选择项表达的内容本文没有提到。 56. [A] 第二段提到，随着国际互联网越来越趋于商业化，普及上网会对商家有利，因为上网的人越多，潜在的顾客人数就越多，因此，许多国家的政府惟恐落后于形势，想要

扩大上网率。第二段最后一句指出，“数字分化”的缩小是

一个好现象，因为，国际互联网很可能是我们迄今所拥有的战胜贫困的最强有力的工具。所谓“战胜贫困”即指使

这些贫穷国家富裕起来。第三段第三句则直截了当地指出，

国际互联网有巨大的（经济）发展潜力。

B 意为：可以带来海外投资。在第四段，作者建议贫

穷国家在利用外资方面放弃一些过时的偏见——如殖民、侵犯主权等概念，积极利用外资建立自己的电子基础设施，以便充分利用国际互联网提供的机遇，走向富裕(better