翻译中的英汉八大不同解析
翻译中的英汉八大不同
一、英语重结构,汉语重语义
我国著名语言学家王力先生曾经说过:“ 就句子的结构而论,西洋语言是法治的,中国语言是人治的。”(《中国语法理论》,《王力文集》第一卷,第 35页,山东教育出版社, 1984年
我们看一看下面的例子:
Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with inbuilt personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell television, and digital age will have arrived.
译文:孩子们可以和装有性格芯片的娃娃一起玩耍;内嵌性格装置的电脑将被视作人们工作上的伙伴而不仅仅是工具; 休闲时, 电视机还能满足人们嗅觉感官的需求——那时, 数码时代就已经到来了。
这句英语是由四个独立句构成的并列句,前三个句子都用简单将来时, 最后一个句子用的是将来完成时, 句子之间的关系通过时态、逗号和并列连词 and 表示得一清二楚。而汉语译文明显就是简单的叙述, 至于句子之间的关系完全通过句子的语义表现出来:前三个句子可以看成是并列关系,最后一个句子则表示结果。
二、英语多长句,汉语多短句
由于英语是“ 法治” 的语言,只要结构上没有出现错误,许多意思往往可以放在一个长句中表达;汉语则正好相反,由于是“ 人治” ,语义通过字词直接表达,不同的意思往往通过不同的短句表达出来。正是由于这个原因, 英译汉试题几乎百分之百都是长而复杂的句子,而翻译成中文经常就成了许多短小的句子。
例如:Interest in historical methods had arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.
译文:人们对历史研究方法产生了兴趣,这与其说是因为外部对历史作为一门知识学科的有效性提出了挑战,还不如说是因为历史学家内部发生了争吵。
英文原句是个典型的长句,由 27个词组成,中间没有使用任何标点符号,完全靠语法结构使整个句子的意思化零为整:less through...and more from构成一个复杂的状语修饰动词 arisen 。在中文翻译中, “ 产生兴趣” 这一重要内容通过一个独立的句子表达,两个不同的原因则分别由不同的句子表达,整个句子被化整为零。
三、英语多从句,汉语多分句
英语句子不仅可以在简单句中使用很长的修饰语使句子变长, 同时也可以用从句使句子变复杂, 而这些从句往往通过从句引导词与主句或其它从句连接,整个句子尽管表面上看错综复杂却是一个整体。汉语本来就喜欢用短句,加上表达结构相对松散,英语句子中的从句翻成汉语时往往成了一些分句。
例如:On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.
译文:总的来说,得出这样一个结论是有一定程度把握的,但是必须具备两个条件:能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他相比的另一个孩子的态度相同; 他也没有因缺乏别的孩子已掌握的有关知识而被扣分。
原文中两个 only if引导的从句显然使整个句子变得很复杂, 可是由于有并列连词 but 和 and , 整句话的逻辑关系十分清楚:…… 能够得出结论…… 但是只要…… 而且只要…… 。从上面的译文我们可以看出,为了使中文表达更加清楚, but only if...and only if...首先提纲挈领:但是必须具备两个条件…… ,这种做法给我们的感觉是译文中没有从句,有的只是一些不同的分句。
四、主语,宾语等名词成分“ 英语多代词,汉语多名词”
在句子中,英语多用名词和介词,汉语多用动词。
英语不仅有 we 、 you 、 he 、 they 等人称代词,而且还有 that 、 which 之类的关系代词, 在长而复杂的句子,为了使句子结构正确、语义清楚,同时避免表达上的重复,英语往往使用很多代词。汉语虽然也有代词,但由于结构相对松散、句子相对较短,汉语里不能使用太多的代词,使用名词往往使语义更加清楚。请看下面的例句:
There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.
译文:届时,将出现由机器人主持的电视访谈节目及装有污染监测器的汽车,一旦这些汽车污染超标(或违规,监测器就会使其停驶。
五、英语多被动,汉语多主动
英语比较喜欢用被动语态,科技英语尤其如此。汉语虽然也有“ 被” 、“ 由” 之类的词表示动作是被动的,但这种表达远没有英语的被动语态那么常见,因此,英语中的被动在汉译中往往成了主动。下面我们先看一组常用被动句型的汉译:
It must be pointed out that... 必须指出……
It must be admitted that... 必须承认……
It is imagined that... 人们认为……
It can not be denied that... 不可否认……
It will be seen from this that... 由此可知……
It should be realized that... 必须认识到……
It is (always stressed that... 人们(总是强调……
It may be said without fear of exaggeration that... 可以毫不夸张地说……
这些常用被动句型属于习惯表达法,在科技英语中出现频率很高,考生不仅要熟悉这些句型的固定翻译, 同时要认识到许多英语中的被动从习惯上来讲要译成汉语的主动。我们再看一个典型的例子:
And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can by no means be compared with these processes, and that they have to be required by a sort of special training.
译文:许多人认为,普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维活动相比,认为这些思维活动必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。
原文中有三个被动语态 is imagined, be compared和 be required,译成汉语都变成了主动表达:认为、相比和掌握。
有些英语被动需要把主语译成汉语的宾语,这样才能更加符合中文的表达习惯。
例如:New sources of energy must be found, and this will take time, but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the past time.
译文:必须找到新的能源,这需要时间;而过去我们感觉到的那种能源价廉而充足的情况将不大可能再出现了。
六、英语多变化,汉语多重复
熟悉英语的人都知道,英语表达相同的意思时往往变换表达方式。第一次说“ 我认为” 可以用“I think” ,第二次再用“I think” 显然就很乏味,应该换成“I believe” 或“I imagine” 之类的表达。相比之下,汉语对变换表达方式的要求没有英语那么高,很多英语中的变化表达译成重复表达就行了。请看下面的例子:
The monkey's most extraordinary accomplishment was learning to operate a tractor. By the age of nine, the monkey had learned to solo on the vehicle.
译文:这只猴子最了不起的成就是学会驾驶拖拉机。到九岁的时候,这只猴子已经学会了单独表演驾驶拖拉机了。 Tractor 和 vehicle 在句中显然都表示“ 拖拉机” ,英语表达上有变化,而译成汉语时使用了重复表达法。
七、英语多抽象,汉语多具体
做翻译实践较多的人都有这样的体会:英文句子难译主要难在结构复杂和表达抽象上。通过分析句子的结构,把长句变短句、从句变分句,结构上的难题往往迎刃而解。表达抽象则要求译者吃透原文的意思、用具体的中文进行表达,这对译者往往具有更大的挑战性。
下面我们先看一组例子:
disintegration 土崩瓦解
ardent 热心的;热情的
loyalty 赤胆忠心
total exhaustion 筋疲力尽
far-sightedness 远见卓识
careful consideration 深思熟虑
perfect harmony 和睦;水乳交融
feed on fancies 画饼充饥
with great eagerness 如饥似渴
lack of perseverance 三天打鱼,两天晒网
make a little contribution (捐款、捐助添砖加瓦
on the verge of destruction 危在旦夕
从上面的例子不难看出,英语表达往往比较抽象,汉语则喜欢比较具体。我们再看一个翻译:
Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the points whereas the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more "unnatural food."
译文:除非人类终于意识到要把人口减少到这样的程度:使地球能为所有人提供足够的饮食,否则人们将不得不接受更多的“ 人造食品” 。
原文中有三个抽象的名词:sense, point和 support 和两个抽象的形容词comfortable 和 unnatural 。其中, sense 可指“ 感觉” 、“ 判断力” , point 的意思是“ 点” , support 的意思是“ 支撑(物” 、“ 支持(物” , comfortable 是“ 舒适的” , unnatural 是“ 非自然的” ,
都是意思十分抽象的词,如果不进行具体化处理,译文就可能是这样:除非人类有这样的感觉,把人口减少到这样的,使地球能为大家提供舒适的支持,否则人们将不得不接受更多的“ 非自然的食物” 。
八、英语多引申,汉语多推理
英语有两句俗话:一是 You know a word by the company it keeps.(要知义如何,关键看词伙,二是 Words do not have meaning, but people have meaning for them.(词本无义,义随人生。这说明词典对词的定义和解释是死的,而实际运用中的语言是活的。从原文角度来说, 这种活用是词义和用法的引申, 翻译的时候要准确理解这种引申, 译者就需要进行推理。例如:
While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.
译文:尽管关于历史的定义几乎和历史学家一样多,现代实践最符合这样一种定义,即把历史看作是对过去重大历史事件的再现和解释。
“recreate” 根据构词法和一般词典上解释都是“ 重新创造” , 但是仔细观察recreate 不难发现它带有宾语 the significant events of the part,从逻辑上来讲, “ 过去的重大历史事件” 是不能“ 重新创造” 的,作者显然对 recreate 一词的词义进行了引申。做翻译的人经常会有这样一种感受:某个词明明认识,可就是不知道该怎样表达。这其实就是词的引申和推理在起作用。
翻译中比较标准的英汉8大区别之处
翻译中比较标准的英汉8大区别之处 泛瑞翻译 一、英语重结构，汉语重语义 我国闻名语言学家王力先生曾经说过：“就句子的结构而论，西洋语言是法治的，中国语言是人治的。”(《中国语法理论》，《王力文集》第一卷，第35页，山东教育出版社，1984年) 我们看一看下面的例子： Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with inbuilt （成为固定装置的，嵌入墙内的；内在的，固有的）personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell television, and digital age will have arrived。 译文：儿童将与装有个性芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具，人们将在气息电视前休闲，到这时数字时代就来到了。 这句英语是由四个独立句构成的并列句，前三个句子都用简朴将来时，最后一个句子用的是将来完成时，句子之间的关系通过期态、逗号和并列连词and表示得一清二楚。而翻译公司汉语译文显著就是简朴的叙述，至于句子之间的关系完全通过句子的语义表现出来：前三个句子可以看成是并列关系，最后一个句子则表示结果。 二、英语多长句，汉语多短句 因为英语是"法治"的语言，只要结构上没有泛起错误，很多意思往往可以放在一个长句中表达；汉语则正好相反，因为是"人治"，语义通过字词直接表达，不同的意思往往通过不同的短句表达出来。恰是因为这个原因，考研(论坛) 英译汉试题几乎百分之百都是长而复杂的句子，而翻译成中文常常就成了很多短小的句子。 例如：Interest in historical methods had arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline （身心的锻炼，练习；纪律，风纪，命令听从；惩戒，惩罚；学科，科目）and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. 译文：人们对历史研究方法产生了爱好，这与其说是由于外部对历史作为一门知识学科的有效性提出了挑战，还不如说是由于历史学家内部发生了争吵。 英文原句是个典型的长句，由27个词组成，中间没有使用任何标点符号，完全靠语法结构使整个句子的意思化零为整：less through...and more from构成一个复杂的状语润饰动词arisen。在中文翻译中，"产生爱好"这一重要内容通过一个独立的句
英汉对比研究读书报告
英汉对比研究读书报告
摘要：英语和汉语的对比，通过对两这种语言的语法特征、修辞手段、翻译技巧、思维方式等等方面的具体讲解，把语言和文化结合起来，对中西方思维方式的不同加以对比分析讲解，清晰、不显枯燥的同时又具有说服力。众所周知，要想学好外语，对其特点的了解是必须的，而要了解其特点，最好的方法就是与母语加以比较。思维方式是造成语言差异的重要原因。影响思维方式的因素也多种多样。英语学习，尤其是翻译，不是一蹴而就的，它需要不断地理解学习和练习，更多时候，了解英汉语言之间的不同以及中西方文化、思维上的的追根溯源也是必要的，因为学习一门语言语言，在一定程度上也是对其文化和思维方式的学习。Speaking of English and Chinese comparison，the language of the two rhetorical devices, translation skills, thinking mode and so on,they combine language with culture. As we all know, in order to learn a foreign language, it is necessary to understand its characteristics, and to understand its characteristics, the best way is to compare with the mother tongue. There are many factors influencing the way of thinking. Learning English, especially translation, not overnight, it needs to understand the study and practice, more often, understanding between English and Chinese and Western cultures, different thinking on the back is necessary, because learning a foreign language is the way of thinking and learning. 关键词：思维方式语法特征修辞手段翻译技巧逻辑思维抽象思维英语注重形合，且注重环环相扣的逻辑关系，所以汉译英时往往要加入连词和对句子进行扩展和组合，形成复合句或长句；相反，由于汉语句子一般结构较为简化，无拖沓，所以在英译汉时也应当注意，常常需要将英语句子进行分解、拆散和重组。英语文章多为长短句交错使用，了解这一特点对平时汉译英和写作时也大有益处。又如，英语通常为物做主语，而汉语则为人，所以在英汉互译的时候要注意其人称、物称主语的转换。文化上的不同也是需要注意的，如在写作的时候，西方人喜欢引用专家学者，尤其是有科学依据的观点，而中国人则频繁使用领袖和伟人的话。思维方式是造成语言差异的重要原因。影响思维方式的因素也多种多样。其中最为明显的，概括而言是中国人的思维方式受到儒、道和佛三家的影响，形成了中国人的悟性，重人文，轻科学，而西方则讲求逻辑思维，以判断推理为主，提倡理性思辨和科学探索。英语学习，尤其是翻译，不是一蹴而就的，它需要不断地理解学习和练习，更多时候，了解英汉语言之间的不同以及中西方文化、思维上的的追根溯源也是必要的，因为学习一门语言语言，在一定程度上也是对其文化和思维方式的学习。The way of thinking,Performance method, rhetorical device,translation skill,logical thinking,abstract thinking, Pay attention to the logical relationship of interlocking, So the translation often join conjunctions and extension and combination of the sentence on the contrary, the Chinese sentence structure is simplified, without procrastination, so in English Chinese translation should also be noted that the English sentence often needs to be decomposed and detached and reassembled. English articles for the length of sentence interlaced, understanding of the characteristics of the usual translation and writing is also helpful. Cultural differences also need to be noted,
英汉对比翻译word.doc
Unit1 Some scientists speculate the reduction in mental function often attributed to getting old may really be a penalty of neglecting to stay physically active, in addition to related factors such as medicines and poor diet. 一些科学家推测，除了药物作用和饮食不当等因素外，大脑功能下降并非源于往常以为的衰老，实际上它可能是对不注意保持体育运动的一种惩罚。 If you venture just a little way into the woods, your menu can become even more varied. The roots of Jerusalem artichokes (耶路撒冷洋蓟) are often dug in spring and fall at the edges of woods, where the grounds may once have been tilled or farmed. 如果稍微冒点险，进到森林不远处，你的食谱就能变得更为多样。在翻耕过的林地边缘，春秋季节会采到耶路撒冷洋蓟。 Under U.S. law all aliens seeking admission are presumed to require an immigrant visa unless they establish that they are entitled to receive a visa in one of the nonimmigrant categories. 根据美国法律，所有申请入境的外国人都会被认为是在申请移民签证，除非他们能够证实自己有足够的理由，是在申请一种非移民种类的签证。 “I believe that the staging of ‘Turandot’ in Beijing will further demonstrate that the arts, whether opera or film, are the best media for people of different cultures and histories to co mmunicate with each other and to share their feelings and emotions”, said Zhang Yimou, the director of the production. “我相信，图兰多在北京上演，将进一步说明，无论歌剧还是电影，艺术是不同文化和历史背景的人们互相交流，分享情感的最佳媒介”，图兰多的导演张艺谋如是说。 I spent three or four hours on two short chapters –– savoring each paragraph, lingering over a sentence, a phrase or even a single word, building a detailed mental picture of the scene. 书中的短短两章，我就读了三、四个小时。对每个段落，我都仔细品玩，一唱三叹； 对每个句子、每个短语、甚至每个词，我都流连徘徊、依依不舍；书中胜景在我脑海里历历如画，一览无余。 Unit2 午后便步行至鹊华桥，雇了一只小船，荡起双桨。朝北不远，便到了历下亭前。上岸进去，入了大门，便是一个房子，油漆已大半剥蚀完了。 After lunch he walked to the Que Hua Bridge, where he hired a small boat and paddled along towards the north. Soon he reached the Li Xia Pavilion, so he stepped ashore and went in, and when he entered the gate he saw a house, the paint of which was practically all worn away. 外婆最喜欢的是二舅。这不仅是五个儿女中二舅与外婆长得最像，而且他曾是外婆的全部希望。那时外公先是失业在家，后来，又得病瘫痪在床，家境十分困难。而二舅生性活泼，天资聪颖，从小就学习成绩优异。所以，外婆便把家庭的全部希望寄托在二舅身上，节衣缩食地供着二舅上学。 Of all the children, granny loved her second son, my uncle, best. The reason is that he not only resembles her very much, but also represents all her hopes. During those days, with grandpa losing his job first and then becoming bed-ridden with paralysis, our family was living in straitened circumstances. Granny pinned all the hopes of the family on my uncle, who was vivacious by nature and brilliant in his studies ever since his childhood,
英语四六级翻译句子解析
?During the meeting,hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him 他一开始说话，就被听众打断了 ?surrounded by the police, the kidnappers had no choices but to surrender on the spot (没有选择，只能投降) 若是everything 等则不加 to ?The concerned mother thrilled at the news of his son's having been admi tted to the university(她的儿子被大学入取了) ?The lecture was so boring that the students couldn't help yawning(学生忍不住打起哈欠) ?I‘ll be very grateful if you could be kind enough to give me a ride to school (好心载我一程去学校) ?(除非你和保险公司签订了货物保险合同)Unless you sign a contract with the insu rance company for your goods, you are not entitled to a repayment for the goods damaged in delivery. ?It is reported that local health organization was established 25 years ago(据说当地的卫生组织25年前就成立了)when Dr.Mark became its first president. ?Mrs.Smith shut the window lest 以免 the noise outside (should) interfere with h er son's sleep(外面的噪声会影响她儿子睡觉)虚拟语气 ?The new mayor was charged with failure to fulfill his promise to decrease the inflation rate(未能履行他降低通货膨胀率的承诺) ?When confronted with such question, my mind goes blank(每当我遇到这类问题，我脑袋一篇空白)，and I can hardly remember my won date of birth. ?The customer complained that no sooner had he started the computer than it sto pped working(他刚启动计算机，它就不运转了) ?What upset me was not what he said but the way he said it.(不是他说的话，二十他说话的方式) ?This piece of writing is more like a news report than a short story.(与其说是短篇小说，还不如说是新闻报道) ?The court ruling deprive him of his political right.(剥夺他的政治权力) ?Human behavior is mostly a product of learning, while animal behavior depen ds mostly on instinct.(然而动物的行为主要依靠本能)。
翻译中的英汉八大不同解析
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(英语)高考英语翻译易错剖析含解析
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英汉翻译八大注意事项
英语学习者一般愿做英译汉题目，怕做汉译英题目。由于历史和文化上的差异，汉英词语之间存在着或显或隐的翻译上的陷阱，导致汉译英远比英译汉易于出错。用鲁迅的话说，就是“词典不离手，冷汗不离身。”这提醒译者必须对这些差异心中有数，然后再调和这些差异，“摆平”这些差异。为此，要迈好下面八道坎儿，时刻要留心这八条“戒律”——只想为你擦亮满天星光，以免在熟路上“迷失方向”。 一、戒“从一而终” 汉语言简意赅，句子灵活，往往是一个汉语词汇对应N个英语词汇，具体到在本句中应该采用那个意项，务必抓住精神实质，不可以不变应万变。至于怎么应变，这就是显示译者功力的地方了。 比如：都是“问题”，下面的翻译各不相同，几乎是打一枪换一个地方。 共同关心的问题questions of common interest 解决问题solve a problem 问题的关键the heart of the matter 关键问题a key problem 原则问题a question/ matter of principle 悬而未决的问题an outstanding issue 没有什么问题Without any mishap 摩托车有点问题。Something is wrong with the motorcycle. 问题不在这里。That is not the point. 最近揭发出相当严重的贪污、受贿和官僚主义问题。Serious cases of embezzlement, bribery, and bureaucracy have been brought to light
recently. 译者要掌握这种汉英翻译中的“游击战术”，翻译家应是不同“文化王国”边境线上的“游击战略家”。 沙博里将《水浒传》译为：Outlaws of the Marsh(沼泽地上的亡命之徒)。杨宪益译将屈原的《国殇》译为：For Those Fallen for Their Country，北外出版社将《儒林外史》译为：The Scholars。这些都是译者吃透了原文的原意而译出的佳作。 二、戒望文生义，机械直译 这多半是初学者犯的毛病，他们易于被表面现象所迷惑，做出令人啼笑皆非的事情。 黄牛（yellow cow——ox前误后正，下同）黄鹂（yellow bird ——oriole）从小青梅竹马(green plum bamboo horse——grew up together) 黄瓜( yellow melon——cucumber) 紫菜（purple vegetable ——laver）白菜( white vegetable ——Chinese cabbage) 红木(red wood——pad auk) 红豆杉(red fir——Chinese yew) 黑社会(black society ——sinister gang) 三、戒“水土不符”，习惯搭配失当 这的确是难度系数较大的问题，它要求译者既有较高的中文修养，又要有较高的英文造诣，一知半解的人常常在此“翻车”。如： 写罢，掷笔在桌上。又歌了一回，再饮数杯酒，不觉沉醉，力不胜酒，便呼酒保计算了，取些银子算还，多的都赏了酒保。 And tossed the pen on the table. He intoned the verses to himself,
英汉对比与翻译期末论文 (2)
英汉对比与翻译——词汇三境 [摘要]：本文将英汉语言中词语分布做了对比，并就词汇翻译提出了“意译”、“义译”、“化境”三个要求，从而得知，词汇翻译的地道性很大程度上取决于语境的还原程度。 关键词: 译意、译义、臻化、词汇、语境 正文：英国语言学家George W.W ilk ins在《语言教学中的语言学》一书中指出:“没有语法,表达甚微;没有词汇,表达为零。”由此可见词汇在英语中所居的重要地位。在翻译时，即使一个译者已经掌握了大量的词汇与句法，还是会遇到总不能够突破的瓶颈，这个障碍往往是由词汇，甚至是简单词汇所引起的。例如：“He is a perfect stranger in the city.”这里对于什么是一个“perfect stranger”的理解与处理会造成译文层次的不同，同时也是考量一个译者的水平。如果仅翻译字面意思,翻译成“完美的陌生人”，译文显得晦涩难懂；当我们进一步理解“perfect”这个词的含义，并进入意义层面, “perfect”就是“完完全全”的意思，那么“perfect stranger”该译为“完完全全的陌生人”，“他是这城市中完完全全的陌生人”意思准确但是和全句契合不够完美，同“in the city”在搭配上略有滞涩；所以，我们将其转化，将“完完全全的陌生人”这一名词词组转化为动词词组，意为“对……完全陌生”，这句话就可译为“他对这城市完全陌生”，这样的搭配显得协调，不但译出了源语言想表达的意思，“疏离”这一
语境也得以完整地保留了。 以上例子就体现了英汉互译中一个很重要的规律，即词性转换。世界上的语言，不管其各有多少词类，名词和动词都占最大的比例；不管有多少句型，都能归纳为静态与动态两类。总的来说，汉语呈动态特征，英文呈静态特征。在词汇的使用上，汉语的动态表现为：汉语的动词丰富，使用频率高；而英语中，名词、介词等非动词性此类的使用频率很高。据周志培（2003:390）统计显示截选如下：（1）“邓小平在武昌、深圳、珠海、上海等地的谈话要点”及英译 语言总 数名 词 介 词 动 词 助 动 非限 定动 词 代 词 形容 词 副 词 数 词 连 词 量 词 冠 词 汉语词数636 167 11 186 27 41 70 70 39 17 8 % 26% 2% 29% 4% 7% 11% 11% 6% 3% 1% 英语词数907 238 99 105 19 30 98 104 43 28 5 84 % 26% 11% 12% 2% 3% 11% 11% 5% 3% 7% 9% （2）“英国首相撒切尔夫人在中国欢迎宴会上的讲话”及汉译文 语言总 数名词介词动词助动非限定 动词 代词形容 词 副词数 词 连词量词冠 词 汉语词数324 99 9 72 5 36 22 42 15 13 2 % 31% 3% 22% 2% 11% 7% 13% 4% 4% 0.6% 英语词数366 91 49 41 1 9 39 50 22 13 23 28 % 25% 14% 11% 0.2% 2% 10% 14% 6% 4% 6% 8% 上述结果表明，若要在英汉互译中，若要翻译出地道的T arget Text，就应当尽量符合Target Language的表达习惯。这必然包含必 要的词性转换。在进行英译汉时，根据需要将英文中的名词，介词等
【英语】高考英语翻译试题经典及解析
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福师2014春《英汉互译》课程练习题解析
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5.If you confer a benefit, never remember it, if you receive one, remember it always. 解析：本题考点是if条件句的翻译。 施恩勿记,受恩勿忘。 6.Mr.Lin was and still is my teacher. 解析：本题考点是系动词+表语结构的翻译。 林先生过去是现在仍然是我的教师。 7.I had never thought I’d be happy to find myself considered unimportant. But this time I was. 解析：本题考点是宾语从句的翻译。 我从来没有认为自己被认为是无关紧要的是件很高兴的事情。但这一次我是。 8. It has been a long time since man began to make use of information. 解析：本题考点是现在完成时的翻译。 人开始利用信息已经很久了 9. There are two key differences between traditional education and distance learning. Distance learning adds flexibility and availability, regardless of time, place, or pace of learning. 解析：本题考点是there be句型的翻译。
英文翻中文的八大翻译技巧
英文翻中文的八大翻译技巧 要真正掌握英文翻译的技巧并非易事。这是因为英译汉时会遇到各种各样的困难，下面就和大家分享英文翻中文的八大翻译技巧推荐，来欣赏一下吧。 英文翻中文的八大翻译技巧推荐 首先是英文理解难，这是学习、使用英文的人的共同感觉，由于两国历史、文化、风俗习惯的不同，所以一句英文在英美人看来顺理成章，而在中国人看来却是颠颠倒倒、断断续续，极为别扭。 二是中文表达难，英译汉有时为了要找到一个合适的对等词汇，往往被弄得头昏眼花，好像在脑子里摸一个急于要开箱子的钥匙，却没有。 另外，英译汉时对掌握各种文化知识的要求很高，因为我们所翻译的*，其内容可能涉及到极为广博的知识领域，而这些知识领域多半是我们不大熟悉的外国的事情，如果不具备相应的文化知识难免不出现一些翻译中的差错或笑话。 正是因为英译汉时会遇到这么多的困难，所以，我们必须通过翻译实践，对英汉两种不同语言的特点加以对比、概况和总结，
以找出一般的表达规律来，避免出现一些不该出现的翻译错误，而这些表达的规律就是我们所说的翻译技巧。 一、词义的选择和引伸技巧 英汉两种语言都有一词多类和一词多义的现象。一词多类就是指一个词往往属于几个词类，具有几个不同的意义;一词多义就是同一个词在同一词类中又往往有几个不同的词义。在英译汉的过程中，我们在弄清原句结构后，就要善于运用选择和确定原句中关键词词义的技巧，以使所译语句自然流畅，完全符合汉语习惯的说法;选择确定词义通常可以从两方面着手： 1、根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义 They are as like as two peas .他们相似极了。(形容词) He likes mathematics more than physics .他喜欢数学甚于喜 欢物理。(动词) Wheat, oat, and the like are cereals .小麦、燕麦等等皆系谷类。(名词) 2、根据上下文联系以及词在句中的搭配关系来选择和确定词义。 He is the last man to come .他是最后来的。 He is the last person for such a job .他最不配干这个工作。
英文课程翻译解析
The weight men carry 男人背负的重担 1 When I was a boy growing up off the grid in the Commonwealth of Virginia, the men I knew labored with their bodies from the first rooster crow in the morning to sundown. They were marginal farmers, shepherds, just scraping by, or welders, steelworkers, carpenters; they built cabinets, dug ditches, mined coal, or drove trucks, their forearms thick with muscle. They trained horses, stocked furnaces, made tires, stood on assembly lines, welding parts onto refrigerators or lubricating car engines. In the evenings and on weekends, they labored equally hard, working on their own small tract of land, fixing broken-down cars, repairing broken shutters and drafty windows. In their little free time, they drowned their livers in beer from cheap copper mugs at a bar near the local brewery or racecourse. 当我还是个小男孩时，我住在弗吉尼亚州一个偏远的地区，那时我所认识的男人们从清晨的第一声公鸡啼鸣一直劳作到日落。他们都是些不起眼的农民、牧羊人，勉强度日，或是焊接工、钢铁工或木匠；他们制作橱柜、挖掘沟渠、开采煤炭，或驾驶卡车，这使他们拥有肌肉结实的上臂。他们训练马匹、填塞炉膛、制造轮胎，站在装配线上将零件焊接到冰箱，或是给汽车发动机上润滑剂。到了傍晚或周末，他们也要同样辛苦地劳作，在自己的一小片土地上耕作，修理出了问题的汽车，修复坏掉的百叶窗和漏风的窗户。在仅剩的闲暇时间里，他们会在当地的啤酒作坊或赛马场附近的酒馆里用盛在廉价铜杯中的啤酒将自己灌得烂醉。 2 The bodies of the men I knew were twisted and wounded in ways visible and invisible. Heavy lifting had given many of them spinal problems and appalling injuries. Some had broken ribs and lost fingers. Racing against conveyor belts had given some ulcers. Their ankles and knees ached from years of standing on concrete. Some had partial vision loss as the glow of the welding flame damaged their optic receptors. There were times, studying them, when I dreaded growing up. All around us, the fathers always seemed older than the mothers. Men wore out sooner, being martyrs of constant work. Only women lived into old age. 我所认识的那些男人的身躯遭受着种种看得见或看不见的扭曲和伤痛。搬运沉重的物品给他们很多人造成了脊柱病和可怕的伤痛。有些人断了肋骨，掉了手指。在传输带上不停地工作使他们有些人患了溃疡。他们的脚踝和膝盖由于经年累月站立在水泥地上疼痛不已。有些人由于焊接火光损伤视觉感官而遭受部分视觉缺失的折磨。有些时候，打量着他们，我会害怕长大。在我们周围的人中，父亲们看上去总是比母亲们要老。男人衰老得更早，长期遭受着因持续劳作带来的病痛。只有女人才活到年老。 3 There were also soldiers, and so far as I could tell, they scarcely worked at all. But when the shooting started, many of them would die for their patriotism in fields and forts of foreign outposts. This was what soldiers were for —they were tools like a wrench, a hammer or a screw. 还有士兵也是男人的工作。据我所知，他们几乎不工作，但当战争一打响，他们很多人都会出于爱国热情而战死在疆场或异域前哨的堡垒前。这就是士兵的作用——他们就像工具，如同扳钳、锤子或螺丝一样。 4 These weren't the only destinies of men, as I learned from having a few male teachers, from reading books and from watching television. But the men on television —the news