裕兴新概念英语第二册笔记完美打印版

Lesson 1 A private conversation

【New words and expressions】

★private

① adj. 私人的

private life 私生活private school 私立学校

② adj. 普通的private citizen 普通公民

I’m a private citizen. (citizen n. 公民)

private soldier 大兵《Private Ryan》《拯救大兵瑞恩》)

public adj. 公众的，公开的(private的反义词)

public school 公立学校public letter 公开信

public place 公共场所privacy n.隐私

It’s privacy. 这是我的隐私!(不愿让别人知道的)

★conversation n.谈话

have a + talk/chat/dialogue/conversation/gossip 名词变动词conversation 一般用于正式文体中, 内容上往往不正式subject of conversation 话题

They are having a conversation.

talk 内容可正式可不正式, 也可以私人

Let’s have a talk.

dialogue 对话, 可以指正式国家与国家会谈

China and Korea are having a dialogue.

chat 闲聊，就是北京人说的“侃”，无关紧要的事。gossip 嚼舌头, 说长道短

★theatre n.剧场, 戏剧cinema n.电影院

★seat n.座位

have a good seat/place，这里的seat指place(指地点)，而不是chair.

take a seat/take your seat 坐下来, 就坐

Is the seat taken? 这个位置有人吗?

请坐的3种说法:

Sit down, please. (命令性)

Take your seat, please.

Be seated, please. (更礼貌)

作为动词的seat与sit的区别

sit(sat，)vi. 就座He is sitting there.他坐在那儿。

seat vt.让某人就座Seat yourself.

seat sb. 让某人就坐，后面会加人

You seat him.你给他找个位置.

When all those present(到场者)_D_ he began his lecture.A. sit B. set C. seated D. were seated

sit down 坐下；be seated=take a seat 就坐

★angry adj. 生气的

★angrily adv. 生气的angry =cross

I was angry. /He was cross.

annoyed: 恼火的;

be blue in the face 脸上突然变色

程I was annoyed.

度I was angry/cross.

加I was very angry.

深I am blue in the face. (脸色都青了,相当生气)

★attention n. 注意

Attention ,please. 请注意(口语)

pay attention 注意pay attentio n to … 对……注意

You must pay attention to that girl.

pay a little attention 稍加注意pay much attention 多加注意pay more attention 更多注意pay no attention 不用注意pay close attention 特别注意

★bear(bore, born) v. 容忍

① vt. 承受，支撑，承担，负担

Can the ice bear my weight?Who will bear the cost? 谁来承担这笔费用？

② vt. 忍受(与can/could连用于疑问及否定句中)

She eats too fast. I can’t bear to watch/watching her.

How can you bear living in this place?

bear =stand =put up with I can't bear/stand you.

endure:忍受,容忍、put up with :忍受

I got divorced(离婚).I could not put up with him

bear/stand/endure 忍受的极限在加大

bear n.熊white bear 白熊

bear hug :热情(热烈)的拥抱give sb. a bear hug

★business n. 事, 生意

① n. 生意business man :生意人/do business: 做生意go to some place on business:因公出差

② n. 某人自己的私人的事情

It's my business. (指私人的事, 自己处理的事)

It's none of your business. 不关你的事。

★rudely adv. 无礼地, 粗鲁地rude adj.

★pay vt. &vi. 支付

① vt. &vi. 支付(价款等)

You can pay a deposit of thirty pounds… 您可以先付30英镑的定金……I’ll pay by installments.

(pay…for sth. 花/支付……(钱)买……)

② vt. &vi. 给予(注意等)；去(访问)

They did not pay any attention.

We paid a visit to our teacher last Sunday.

③ n. 工资，报酬I have not received my pay yet.

【课文讲解】

1、Last week I went to the theatre.

动词go的原义是离开一个地方去另一个地方，与介词to连用后，常加上主语所要去的目的来代表主语的动作目的。go to the +地点表示去某地干嘛

go to the theatre = go to the theatre to see a play去剧场看戏go to the cinema =see a film去电影院看电影

go to the dairy 去牛奶店

go to the + 人+ 's 表示去这个人开的店

go to the doctor's 去看病；go to the butcher's 买肉

以下短语中名词前不加冠词：

go to school 去上学；go to church 去做礼拜；go to hospital(医院) 去看病；go to bed 上床，睡觉；go home(跟home相连一定表无事情可做,回家休息)

I am at home. 在家休息

2、I had a very good seat.

seat一般指戏院、汽车等配置的固定座位，也可以抽象地表示“座位”或“位子”等概念。

the front seat of a car 汽车的前座

Take a seat, please. 请坐。

3、I did not enjoy it.

① enjoy +n. 喜欢,从当中得到一种享受(后面不能跟人I enjoy the music. /the dinner/film/program/game

② enjoy oneself/代词玩的开心

We always enjoy ourselves.

③ enjoy +动名词Jane doesn’t enjoy swimming.

4、I got very angry.

get在这里有“逐渐变得”的含义，接近become，是个表示过程的动词，表示状态的变化。而I was very angry则仅表示当时的状态是生气，并不暗示过程。

I am/was angry. 是一个事实、I got angry. 强调变化过程It is hot.、It got hot.

got取代be动词，got是半系动词,可直接加形容词。

5、I could not hear the actors. I turned round.

hear+人:听见某人的话

I could not hear you. Beg your pardon?

I couldn't hear you./I couldn't hear a word./I couldn't catch your words.

I couldn't hear you clearly./I couldn't catch your words.

Beg your pardon? /I couldn't catch your words.

turn round =turn around 转身

6、In the end, I could not bear it.

in the end 最后，终于，表示一段较长的时间之后或某种努力之后She tried hard to finish her homework by herself. In the end, she had to ask her brother for help.

7、I can't hear a word!

I can't hear a word.

美音:肯定I can [] 否定,I can't[],它的/t/是吞进去的, 在读音上很难区别, 只能根据上下文来定

hear a word of sb. (a word 等于一句话)

He didn't say a word.

May I speak to Jim?/May I have a word with Jim?

8、It's none of your business.

one’s business 指某人(所关心的或份内)的事

It's none of your business./None of your business./It's my business. 不关你的事。

It is my business to look after your health.

none相当于not any或no one，但语气较强。

She kept none of his letters. none of 这个短语有时可以表达一种断然、甚至粗暴的口气，尤其是在祈使句中：None of your silly remarks! 别说傻话了！

【Key structures】

简单陈述句的语序

陈述句一定是有主语,有动词,有宾语,有句号

1 ---主语，一般由名词、代词或名词短语构成，通常位于动词之前，动词必须与主语一致，即主语决定动词的单复数形式

2 ---谓语，由动词充当

3 ---宾语，一般为名词、代词或名词短语

4 ---副词或介词短语,对方式或状态提问,往往做状语I like her very much

5 --地点状语，一般在方式副词之后，时间副词之前

6 ---时间状语，可以放在句首或句末

简单陈述句一定不能少的是主语, 谓语.

如果问何时何地,是一个固定搭配when and where [Multiple choice]

7 The young man and the young woman paid ___d___ attention to the writer.

a. none

b. any

c. not any

d. no

none——代词，没有任何东西、没有任何人

None knows./None of us knows.

not——否定词,要放在非实义动词后面

not any=no He didn't pay attention.

no——形容词、修饰名词

I don't have any friends./I have no friends.

I have no time./I don't have any time.

11 The writer could not bear it. He could not ___c___ it.

a. carry

b. suffer

c. stand

d. lift

bear 忍受=stand

suffer 遭受,忍受(精神或肉体上)痛苦，suffer后面必须加一种痛苦I suffer the headache.(肉体上的痛苦)He often suffers defeat.(精神上痛苦)

Lesson 2 Breakfast or lunch? 【New words and expressions】(5)

★until prep.直到

until用于表示动作、状态等的持续，可译为“一直到……为止”或“在……以前”。在肯定句中，它与表示持续性状态的动词连用，表示持续到某一时刻：

I’ll wait here until 5. 我会在这里等到5点钟。

在否定句中，它通常与描述短暂动作的动词连用，表示“到……为止”、“直到……才”：

She cannot arrive until 6. 她到6点才能来。

His father didn't die until he came back.

until(后的从句)的时间终止之前,这个动作做了还是没做？做了前面的主句用肯定；没做用否定

For he ___A(C)___(wait) until it stopped raining.

A. waited

B. didn't wait

A. leave

B. left

C. didn't leave

★outside adv. 外面(作状语)

He is waiting for me outside.

★ring(rang. rung) v.(铃、电话等)响

① vt. 鸣，(铃、电话等)响(这种响是刺耳的, 往往是提醒人做某事)

Every morning the clock rings at 6.

The telephone(door bell) is ringing.

而风铃等响要用jingle，jingle (bell) (铃儿) 响叮当

② vt. 打电话给(美语中用call)

ring sb. 给某人打电话

③ n. (打)电话give sb. a ring

Remember to give me a ring. /Remember to ring me.

④ n. 戒指

★aunt n. 姑,姨,婶,舅妈(所有长一辈的女性都用这个称呼)男性则是uncle: 叔叔

他们的孩子：cousin 堂兄妹(不分男女)cousin的孩子：nephew 外甥；niece 外甥女

★repeat v. 重复

① vt. 重复Will you repeat the last word?

② vi. 重做，重说Please repeat after me.

【课文讲解】

1、It was Sunday.

it指时间、天气、温度或距离，it被称为“虚主语”(empty subject)。作为第三人称单数的中性代词，it可以指一件东西、一件事件或用来指是什么人：

It is a lovely baby.

2、I never get up early on Sundays.

on Sundays: 所有的星期天,每逢星期天,与一般现在时连用，表示经常性的行为。

介词on一般用于表示某一天的时间短语中：on Monday，on Monday morning，on that day

当使用last，next，this，that时，介词(以及定冠词)必须省略：I’ll see you next/this Friday.

never 从来不(可以直接用在动词前面)=助动词+not (变成否定句,前面一定要加助动词)

I don't like her.=I never like her.

3、I sometimes stay in bed until lunchtime.

在表达卧床时bed前不需加冠词：

It’s time for bed now.

You must stay/remain in bed for another two days.

4、Just then, the telephone rang. It was my aunt Lucy.

just then: 就在那时

如果不知道对方性别, 他/她可以用it取代Who are you?/Who is it?

5、I've just arrived by train,

by 直接加交通工具(不能有任何修饰词, 复数)；如果加修饰词, 就要换掉by用in或on

I go out in/on two buses. (指具体的两辆车介词用in/on)如果是特指的交通工具，则要加冠词或其他限定词：My aunt left by the 9:15 train.

by air 乘飞机by bicycle/bike 骑自行车by boat乘船by bus 乘公共汽车by car 乘小汽车 by land 由陆路by plane 乘飞机by sea 由海路by ship乘船by train 乘火车

6、I'm coming to see you. 我将要来看你.

用come 的现在进行时态be coming 表示一般将来，表示近期按计划或安排要进行的动作。同样用法的动词有：go，come，leave，arrive，land，meet，die，start，return，join…

7、Dear me!天哪!英国人说Dear me!或My dear!

美国人说: My god! (发啊的音)美英的发音不同.

【Key structures】

现在进行时和一般现在时

现在进行时表示说话的当时正在发生或正在发生的事件,也用来表示现阶段(一段时间)的动向。现在进行时常与now，just，still等副词连用：

I am working as a teacher. "现阶段"

He is still sleeping. (现在还在睡觉)

Jane is just dressing up. 简正在打扮。

一般现在时表示习惯性动作, 真理, 是过去、现在和未来都会发生的事情。一般现在时一般与频率副词often，always，sometimes，never，frequently，rarely，ever等连用。

Helen never writes to her brother Tony. She sometimes rings him.频率副词往往放在句子中的实义动词前, 非实义动词后；如果既有实义动词又有非实义动词, 要放在两个之间；疑问句中副词往往放在主语后面。在否定句中not必须放在always 之前，而且也出现在generally、normally、often、regularly和usually之前；not必须出现在sometimes和frequently之后。表示肯定的速记可以用在句尾；在特别强调和需要对比时，frequently、generally、normally、sometimes、usually等副词可用于句首。I get paid on Friday usually. very often the phone rings when I’m in bath.

非实义动词:

① 系动词(be)

② 帮助动词构成时态的助动词

③ 情态动词(must, can, may) 除此外皆实义动词.

I frequently go to bed hungry. (形容词作状语)

He went to school hungry.饿着肚子上学.

You must come here hungry.空腹来这里.

【Special Difficulties】

以what开头的感叹句：

在英语中可用what引导的感叹句来表示惊奇、愤怒、赞赏、喜悦等感情，在感叹中主谓语采用正常语序。What 对名词感叹，结构：What +a/an (+adj.)+n.(+主语+谓语)!What a good girl (she is)! (主、谓可省)有上下文和一定的语境, 才能省略形容词。一般省形容词表示批评或不大好的意思。

What a thing to say! 多么难听的话啊！

What (a lot of) trouble( he is causing)!

【Multiple choice questions】

8 He ___a___ out of the window and saw that it was raining.a. looked b. saw c. remarked d. watched

look 表示看的动作，后面一定要加介词

see 表示看的结果，后面直接加宾语

watch 表示观看，后面直接加宾语, 但宾语一定是能够活动的东西

look at pictures (对)；watch pictures(错)

11 Breakfast is the first ___d___ of the day.a. food b. dinner c. lunch d. meal

lunch 中餐food 食物dinner 正餐

一天中最丰盛的那顿饭, 可能是中餐, 也可能是晚餐, 但决不会是早餐. meal 一顿饭

Lesson 3 Please Send Me a Card

【New words and expressions】(11)

★send v. 寄, 送

send sth. to sb. /send sb. sth. 给某人送(寄)东西

send/take children to school：take强调某人亲自送；send则是通过第三人去送, 如美国的校车

take flowers to his wife 自己送

send flowers to his wife 叫店里的人送

★postcard n. 明信片

两个爆破音在一起，前者失去爆破音。这里/t/和/k/前者失去爆破音

name card /visiting card 名片

Here is my name card. (口语常用, 同时伴随着递出的动作) ID card 身份证(ID 身份)

credit card 信用卡

cash card 现金卡储蓄卡工资卡(不能透支)

★spoil(spoiled，spoilt) v. 使索然无味, 损坏

① vt. 弄坏，损坏，糟蹋The rain spoiled the school sports.

② vt. 宠坏，惯坏，溺爱

Don’t spoil your children. 不能太惯孩子。

spoil: 把东西质量变差; 生活中不顺心的事;宠坏, 溺爱；break: 打破; break the windows 打破玻璃

damage: 破坏, 程度不一定很重

destroy : 破坏, 彻底摧毁

以上三个指物理上的破坏;spoil主要指精神上的

★museum n. 博物馆Palace Museum 故宫

★public adj. 公共的

① adj. 公共的，公众的，社会的

There is a public library in this town.

I always sit in public gardens on Sundays.

② adj. 公开的，众人皆知的

Their secret meeting was made public 20 years later.

public house(酒吧简称pub public place 公共场所

in public 公开的；in private 私下里的

Let’s have a conversation in private.让我们私下谈谈?--Why not have a conversation in public? 为什么不公开谈呢?(当面说呢?)

③ n. 公众，群众，大众

The public is/are pleased with his explanation. 公The museum is open to the public on Sunday.

★friendly adj. 友好的

friendly是形容词，单独使用时一般做定语；作状语表人做什么事情很友好, 用短语in a friendly way

He always greets me in a friendly way.

以-ly结尾的形容词还有lovely，brotherly，fatherly，manly，motherly

★waiter n. 服务员, 招待员

waiter(男服务员), waitress(女服务员), 只出现在餐馆里chief waiter 领班

shop assistant 商店里的店员

attendant n. (其他公共场所的)服务员

★lend v. 借给

lend to(借出)：lend sth. to sb/lend sb. sth.

borrow from(借进)：borrow sth. from sb./borrow sth. (borrow不能用borrow sb sth.)

He borrowed my pen yesterday.

★decision n. 决定

make /take a decision作出决定

It was not easy for me to make/take this decision.

make a big/great decision (big：重大；great：伟大, 更重大) decide v. 决定

★whole adj. 整个的

a whole bottle of milk 一整瓶牛奶

the whole…，the whole day 整天，two whole weeks 整整两星期

all th…，all the day (the可省略) 整天

all of后面如果加代词, 代词前面不需要修饰词；一旦要加名词, 前面一定要加the

all of us；all of the students

★single adj. 唯一的, 单一的反义词double 双倍的

【课文讲解】

1、Last summer, I went to Italy.

last：① adj. 上一个last summer

② adj. 最后一个，表示“最后一个”时要加冠词the

the last day 最后一天(具体到一天及一天的早中晚都要用on)

2、A friendly waiter taught me a few words of Italian.

Italian于Italy 注意重读音的位置不同

teach sb. sth. 教某人做某事

He teaches our English.(错)He teaches us English.(对)

语言不可数, 所以要用a little Italian或a few words of Italian

I can speak a little English/a few words of English.

a few可与复数可数名词连用，表示肯定，含有some，a small number of(一些，少数几个)的意思。

The police would like to ask him a few questions. 警察要问他一些问题。

3、Every day I thought about postcards.

think about/of 考虑, 思考，指某一段时间一直在想/考虑某事, think of还可指想到

What do you think of TV program last night?

think over 仔细考虑，反复思考

What’s the weather like today?

cold, chilly(非常非常冷), freeze

I'll freeze.我要冻僵了

4、I spent the whole day in my room, but I did not write a single card!

spend与表示时间的词或短语连和时，意思为“花(时间)”、“度过”. spend+时间+地点: 在什么地点我花费/度过了多少时间

I spend three hours in the sea.

I spend my weekend at my mother's.

I spend a lot of time in traffic jam.(交通堵塞)

spend还可以表示“花钱”

I can’t spend any more on this car.

【Key structures】

一般过去时

一般过去时通常表示过去发生的而现在已经结束的事件、动作或情况。它通常指动作何时发生，而不指动作持续多久。Do you ever catch a cold in the winter?

Yes, I caught a cold last winter.

【Special Difficulties】

直接宾语与间接宾语

双宾语：直接宾语(表示动作结果，动作所涉及的事物)和间接宾语(动作目标，动作是谁做的或为谁做的，通常是人)。间接宾语大多数情况下置于直接宾语之前，如果间接宾语在后，间接宾主前必须加“to”(表示动作对什么人做)或“for”(表示动作为什么人而做)。give sb. sth./give sth to sb

间接宾语在后面时, 其前必须加to(对……而言)或for(为……而做)。可以翻译为“给”、“替”、“为”的，就用for；如果只能翻译为“给”的, 就用to

与to相连的give, take, pass, read, sell, buy，pay，hand，bring，show，promise，offer，owe

take flowers to my wife.

与for相连的buy, order, make, find

I buy a book for you ./make a cake for you

find sth. for sb./do sb. a favor 帮某人一个忙

Do me a favor please./Do a favor for me? 帮我个忙

Can I order something for you?

Can I buy you a bottle of beer ?我请你喝杯酒的意思【Multiple choice questions】

4 ___a___ him a few words of Italian? The waiter.

a. Who taught

b. Who did teach

c. What did he teach

d. Whom did he teach

人做主语提问——who 对宾语提问——whom

who既可以对主语提问也可以对宾语提问, 而whom只能对宾语提问如果对主语提问, 则句子的语序和陈述句语序一样；如果对非主语来提问, 则句子要使用特殊疑问词+一般疑问句的语序

7 He spent the whole day in his room. He was in his room ___c___ day.

a. the hole

b. the all

c. all

d. all of

all (the) day

all of 后面如果加代词, 代词前面不需要修饰词all of us；一旦要加名词, 前面一定要加the

all of the friends all of my friends all of the students

11 He made a big decision. He ___b___ .

a. thought about it

b. made up his mind

c. changed his mind

d. made a wish

think about:考虑、思考、想make up one's mind:下定决心change one's mind:改变主意make a wish : 许个心愿, 愿望, 许愿

Lesson 4 An exciting trip

【New words and expressions】(6)

★exciting adj. 令人兴奋的

exciting adj. 令人兴奋的；excited adj. 兴奋的

-ed: 自己感到/ -ing:令人感到

The news was exciting.

exciting boy 令人兴奋的男孩I am excited.

excite v. 激动(这类动词的宾语一定是人，让后面的人感到……)The news excited me.

interesting adj. 令人感到有趣的；interested adj. 感到有意思的interesting man

interest v. 对……感兴趣

The book interests me. 那本书让我感到很有趣

★receive v. 接受, 收到

① vt. 接到收到，得到

② vt. 招待，接待

You need a large room if you are going to receive so many guests. receive是“收到”，指的是一个被动的动作，主观上接受与否不清楚。receive/have a letter from sb.

accept 同意接收

This morning I received a bunch of flowers from a boy,but I didn't accept it.

take则是主动的“拿”、“取”

I received a beautiful pen from my uncle. My brother took it from me yesterday.

take 也可以作收到

take the exam 接受考试；take advice 接受建议

★firm n. 商行, 公司company n. 公司

★different adj. 不同的

① adj. 不同的，相异的(经常与from连用)

We are planning something different this year.

我们今年有不同的打算。

My room is different from yours.

② adj. 各种各样的，不同的

This department store sells a large number of different things.这家百货商店出售许多各种各样的东西。

He has visited many different places in China. ★abroad adv. 在国外(副词, 直接和动词连用)

go abroad 去国外/live abroad 国外定居

study abroad 国外学习

【课文讲解】

1、I have just received a letter from my brother, Tim.

同位语：一个名词(或短语等)与另一个名词(或短语)并列而作为其说明或限定成分时称为同位语。同位语与它所补充说明的成分之间用逗号隔开。在译成汉语时，同位语或者插入主句中，或者另译为一句，很少像英语中那样用逗号隔开。This is John, one of my best friends. 这位是约翰。他是我最好的朋友之一。

Mrs. Smith, my neighbor, has never been abroad. 我的邻居史密斯夫人从来没有出过国。

2、He has been there for six months.

one month；two months注意读音将//省略

I have arrived in Beijing. (arrive 是瞬间动词不能和段时间连用) has been + in 地点

He has been in Beijing for one year.

3、He is working for a big firm and he has already visited a great number of different places in Australia.

work for 在……上班/任职，强调work

I am working for a school.

work in 强调地点(在哪个地方上班)

I am working in the New Oriental school.

work at 上班She works at a department store.

a number of后面一定要加可数名词复数；通常number前有great，large，good，small，certain等形容词，数量大小也随之改变。a great number of 类似于, 约等于a lot of；

A large/great number of our students are Danish.

There are a small number of spelling mistakes in your homework.

a lot of 可加可数名词也可加不可数名词

4、He has just bought an Australian car and has gone to Alice springs, a small town in the centre of Australia.

has gone to 去了某地没回来

has been to 曾经去过某地, 现在不在那个地方

5、My brother has never been abroad before, so he is fending this trip very exciting.

before在句子后是副词, 译为“在此之前”，是现在完成时态的标志

find作“发现”、“发觉”讲时宾语往往带补足语(一般为形容词)，说明宾语的状况、性质等。

find +宾语+形容词做宾补

find the room clean/find her happy

be finding在口语中经常使用

I'm finding... . . We’re finding... ...

下面表示状态、感觉、情绪、精神活动的动词不可用于进行时：believe，doubt，see，hear，know，understand，belong，think，consider，feel，look，seem，show，mind，have，sound，taste，require，possess，care，like，hate，love，detest，desire 【Key structures】

现在完成时

现在完成时表示动作现存的结果，或者过去发生的事对现在的影响。常与现在完成时连用的副词和副词短语：before (now)(以前)；it’s t he first time(第一次)；so for(到目前为止)；so far this morning(到上午为止)；up to now(直到现在)；up to the present(直到目前)；just(刚刚)；recently(最近)；already(已经)；lately(最近)；now(现在)；for 一段时间；since+时间；still(还；仍)；at last(终于)；finally(最终)；疑问句和否定句中常用ever，yet，never，not…ever等。

I’ve planted fourteen rose bushes so far this morning.

I have lived here for several years now and I’ve made many new friends since I have lived here.

现在完成时还可和表示频度的副词连用，表示反复和习惯性动作，如often(经常)，frequently(屡次)，three times(三次)等。I’ve watched him on TV several times.

【Multiple choice questions】

3 Tim is in Australia. He went ___a___ Australia six months ago.

a. to

b. in

c. at

d. into

at… 表示位置(be at是典型表示位置的介词短语)

go to… 只要有to这个感念, 它的后面一定要有宾语, go to the theater

go in… (in 做副词)很少加宾语He went in.

go into… 有去向的动作, 还有进入的动作go into the room

move常用的意义是“动”、“移动”，在表达“搬家”这个意思时move可以单独使用，也可组成短语move to，move into，move in，move out。

move in:搬进来、move to the new house:正在搬

move into :搬进去了/move out 搬走

11 He will soon visit Darwin. He will visit Darwin＿c＿. a. quickly

b. for a short time

c. shortly

d. in a hurry

quickly 指的是动作上的快He went quickly .

for a short time 不久, 表示动作延续一段时间

soon = shortly 不久以后, 表示在这段时间之后，强调的是时间上的快

in a hurry:匆忙的(指动作)

Lesson 5 No wrong numbers

【New words and expressions】(7)

★pigeon n. 鸽子

It's not my pigeon. ＝None of my business. ★message n. (口头或书面的)信息

Here is a message for you from your sister.

an oral/written message 口信/便条

leave sb. a message 给……留便条

I'll leave you a message.

take a message for sb. 替某人捎口信

Can I take a message for you? 我能替你捎个口信吗? Can you take a message for me?

take a message to sb. 给某人口信

打电话:

Hello!--May I have a word with Tom ?/May I speak with/to Tom?--Can you take a message for me?

information n.信息(不可数)

messenger n. 送信人，信使

★cover v. 越过；覆盖

①vt. 盖，覆盖

She covered the child with a coat.

②vt. 行过(一段距离)，走过(通常不用被动语态)cover+距离越过……

You can cover the distance to the museum in ten minutes. ③n. 覆盖物，盖子，罩子，套子

Put a cover on the box!

★distance n. 距离keep distance 保持距离

distant adj.远距离的

importance n. 重要important adj. 重要的difference n. 不同different adj. 不同的

★request n. 要求, 请求

①n. request for 对……有请求, 有需求

I have a request for the cake.

He granted my request for more time. 他同意了我延长时间的请求。

She sent a request for help to Gary. 她向加里求助。

②v. 要求, 请求

request sb.to do sth. ＝ask sb.to do sth.要求某人做……require sb.to do sth. 要求某人做……

You are required/asked to do sth. (对人要求习惯用被动语态)

★spare adj. 备用的

①vt. 抽出(时间等)，让给

Have you got five minutes to spare?

②vt. 饶恕，赦免The robbers spared his life.

③adj. 多余的，空闲的，剩下的，备用的

You can sleep in the spare bedroom.

Where can I get spare parts for this machine?

‘Have you any old clothes that you do not want?’ he asked.=‘Have you any old clothes to spare?’he asked.

★service n. 业务, 服务

service作不可数名词时通常用于表示旅馆、餐馆以及商店等对旅客、顾客等的侍候、接待或服务；作可数名词时可以表示为帮助他人所采取的行动或所做的工作。The service in that hotel is quite good.

You have done me a great service.

service既可以指公用事业的业务，如：the mail service(邮政业务)、the telephone service(电话业务)；也可指办这些业务的机构，如：a travel service(旅行社)、a news service(通讯社)。

At your service. = Glad to be at your service. = I am glad to be at your service.

我很乐意为您效劳.

serve v. 服务, 接待

——Thank you.

——You are welcome.(下次又需要再来找我)/Not at all.(根本完全不用谢)/That's (all)right./That's ok.(绝对正确, 绝对过时)/(It's) My pleasure.(我很高兴这么做, 把自己放得很低, 把对方抬得很高)

Thank you for your listening.在讲课, 演讲结束时说, 即感谢大家的合作的概念(应以鼓掌回应)

情急之下, 可用No thanks.回答

——Sorry. ——No sorry.

【课文讲解】

1、Mr. James Scott has a garage in Silbury and now he has just bought another garage in Pinhurst.

garage n. 车库, 车行(英美读音不同)

another(+单数名词) 其它的很多个中的一个，

Can you show me another?

other(+名词) adj.其它的(可加单/复数名词)the other 两个之中的另外一个

one…the other… 一个……另一个……

One is watering the flowers, and the other is reading.

others(不用再加名词)= other + 名词复数

Some boys are playing football, and others are rowing/(going boating).

2、Pinhurst is only five miles from Silbury, but Mr. Scott cannot get

a telephone for his new garage, so he has just bought twelve pigeons.

介词from在这里表示距离上相隔，作“距……”、“离……”讲，常与away连用

It is far (away) from here.

Bus stop is only one mile from school/here.

Bus stop is only one mile (away).

How far...? 多远(对距离提问)

How far(away) is the bus stop?

How far is your home(from here)?

My home is ten miles away from here.

get a telephone 得到电话, 安装电话

3、Yesterday, a pigeon carried the first message from Pinhurst to Silbury.

carry v. 带着, 携带(其强调所携带的东西不会着地)I carried my son. (背或抱着)

take v. 带着I take my sister to the cinema.

from…to…表示从一个地方到另一个地方

He looked at the girl from head to foot.

The news spread from house to house. 家家户户都得知了这条消息。

4、The bird covered the distance in three minutes.

cover the distance 飞过那段距离

5、Up to now, Mr.Scott has sent a great many requests for spare parts and other urgent messages from one garage to the other.

up to now =up till now 到目前为止，到现在为止(作时间状语，时态多用现在完成时，相当于until/till now) request for 对……的需求

a great many(+可数名词复数) 许多……

a great many可以做形容词短语：

A great many trees were destroyed in the storm.

也可作代词短语：

He has read a great many of the books in this room.

a great number of(+可数名词复数) 许多……

urgent adj. 紧急的something urgent 紧急的事情

【Key structures】

一般过去时与现在完成时

在表示过去某个特定时间发生的事情或动作时，要用一般过去时。在表示刚刚或者已经完成一个动作并且对现在有影响时，则要用现在完成时，时间状语可以是不特指的now，just 或者for引导的一段时间，或者不加任何时间状语。

一般过去时与现在完成时的共同点：动作在过去都做过了；区别：过去式只能强调过去的事, 和现在没有任何关系.

I ate a piece of bread.

现在完成时, 强调过去的事情对现在产生的影响.

I have eaten a piece of bread this morning. I'm not hungry.

The clock stopped. 陈述事实

The clock has stopped. 过去的事实对现在造成影响

It snowed yesterday.

It has snowed yesterday. 强调对现在造成影响

【Special Difficulties】

带way的短语

in the way 按照，以……方式

Do your work in the way I have shown you. 按我给你示范的方法来做你的工作。

I do the work in the way you showed me.

I fly the kite in the way you showed me.

in the/one’s way 挡路；妨碍(某人)

Sorry, you are in the way.(在口语中很少用, 一般直接用Excuse me.就可以了)

Don’t stand in the way. I can’t see the blackbo ard.

in this way 这样,以这种方式

He saves old envelopes. In this way, he has collected a great many stamps.

in a way 从某种意义上来说，在某种程度上

In a way, you are kind.

in a friendly way 用友好的方式

in the family way 怀孕了, 快有小孩了(have a baby)The woman is in the family way.

by the way 随便说一声, 随便问一下(插入语，改变话题时用) By the way, have you seen Harry recently?

on the/one’s way(to) 在去……的途中(陈述句) :

on the way to school/the office；on the way home

out of the way 让路

Get out of the way! 你给我滚出去!

get one's own way 随心所欲(at one’s pleasure)

Children get their own way during the holidays.

关于系动词: 一般来说, 如be become 一定不单独使用, 往往要在后面加上表语, 我们称它为系动词. 但另外还有一些系动词同时又是不及物的实义动词, 常见的: seem, look, appear, sound, taste, feel, smell, stay, remain, keep, grow, turn, go, run, get, prove, stand等, 这些词有的书上称为半联系动词. 【Multiple choice questions】

4 Mr. Scott cannot get a telephone for his garage. ___b___ he has just bought twelve pigeons.

a. That's so

b. That's why

c. Because

d. For

so表示前面是原因, 后面是结果

That's why+从句那就是……原因, 前者是原因, 后者why后面是结果was caught in the traffic jam. That's why I was late. That's后面的表语从句常常用特殊疑问词引导, 再加一个句子.That's when we can start class.

That's where we will have a meeting.

That's how I get to school.

Mr. Scott has a garage in Silbury. His ___b___ garage is in Pinhurst

.a. another b. other c. else d. different

在语法上, 冠词(an/a)、形容词性物主代词(his/my/your)、名词所有格(my mother's)不能同时并存的, 一般要用只能用其中一个

another=an +other 另外一个，强调的是剩下的还有好几个当中的一个, 强调的是有三个以上

other 其它的, 加单数就表示一个, his取代the的位置语法的范围正在放宽松, his another 也对, 但不太好else 其他的，放在被修饰词的后面, 会修饰两种词, 疑问词和不定代词修饰疑问代词：who else,…

What else can I do for you?

修饰不定代词：anyone else, anything else

Lesson 6 Percy Buttons

【New words and expressions】(4)

★beggar n. 乞丐

beg v.乞求I beg your pardon? beg for 乞求得到

ask for 请求得到(ask sb. for sth.向某人索要某物)★food n. 食物(不可数)a lot of food

★pocket n. 衣服口袋

inner pocket 内口袋；jacket pocket 夹克的口袋；coat pocket 大衣口袋pocket book 袖珍书

pocket dictionary袖珍词典pocket pick 车上的小偷

pocket money (小孩的)零花钱

change 零钱get exact change准备好正确的零花钱

beer money (男人的)零花钱

★call v. 拜访, 光顾

①vt.&vi. 叫，喊I heard someone calling.

call out =shout 大声喊

②vt. 呼唤，召唤Lucy is sick. Please call a doctor.

③vi. 访问，拜访；(车、船等)停靠

Amy called (at our house) yesterday.

The train calls at large stations only. 这列火车只停大站。call on sb. 拜访某人

call at+地点＝visit someplace 拜访某地

④vt.&vi. 打电话

call sb =call up sb. 给某人打电话

call back 回某人电话

Can you take a message for me? =Can you tell him to call back? call in sb. 招集和邀请某人

For the project, the government called in a lot of experts.

【课文讲解】

1、Yesterday a beggar knocked at my door.

★knock ①vi. 敲门I knocked, but no one answered.. knock at 敲(门、窗等)

knock at the door；knock at the window

②vt.&vi. 碰撞You always knock things off the table. 你总是碰掉桌上的东西。

Jim was knocked over by a bus this morning. 今天上午吉姆被一辆公共汽车撞倒了。

She has knocked a cup over again.她又碰倒了一杯子。③vt. 把(某人)打成……状态

He knocked Tom out yesterday. 他昨天把汤姆打昏过去了。

④与off连用时有一些特殊含义，一般用于口语

vt. (价格上)减去，除去，打折扣

They knocked five dollars off the price of the coat.

The shop assistant knocked 10% off the bill.(He reduced the price by 10%.)

vi. 下班，停止，中断(工作等)

When do you usually knock off? 你一般何时下班？

He knocked off for lunch at half past eleven. 他十一点半休息吃中午饭。

2、He asked me for a meal and a glass of beer.

ask (sb.) for sth =request for sth. 问某人要什么东西

(for为了这个目的去请求某人, sb.更多的时候不出现, ask for sth.)

The boy asked (his parents)for money again.

3、In return for this, the beggar stood on his head and sang songs. in return for this 作为对……的回报，作为交换

I'll buy a present for him in return for hospitality.

in return 作为回报

In return for your help, I invite you to spend the weekend with my family.

He doesn't want anything in return. 他不想得到任何回报stood on his head 倒立

stand on one's hands 用手着地(hand单数就是一只手, 双手复数)stand on one's knees 跪着, 膝盖

lie on one's back 仰面躺着

lie on one's side 侧躺/lie on one's stomach 趴着

4、Later a neighbour told me about him.

介词about可以和一些动词连用，以表示“关于……(的)”、“涉及……(的)”

Please tell me about the accident.

tell sb. about sth. 告诉某人某事(about关于, 通过其他事自己得出的结论)

tell you about the word 解释这个单词的意思

tell sb. sth. 告诉某人某件事(把事情直接告诉)

5、Everybody knows him.

everybody作主语一定作单数看待, 属于不定代词

所有的不定代词作为主语一律为单数看待: somebody，anybody，everything等

6、He calls at every house in the street once a month and always asks for a meal and a glass of beer.

calls at 光顾，拜访

in the street(英国)/on the street(美国)

once a month 一个月一次, 单位表达方式

once adj. 表示每……一次(表示频率时后面直接加表示时间的名词), 计量单位“/” (每……)

five kilometers an hour

He goes back to the South once a year.

【Key structures】

A, The and Some

当表示不确定的某个人或物时，用不定冠词a/an(单数, 可数名词)；当表示不可数的名词时，则需要由不定冠词加量词组成词组。

在表示一种笼统概念(某某一类/一种东西)的陈述句中可以省略a和some

A tiger is a dangerous animal. /Tigers are dangerous.

Salt is necessary for/to us all.

表示某个确定的人或事物或者上文已提到过的人或事物，则要用定冠词the(有时相当于this/that/these/those),可数名词单/复数或不可数名词均可。

在姓名、地名、国名(非复合词)以及月份、星期等前面不加任何冠词。

a和the的区别：a是泛指, a man；特指, the man

在文章当中第一次出现名词的时候往往用a和an修饰, 第二次出现的时候用the

A man is walking towards me. The man is carrying a parcel. The parcel is full of meat.

She always buys flour, sugar and tea at the grocer's.

一般姓名前一般不能加冠词，表示“某某一类人当中, 具有这种特征当中的一个”，加不定冠词a

a Mr. Zhang 张先生这类人

【Special Difficulties】

短语动词

某些动词的后面加上介词或副词以后就会改变词义, 这种新的组合称作短语动词

put v. 放put on 穿上，戴上

take v. 拿走take off 脱掉，摘掉

look v. 看look at 看；look for 寻找；look after 照顾；look out 当心；look out of 向外看

call :call at；call on；call in；call back；

call for 去取某物, 去接某人；需要

The problem calls for immediate action. 这个问题需要立即采取行动

knock v. 敲knock at 敲门

knock off 下班He knocked off earlier.

knock off 打折Knock 10% off the price.把……撞倒，如果有地点，用介词off；无地点，用介词over knock sth. off+地点

I knocked the boy off the bicycle.

knock over A car knocked the boy over.

knock out 打晕, 在拳击场合中, 把人打倒在地叫knock out(专用术语) He did not know how to fight, but he knocked the boxer out.

【Multiple choice questions】

6 Everybody knows him. ___a___ know him.

a. They all

b. Each

c. Every

d. All they

all of us, we all 我们所有人

every +n. 每一个(书, 本, 人等)

every person likes…

each adj.&pron. 每一个

each +n；each 直接作主语或者宾语

each person likes.../each likes...

every只能是形容词性，强调整体，常用来指一个大的、不确定的数目，不能直接做主语；each既可作形容词，又可作代词，强调个体，常用以一个确定的并通常是有限的数目，在作代词时，直接作主语或宾语，使用第三人称单数

Every child enjoys Christmas.

Each of us has his own work to do.

They each have a share.

10 She gave him a piece of cheese. He put the ___a___ of cheese in his pocket.

a. bit

b. bar

c. block

d. packet

a bit of /a piece of 在英文中经常互用

bar 门闩: 长条状: a bar of chocolate/soap

block n. 房子；块, 一大块；v. 堵塞

packet 一包

12 All the houses in our ___a___ are the same age and size. a. street b. way c. road d. route

same age and size 同年代同样式

street 两边有房子的街道, 强调城市里的街道

way, on the way, in the way 挡住某人的路(强调方向) road 路的通称

road home 通往家的路(《我的父亲母亲》英文名)

route 路线

〖语法精粹〗

2.The girl even won't have her lunch before she__D__her homework.

A. will finish

B. is finishing

C.hadfinished

D. finishes

状语从句中, 用一般现在时取代将来时.

3.Those who have applied for the post__A__in the office. A. are being interviewed B. are interviewing

C. interviewing (光动词+ing不能构成谓语)

D. to be interviewing (不定式不能构成谓语动词)

apply for 申请interview 面试

4.The old scientist __C___to do more for the country.

A. is wishing

B. has been wishing

C. wishes

D. has been wished

D为被动语态，从语法上说合理, 但不合情

表示状态、感觉、情绪、精神活动的动词不可用于进行时态.wish sb. to do 希望某人做某事

Lesson 7 Too late

【New words and expressions】(13)

★detective n. 侦探detective story 侦探小说

★airport n. 机场

★airfield n. 飞机起落的场地

port 港口；airport 航空港at the airport 在机场

field 田野；airfield 停机坪on the airfield在停机坪上★expect v. 期待, 等待

①vt.&vi. 预计，预料

Jim has failed in mathematics as his teacher expected.

正如他老师所预料的那样，吉姆数学考试没及格。

②vt. 等待，期待，盼望(心理上的等待)

They are expecting guests tonight. 今晚有人要去他们那里作客。

expect所表示的等待一般暗含着根据某些信息或规律而作出相应反应的意思，而wait for主要接续“等待”这个动作本身。

expect sth.I expect a letter from Jimmy.

expect sb.to do sth. 期待某人做某事

I expect you to write back.

wait for sth./sb. 动作上的等待I wait for my mother.

③vt. 认为，猜想(一般用于口语)

I expect so./I think so. 我希望如此［口语］

I expect you’ve heard the news.我想你已经听到这个消息了。★valuable adj. 贵重的★precious adj. 珍贵的

value n.&v. 价值；valuable adj.有价值的

sth.is valuable/sth.is precious

precious adj. 珍贵的(带有一定的感情色彩)

precious photo 珍贵的照片

-less 表否定;

priceless adj. 没有价格的, 无价的

valueless adj. 没有价值, 不足道的

worthless adj. 无价值的

★diamond n. 钻石diamond ring 钻石戒指

precious stone 宝石；crystal 水晶；jade 玉

★steal(stole，stolen) v. 偷

①vt.&vi. 偷盗，行窃

英语中“偷”用steal和rob来表达，宾语是物，用steal；宾语是人，用rob；跟地点相连，也用rob

steal sth. 偷(某物)My wallet was stolen.

rob sb. 抢(某人) rob the bank

②vt. 巧妙地占用，偷偷地弄到手

He has stolen away Mary’s heart. 他已赢得玛丽的芳心。③vi. 偷偷地行动，悄悄靠近

He stole into the room. 他悄悄地进了房间。

★main adj. 主要的

main building；main street；main sentence；main idea

main不能与人连用

★guard n. 警戒, 守卫

life guard 救生员/body guard 保镖

keep guard 守望，警戒

They kept a close guard over the thieves. 他们对小偷们严加看管。stand guard 站岗，放哨

【课文讲解】

1、The plane was late and detectives were waiting at the airport all morning.

all一般直接加表示时间的单数名词构成副词短语，如：all day，all night，all week，all winter，all year等。但不说all hour。whole在表达同样的意思时一般要加冠词或数词，如a whole day/year，two whole weeks。

all morning=all the morning

detectives 没有强调一些侦探或者那些侦探, 强调侦探这种人，笼统感念, 可不加some, the

2、A few hours earlier, someone had told the police that thieves would try to steal the diamonds.a few hours earlier 几个小时以前

= a few hours before/a few hours ago

would +do 过去将来时,间接方式, 转述, 站在过去看未来

3、When the plane arrived, some of the detectives were waiting inside the main building while others were waiting on the airfield.

代词others常常和some连用，表示“有些(人)……，也有些(人)……”或“有的……，其余的……”

one…the other… 一个……另一个……some…others… 一些……另一些……

Some students are very hard-working, others are not.

others=other+名词复数

5、Two men took the parcel off the plane and carried it into the Customs House.

take sth. off…=take sth. away from…

and carried it into…carried 表示看得很重

Customs House 海关

6、While two detectives were keeping guard at the door, two others opened the parcel. To their surprise, the precious parcel was full of stones and sand!

…were keeping guard at the door, two others opened the parcel.

表面上是分工, 两个动作同时发生, 不是同时开始同时结束, 延续时间不一致, 长一点时间的动作用进行时态, 短时间的动作用过去时.

When someone knocked at the door, I was having dinner.

keep guard守卫

They kept a close guard over the thieves.

at the door 在门边(固定搭配)

two others=two other detectives

to one's surprise,让某人惊讶的是

To one’s +表情绪名词to one's joy/to one's excitement

be full of ...装满My bag was full of books.

【Key structures】

过去进行时

过去进行时的构成：be的过去式+现在分词

过去进行时和一般过去时经常同在一个句子里使用。过去进行时表示过去正在进行的动作或情况，一般过去时则表示比较短暂的动作或事件。正在进行中的动作或情况往往由连词when，while，as，just as等引导。

when，while 当……时候(强调动作同时发生)

while+从句, 动词一定是延续性动词

when+延续性动词/瞬间动词

while能用when代替，但是when却不一定能用while代替。while通常只引导持续时间较长的动作，并且主句和从句可以同时用过去进行时，而when和as一般不这么用。

John was watching TV while his wife was talking with a neighbour over the phone.

Just as I was leaving the house, you came in.

when也可引导较短暂的动作，while和as一般不行。

We were having supper when the lights went out.

过去进行时往往与表示一段时间的状语连用，如all morning，all night，all day，all evening，the whole week等，表示这段时间一直在干什么。

What were you doing all evening? I couldn’t find you anywhere.过去动作同时发生的时态

①过去两个动作同时发生, 习惯上一个用一般过去时, 另一个用过去进行时；动作长用过去进行时, 动作短用一般过去时; 分工的情况, 动作的开始时间和结束时间几乎相同, 均用过去进行时;

I was listening to the radio, my sister was dancing.

When my mother was doing the housework, my father was

watching TV.

②两个动作在同时段进行, 在不同时间结束, 先发生的动作未结束, 另一个动作发生, 先发生的动作用进行时态, 另一个动作用过去时.

When I was opening the door, the telephone rang.先开门/When the telephone was ringing, I opened the door. 电话先响

③瞬间动词(如：arrive)没有进行时态, 所以两个动作同时发生, 延续性动词用进行时态, 瞬间动词使用过去时态. When he arrived, I was having dinner.

I am arriving 进行时态表示将要

【Special Difficulties】

短语动词中的小品词

许多动词加上介词或副词后就会改变词义，这些介词和副词通常被称为小品词。它们没有词形的变化。有些小品词既可以作介词又可以作副词。判断一个小品词是副词还是介词要看小品词有没有带宾语。有宾语的是介词，没有宾语的是副词，介词的位置相对固定，不能变动。

①vi.&vt.+ prep./adv.+宾语(n.)

She is walking up the hill.

②vt.+宾语(n./pron.)+adv.

take off the coat =take the coat off =take it off

put on your shoes =put your shoes on =put them on

I always take money with me.我身上总带些钱

【Multiple choice questions】

9 The parcel was valuable. It was ___c___ .

a. worth

b. worthy

c. precious

d. value

valuable= precious value n. 价值

worth v. 值得……，后面一定要加词

something is worth…

The book is worth reading. (动名词)

The book is worth three dollars.

worthy adj. 有价值的

be worthy of… 值得……

This book is worthy of being read [to be read]. acts worthy of punishment 应该受处分的行为

worthless adj. 无价值的

something is worthless(后面不加任何东西)

Lesson 8 The best and the worst

【New words and expressions】(5)

★competition n. 比赛，竞赛(暗地里的竞争)

race n. 比赛，竞赛car race

match n. 比赛football match

contest n. 比赛(更广泛)

baby contest 宝宝大赛；beauty contest 选美

game : 游戏, 运动

★neat adj. 整齐的, 整洁的，井井有条

clean adj. 干净的neat=tidy

tidy (up) the room 整理房间

★pool n. 水池(人工的) swimming pool 游泳池pond 池塘(天然的)《golden pond》—金色池塘

【课文讲解】

1、Joe Sanders has the most beautiful garden in our town.=Joe's garden is the most beautiful.

Bill's garden is the largest.

Bill’s garden is larger than Joe’s. (比较的东西都是同类的事物joe’s 的“’s”不能省略)

2、Nearly everybody enters for 'The Nicest Garden Competition' each year, but Joe wins every time.

nearly和almost意义相似，表示“几乎”、“差不多”、“差点儿”的意思。I have nearly forgotten his name.

enter for 报名参加(各种竞赛，考试等活动)

win(won，won) v. 赢

①vi. 赢I win. /I lose. (输了)

②vt. 赢得……win something 后面往往是奖品,不能接对手I win the book.

win a prize 赢了奖win a prize for…因为……而获奖

defeat+对手I defeat you.

3、Bill Frith's garden is larger than Joe's.

名词加-’s表示所属关系，构成名词的所有格。这类名词往往指有生命的东西，特别是人。所有格的语法作用相当于形容词，限定后面的名词。这个被限定的名词在上下文中第二次被提到时可以省略，只要不引起误解。

4、He has made neat paths and has built a wooden bridge over a pool.

make和build在这里是同义词，“修建，建造”。make的词义比较笼统、广泛，可解释为“做、作出、制造”等，而build 主要限于建筑业，指“建造，建设，盖房子，修筑(桥梁)等” Have you made the skirt by yourself? They have made a road along the river.

【Key structures】

形容词和副词的比较级和最高级

比较级相当于汉语中“比……更……”这种句型，最高级则表示在某个范围“最……”的概念。最高级在使用时前面通常要加定冠词the，并有一个短语或从句限定其范围。

1、比较级和最高级的构成：

①单音节词和少数双音节词在词尾加-er，-est，以辅音加-y 结尾的词变-y为-i，再加-er，-est

②以-e结尾的词加-r，-st

③以一个辅音字母结尾的单音节词要双写最后一个字母，再加-er，-est

④三个或者是三个音节以上(多音节)

比较级的构成: more+原级

最高级的构成: the most+原级

有一些双音节词既可在单词结尾加-er，-est，也可与more/less 和most/least连用，如narrow，clever，common，pleasant等。clever— cleverer— more clever

fun adj. 快乐more fun (美国人用)

⑤有些构成是不规则的：

good/well(better best)；bad/ill(worse worst)；many/much(more most)；little(less least)；

far(farther further , farthest furthest)

(farther:距离上远和更远further:程度上更进一步)

further more(更有甚者)

old(older elder, oldest eldest)

older 比……大She is older than somebody

elder 做定语修饰其他名词elder sister (年长的)姐姐

2、比较级和最高级的用法

在使用比较级时，如果需要把所比较的两项都提到，那么就必须比较级后用than：

My room is cleaner than the one next door.

如果比较级之所指很清楚，它可独立存在：

Which house do you prefer?I prefer the older one.

最高级的限定范围一般用of，among，in等介词短语；限定范围也可以是从句；如果范围很清楚，则可以省略。John is the tallest of the three brother.

Mary is the most intelligent person I’ve ever met.

【Special Difficulties】

every构成的合成词

every和one，body，thing可以构成复合不定代词everyone，